Category Archives: Resveratrol

Resveratrol is one of many naturally occurring plant chemicals called polyphenols. This important polyphenolic compound is found in grapes, peanuts and blueberries, as well as spruce, eucalyptus and other plants (not all of them edible). Red wine is rich in it, and white wine has some, too. Many reports have called resveratrol the ingredient in wine that appears to protect wine drinkers from cardiovascular disease.

First isolated in 1940, the resveratrol molecule is purported to help or prevent degenerative diseases of agingeverything from diabetes and cardiovascular disease to cancer and Alzheimer's disease. It's also said to combat the effects of aging on a cellular level and have neuro-protective effects. The claims in magazine ads, on TV and all over the Internet are eye-catching. For instance: "Harvard researcher says resveratrol is the Holy Grail of aging research." Research from other prestigious institutions, such as Johns Hopkins, the Salk Institute and the University of California is also often cited to make the case that resveratrol holds the secret to longevity.

Many scientists have been studying resveratrol, and research findings have been tantalizing. Almost 4,000 studies have been done on it, the vast majority of them in test tubes or in animals. More human studies have been published in recent years, though virtually all have been small and preliminary. Resveratrol bioavailability can vary considerably from person to person.

Many modern medicines come from plants; aspirin is perhaps the best-known example. Still, not all remedies extracted from plants have proven successful. In addition, many nutrients and phytochemicals work best as team playersnot as isolated elements to be swallowed in large doses.

Bottom line: Resveratrol is a promising compound, but so far there have been no clinical trials on its effects on diseases and longevity. As a 2011 systemic review paper in the online journal PloS ONE concluded, the published evidence is not strong enough to justify recommending resveratrol beyond the amount from dietary sourcesthough animal data on the prevention of various cancers, heart diseases and diabetes indicate the need for more human trials.

Many such studies are now underway. The supplements appear to be safe (except for gastrointestinal distress at high doses), but their long-term effects are an open question. No one knows yet what doses are optimal or who would benefit mostor how resveratrol compares to other plant compounds or drugs. Until more is known, get your resveratrol from your diet: grape juice, grapes, blueberries, peanuts and wine.

Originally published October 2009. Updated February 2014.

Original post:

Can Resveratrol Fight Aging? | Berkeley Wellness

We'd all like an elixir that makes us live a long, healthy life. And if that elixir were red wine...all the better! However (of course there's a however), although red winedoeshave a lot of potential health benefits, it's far from being a cure-all. It should still be consumed with caution. Here's what we know about red wine and longevity.

In an effort to understand the "French Paradox'" (why French people can indulge in fatty foods but not develop heart disease), red wine came into focus in 1991 on an episode of "60 Minutes." Since then, scientists have been feeding components of red wine to mice and other animals in an attempt to understand the full health benefits.

Red wine is high in flavonoids, which are antioxidants. Antioxidants help prevent certain molecules, known as free radicals, from damaging cells.

One of the most studied flavonoidsis resveratrol, which is found in grape skins and seeds. It's also found in some other plant foods, includingcranberries, mulberries, lingonberries, peanuts, and pistachios.

Research has credited resveratrol with possibleprotective effects against a variety of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and Alzheimers disease. Plus, it's been linked to longevity.

According to research,resveratrol may act on several parts of your body to improve longevity:

Studies have shown that calorie restriction can play a role in longevity.

In part, that's because calorie restriction can activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which in turn can spur the "longevity genes" SIRT1 and SIRT2. Resveratrol seems to act along the same pathways to mimic the effect of caloric restriction on your cells (or at least in the cells and lifespans of yeast, fruit flies, and mice).

If you drink wine or any other alcohol, you should do so moderately to get any potential health benefits from it. Moderate drinking is defined as up to one drink a day for women and two for men.

If you don't currently drink alcohol, don't start. If you drinkmorethan the recommendations for "moderate" drinking, those health benefits get canceled out by the health risks associated with high consumption of alcohol.

That being said, the dose of resveratrol used in studies far exceeds the amount of resveratrol you'd get in a glass of wine.

If you don't drink wine, you might be wondering if you should be taking resveratrol supplements. As a rule, it's generally better to get polyphenols directly from the source. In this case, if not from wine, then from peanuts, red grapes, and blueberries. Not only is it more enjoyable to get your nutrients from food than from pills, it's also likely to deliver the nutrients in a complete package.

Research studies come and go regarding the health benefits of wine and scientists are continuing to understand the role of flavonoids in aging. Keeping these things in mind, drinking red wine is not going to necessarily increase your lifespan.

There are many other factors that play into your health and a good diet,exercise, and healthy lifestyle choices are still likely more beneficial more than a glass of wine.

Sources:

Novelle MG, Wahl D, Diequez C, Bernier M, de Cabo R. Resveratrol Supplementation: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?Ageing Research Reviews. 2015;21:115. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.002 .

Park SJ, et al.Resveratrol Ameliorates Aging-Related Metabolic Phenotypes by Inhibiting Camp Phosphodiesterases. Cell. 2012;148(3):42133.doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.017.

Testa G, Biasi F, Poli G, Chiarpotto E.Calorie Restriction and Dietary Restriction Mimetics: a Strategy for Improving Healthy Aging and Longevity.Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2014;20(18):295077. doi: 10.2174/13816128113196660699.

More here:

Do Flavonoids in Red Wine Help You Live Longer?

Many people wonder, "what is resveratrol?" For many years, grape seed extract was a hot seller (packaged as OPCs). In an interesting twist, it turns out that an important part of the grape was being left behind! The skin, which was being discarded in favor of the seeds, actually contains a powerful phytoalexin antioxidant known as resveratrol.

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring antioxidant that decreases the "stickiness" of blood platelets and helps blood vessels to remain open. In addition, resveratrol appears to have estrogen-like properties and may be helpful in the treatment of breast diseases. Also, studies indicate that resveratrol can profoundly inhibit glucose uptake in HL-60 and U937 cells. Thus, resveratrol may prevent or abate metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

In controlled studies, the benefits of resveratrol have been shown to reduce skin-cancer tumors by up to 98% and to stop production of leukemia cells. In addition, it works as a Cox inhibitor, thus halting the spread of cancer throughout the body.

And in 2003, the results of a study were released that showed that the benefits of resveratrol extended the lifespan of yeast cells by 70% by activating a "longevity gene" expressed during caloric restriction. Since mammals have the same "longevity gene" and since caloric restriction is known to extend the lifespan of mammals, scientists speculated humans might be able to receive the longevity benefits of caloric restriction simply by supplementing with resveratrol. And in fact, subsequently, resveratrol hit the news big time for its suspected ability to extend life and emerged as "the" hot antioxidant of the day, both in its supplement form and as a component of red wine, its most commonly identified natural source.

Resveratrol, however, is not an indispensable component of red grapes or wine. It is synthesized by plants on an as-needed basis, as a defense against parasites (primarily molds). Once abundant in red wine, it is now almost absent due to the use of pesticides. In other words, if you want resveratrol, you pretty much have to supplement. The most common source for supplemental trans-resveratrol and its natural analogs, now that red wine no longer works, is Japanese Knotweed, a plant at one time considered a major nuisance weed. Go figure!

When purchasing resveratrol, or products containing resveratrol, there are three things to keep in mind:

First, resveratrol comes in many different concentrations of its active component, from 8% (or less) to as high as 96% purity. One concentration is not necessarily better than the other, but you do have to use more of the lower concentration to get an equivalent dosage. For example, you will need 60 mg of a 50% resveratrol or 300 mg of a 10% extract to get the same dosage as 30 mg of a high purity resveratrol (as a side note, Jon Barrons Ultimate Antioxidant formula now has 150 mg of 50% resveratrol). It doesn't matter, though, how you get there, as long as you get there.

A bigger concern is the question of bioavailability. Pure trans-resveratrol tends not to have good bio-availability because it is rapidly metabolized by the liver. As found in nature, however, resveratrol is predominantly coupled with sugar. In this form, it is highly bio-available (making it a better choice) and, as an added bonus, more stable, which brings us to the third issue -- stability. This, of course, is the reason that Jon Barron chose a higher dose of less concentrated resveratrol -- better bioavailability.

There has been a lot of noise in many resveratrol ads concerning stability. And yes, in nature, resveratrol is subject to degradation when exposed to light, oxygen, or heat, which can alter it from its more active trans-resveratrol form to its lesser active cis-resveratrol form. Recent stability studies, however, have shown that resveratrol supplements, particularly in the sugar bound form, are generally stable for at least two years with no special packaging or storage required. In other words, this is, for the most part, a non-issue when it comes to choosing a resveratrol supplement.

Excerpt from:

What Is Resveratrol? | Herbal Library

Pterostilbene is a chemical cousin of resveratrol. Both are naturally-occurring, with trace amounts in grapes, wine, blueberries and other berries. Both are a kind of natural antibiotic, produced by plants in self-defense when they are threatened with a fungal infection.

In 2003, resveratrol made a splash in the press after an MIT lab found that it was able to activate longevity genes called sirtuins that we share with mice and many lower specieseven yeast cells. This story was told alongside the French paradoxhow are the French able to eat a rich diet and still have low rates of heart disease? Maybe the answer was to be found in the red wine which is a staple of French dining, and maybe resveratrol is the active ingredient in red wine?

Following the news from MIT, there was a flurry of interest in resveratrol, both from the health community and from university labs around the world. Health enthusiasts began taking resveratrol without waiting for the results. Resveratrol became a staple on the shelves of drug stores and health food outlets. Then, over the last decade, many benefits of resveratrol were documented in different lab animals. Resveratrol extends life span in yeast cells, in lab worms, in fruit flies, and in Nothobranchius [1], a species of African fish that has a life span only a few months, and so is convenient for laboratory tests of longevity. Resveratrol had a perfect record, extending life span in every species that was tested, until the results came in for mice. Mice are mammals, closer to us than any of the other tested species, and resveratrol failed to extend life span in normal lab mice, though various benefits were noted, especially for obese mice on a high-fat diet. More recent research suggests that pterostilbene has similar benefits in helping mice avoid the health consequences of obesity [2].

Before 2003, both resveratrol and pterostilbene had been known to science, but only a few researchers were interested. What changed? David Sinclair was not only a bright and productive young researcher, but an ambitious entrepreneur and publicist as well. With the force of his energy and personality, Sinclair put resveratrol on the map, and generated excitement, both in scientists and in the public and the press.

It was a historic accident that so much attention was lavished on resveratrol, and comparatively little on pterostilbene. We know much less about it. There are about a thousand research articles on resveratrol coming out each year, and less than 100 for pterostilbene. There are no tests of the effect of pterostilbene on life spannot with any species of lab animal. But from the physiological effects, we might expect that pterostilbene works better than resveratrol. And, unlike resveratrol, pterostilbene is readily absorbed by the body.

Pterostilbene has its own history, far older than the French wine connection. Pterostilbene was recognized in the Ayurvedic tradition of South Asia, and used as a heart tonic in the form of darakchasava [3]. The first recorded use of darakchasava was in India around 400 AD, and is written up in a Sanskrit text called Sushruta Samhita.

Resveratrol and pterostilbene are strong anti-inflammatories, with inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 [4,5]. COX-2 inhibition is the important one, associated with lower risk of cancer and dementia, while COX-1 has mixed benefits and problems.Both pterostilbene and resveratrol show activity against cancer [6] cells in cell cultures.Both pterostilbene and resveratrol are powerful anti-oxidants, but this is probably not the source of their benefit. The whole oxidative theory of aging has been in decline [7] for quite some years, since the failure of anti-oxidant vitamins to extend life span [8, 9].When pterostilbene is directly compared to resveratrol in cell cultures and animal studies, often pterostilbene performs better.

For resveratrol, questions of dosage have still not been resolved, despite a decade of research. The problem is that experimental results have led in contradictory directions. Commercial capsules of resveratrol tend to be between 50 and 250 mg. For comparison, a glass of red wine might have a small fraction of 1 mg [10]. Is more better? In life span experiments with various animals, often the highest dose does not correspond to the longest life span. And, more bewildering yet, the optimal dosage varies depending on the species and the way in which it is administered. In one study with mice, enormous doses created mice with superpowers of endurance and strength, but they did not live longer. It is common in experiments with mice to give doses equivalent to 100 pills a day for humans, or a small swimming pool full of red wine [11].

Compared to resveratrol, pterostilbene is found in much smaller quantities in fruits and berries. A pint of blueberries has only 0.03 mg. But pterostilbene is far more bioavailable than resveratrol. About 20 times as much is absorbed by the body, and it lasts in the body up to 7 times longer [10]. Nothing is known about optimal dosage in animals, let alone in people.

There are many studies conducted in cell cultures grown in a petri dish in a lab, demonstrating that pterostilbene kills cancer cells, or slows their growth, or causes normal cells not to progress into cancer cells when they are chemically attacked. For example, pterostilbene sends lung cancer cells into self-destruct mode, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) [12]. Pterostilbene inhibits the inflammatory action of NFB [13], and slows the growth of colon cancer cells [6]. There are many more such studies, because cell culture studies are comparatively easy and inexpensive. In addition to lung and colon cancers, pterostilbene has been found to have activity against cancers of the liver, blood, skin, pancreas, prostate, and stomach.But the next step is to ask whether pterostilbene can cure cancer in a live animal; or better yet, do mice that are fed pterostilbene have a lower cancer risk than mice without pterostilbene? There are as yet very few of these live studies.

Rats were fed pterostilbene (or a control diet) and challenged with a chemical that induces colon cancer. The pterostilbene rats had modestly lower incidence of colon cancer [14]. Another study found that pterostilbene had a more powerful effect than resveratrol in preventing colon cancer [15]. Pterostilbene lowered the rate of metastasis for liver cancer [16]. Similar benefits were found for slowing growth of pancreatic cancer [17].

Type II Diabetes is a disease with growing prevalence in the Western world, driven by high-carbohydrate diets and increasing rates of obesity. But even for people who are keeping their weight down and their exercise up, blood sugar regulation tends to get worse with age, and this contributes to all the diseases of old age. Loss of insulin sensitivity causes the body to pump out more insulin, which causes further loss of sensitivity. It happens to all of us, if we live long enough.

Pterostilbene can help retain insulin sensitivity. Rats fed a hi-carb diet were protected from diabetes in a manner comparable to the long-time champion prescription drug, metformin [18]. Pterostilbene lowered blood sugar in diabetic rats [19].

PPAR- is a transcription factor, a gene that regulates other genes. It plays a key role in the response to fasting, initiating ketogenesis. Pterostilbene (but not resveratrol) has been found to promoe the action of PPAR- (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) [20]AMP Kinase (AMPK) is a master hormone that stimulates cells to pull sugar out of the blood. This means more sugar burned, less stored as fat. Metformin works in this way, and pterostilbene has also been found to activate AMPK [21].

Metformin is a known anti-aging drug, extending life span in rodents and lowering mortality rates in humans. Maintaining insulin sensitivity has a ripple effect that helps prevent heart disease, strokes, dementia, and cancerthe four major killers. We know that pterostilbene works on some of these same pathways, but we dont yet have the data to know whether it extends life span in rodents or lowers mortality rates in humans.

A 2005 study from US Dept of Agriculture [20] reported that pterostilbene beats out resveratrol in its effect on the HDL/LDL ratio in the blood (more good cholestrol, less bad cholesterol). Tests were performed with hamsters.

In a 2012 manufacturer-sponsored drug trial, pterostilbene was found to lower blood pressure in middle-aged people at elevated risk for heart disease. The reduction was about 7mm. Lowering blood pressure doesnt always lead to lower rates of heart disease; for example simply cutting down on salt can lower blood pressure, but it does so for the wrong reasons, and heart disease risk actually rises on a low-salt diet. But pterostilbene seems to be lowering blood pressure in the right way: by chemically reducing plaques (obstructions) in the arteries, and making the artery walls less stiff. There is good reason to think that pterostilbene can lower risk of heart disease, but this study has not yet been done.

Endothelial cells line our arteries, and in healthy, young people they are constantly being replaced in a process of remodeling. But as we get older, healthy endothelial cells commit suicide (apoptosis, again), and the integrity of the arteries is compromised [22]. This is one of the striking ways that the body seems literally to be destroying itself at older ages, and it contributes substantially to heart disease and strokes. Pterostilbene lowers the rate of apoptosis in endothelial cells, helping to delay heart disease and stroke by maintaining the integrity of the arterial walls [23].This benefit is the more impressive when remember that pterostilbene increases the rate of apoptosis in cancer cells. There seems to be a double benefit from pterostilbene, helping to preserve healthy cells and get rid of malignant ones.

In a 2012 study out of Case Western Reserve [24], mice were bred to be vulnerable to Alzheimers disease, and pterostilbenebut not resveratrolhelped delay the disease. Using spatial memory tests that are standard for rats and mice, they showed that the mice actually improved performance when fed pterostilbene.

Rats show a decline in memory with age that can be measured in the lab, and various stilbenes (including resveratrol) were tried to bring the rats memory back. Pterostilbene worked best [25]. The same study showed that pterostilbene could help maintain levels of dopamine, suggesting that it might be useful in preventing Parkinsons disease.

A number of studies have reported memory improvement and neuro-protective effects of blueberries in humans [26, 27] and in animals [28, 29], but none, to my knowledge, has tried to identify whether pterostilbene was the active agent in blueberries responsible for the benefit.

Several authors have written speculatively about pterostilbene as a general anti-aging tonic [25, 30,31]. I think we just dont know yet.It has become increasingly clear [32] that aging is more about gene expression than about genes. Which genes get turned on, when and where? This is the science of epigenetics. The body has the same genes throughout the life span, but genes are turned on and off to choreograph all the changes that take place during development of the embryo, growth, and puberty. Gene expression continues to change, more slowly, after puberty, and genes for protection, regeneration and detoxification are turned off when we need them most. Certain genes are turned on late in life, with devastating effects on the body, promoting cell death and raising inflammation to dangerous levels.

SIRT genes have the effect of keeping these harmful genes silent, shutting them off. In this way, they suppress one of the core causes of aging. It was the connection with SIRT that put resveratrol on the map, but curiously, the SIRT connection has become quite controversial. Some labs claim a strong connection between resveratrol and SIRT expression, while others, doing very similar experiments, find no connection whatever. The difference remains unresolved, even as it has become the subject of heated debate. Whether pterostilbene activates SIRT is a subject that has barely been investigated, but here [24] is the one study I found, claiming that neither pterostilbene nor resveratrol activated SIRT in mice. A Japanese study [33] claims that resveratrol does activate SIRT, and that pterostilbene is almost twice twice as potent.

Meanwhile, there are other epigenetic benefits from both pterostilbene and resveratrol that have been well-documented, including AMPK activation and NFkB suppression, as I have mentioned.

Benefits of resveratrol are well-documented because there has been so much money and lab time devoted to studying it in the last decade, both in animals and in humans. Pterostilbene is a similar compound, rarer and more bioavailable. There is some reason to believe that pterostilbene might have health and anti-aging benefits that surpass resveratrol, but we wont know for sure until the studies are done. Though there are many studies for the effect of resveratrol on various animals, including rodents, there is only one study [34], to my knowledge, that included pterostilbene in testing longevity in mice. In this study, from the Spindler lab at University of California, mice were given a combination of many neutraceuticals, including blueberry extract containing a small amount of pterostilbene, and the combination did not affect life span. Pterostilbene deserves a study all its own.

Note: After preparing this article, I learned about Examine.com, which would have saved me a great deal of time and searching. The site includes an index to articles about hundreds of different supplements. There are, at the time of this writing, 55 references on pterostilbene.

Josh Mitteldorf, Ph.D.

About the author: Josh Mitteldorf takes a unique view of health and aging, based on the genetics and evolution of aging. His research has been published in evolutionary journals as well as journals of medical gerontology. In addition to his academic work, Josh publishes a weekly blog for the scientific public, covering different aspects of aging, and a page of health advice for longevity.

(You can leave a comment below)

Literature Cited:

1. Valenzano, D.R., et al., Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate. Curr Biol, 2006. 16(3): p. 296-300.2. Gmez-Zorita, S., et al., Pterostilbene, a Dimethyl Ether Derivative of Resveratrol, Reduces Fat Accumulation in Rats Fed an Obesogenic Diet. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2014. 62(33): p. 8371-8378.3. Paul, B., et al., Occurrence of resveratrol and pterostilbene in age-old darakchasava, an ayurvedic medicine from India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1999. 68(13): p. 71-76.4. Cichocki, M., et al., Pterostilbene is equally potent as resveratrol in inhibiting 12Otetradecanoylphorbol13acetate activated NFB, AP1, COX2, and iNOS in mouse epidermis. Molecular nutrition & food research, 2008. 52(S1): p. S62-S70.5. Hougee, S., et al., Selective COX-2 inhibition by a Pterocarpus marsupium extract characterized by pterostilbene, and its activity in healthy human volunteers. 2005.6. Rimando, A.M. and N. Suh, Biological/chemopreventive activity of stilbenes and their effect on colon cancer. Planta medica, 2008. 74(13): p. 1635.7. Sanz, A., R. Pamplona, and G. Barja, Is the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging intact? Antioxid Redox Signal, 2006. 8(3-4): p. 582-99.8. Hollar, D. and C.H. Hennekens, Antioxidant Vitamins and Cardiovascular Disease: Randomized Trials Fail to Fulfill the Promises of Observational Epidemiology, in Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease. 2006, Springer. p. 305-325.9. Duffield-Lillico, A.J. and C.B. Begg, Reflections on the landmark studies of -carotene supplementation. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2004. 96(23): p. 1729-1731.10. McCormack, D. and D. McFadden, Pterostilbene and cancer: current review. Journal of Surgical Research, 2012. 173(2): p. e53-e61.11. Wu, R.-E., et al., Resveratrol protects against physical fatigue and improves exercise performance in mice. Molecules, 2013. 18(4): p. 4689-4702.12. Schneider, J.G., et al., Pterostilbene inhibits lung cancer through induction of apoptosis. Journal of Surgical Research, 2010. 161(1): p. 18-22.13. Paul, S., et al., Anti-inflammatory action of pterostilbene is mediated through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in colon cancer cells. Cancer Prevention Research, 2009. 2(7): p. 650-657.14. Paul, S., et al., Dietary intake of pterostilbene, a constituent of blueberries, inhibits the -catenin/p65 downstream signaling pathway and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis, 2010. 31(7): p. 1272-1278.15. Chiou, Y.-S., et al., Pterostilbene is more potent than resveratrol in preventing azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis via activation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2011. 59(6): p. 2725-2733.16. Pan, M.-H., et al., Pterostilbene inhibited tumor invasion via suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis, 2009. 30(7): p. 1234-1242.17. McCormack, D.E., et al., Genomic analysis of pterostilbene predicts its antiproliferative effects against pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 2012. 16(6): p. 1136-1143.18. Grover, J., V. Vats, and S. Yadav, Pterocarpus marsupium extract (Vijayasar) prevented the alteration in metabolic patterns induced in the normal rat by feeding an adequate diet containing fructose as sole carbohydrate. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2005. 7(4): p. 414-420.19. Manickam, M., et al., Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium. Journal of natural products, 1997. 60(6): p. 609-610.20. Rimando, A.M., et al., Pterostilbene, a new agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -isoform, lowers plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2005. 53(9): p. 3403-3407.21. Lin, V.C.-H., et al., Activation of AMPK by pterostilbene suppresses lipogenesis and cell-cycle progression in p53 positive and negative human prostate cancer cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2012. 60(25): p. 6399-6407.22. Affara, M., et al., Understanding endothelial cell apoptosis: what can the transcriptome, glycome and proteome reveal? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2007. 362(1484): p. 1469-1487.23. Zhang, L., et al., Pterostilbene protects vascular endothelial cells against oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis, 2012. 17(1): p. 25-36.24. Chang, J., et al., Low-dose pterostilbene, but not resveratrol, is a potent neuromodulator in aging and Alzheimers disease. Neurobiology of aging, 2012. 33(9): p. 2062-2071.25. Joseph, J.A., et al., Cellular and behavioral effects of stilbene resveratrol analogues: implications for reducing the deleterious effects of aging. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2008. 56(22): p. 10544-10551.26. Krikorian, R., et al., Blueberry Supplementation Improves Memory in Older Adults. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010. 58(7): p. 3996-4000.27. Joseph, J.A., et al., Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 1999. 19(18): p. 8114-8121.28. Joseph, J., et al., Blueberry supplementation enhances signaling and prevents behavioral deficits in an Alzheimer disease model. Nutritional neuroscience, 2003. 6(3): p. 153-162.29. Goyarzu, P., et al., Blueberry supplemented diet: effects on object recognition memory and nuclear factor-kappa B levels in aged rats. Nutritional neuroscience, 2004. 7(2): p. 75-83.30. Estrela, J.M., et al., Pterostilbene: Biomedical applications*. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 2013. 50(3): p. 65-78.31. Kasiotis, K.M., et al., Resveratrol and related stilbenes: Their anti-aging and anti-angiogenic properties. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2013. 61: p. 112-120.32. Rando, T.A. and H.Y. Chang, Aging, rejuvenation, and epigenetic reprogramming: resetting the aging clock. Cell, 2012. 148(1): p. 46-57.33. Kahyo, T., et al., A novel chalcone polyphenol inhibits the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 and cell growth in HEK293T cells. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 2008. 108(3): p. 364-371.34. Spindler, S.R., P.L. Mote, and J.M. Flegal, Lifespan effects of simple and complex nutraceutical combinations fed isocalorically to mice. Age, 2014. 36(2): p. 705-718.

Continue reading here:

Pterostilbene vs Resveratrol

Resveratrol is LIKELY SAFE when used in the amounts found in foods, and when taken by mouth in doses up to 250 mg daily for up to 3 months. Higher doses of up to 900 mg have been taken for up to 2 days. Resveratrol has also been applied to the skin safely for up to 30 days. Special Precautions & Warnings: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Resveratrol is LIKELY SAFE when used in amounts found in some foods. However, during pregnancy and breast-feeding, the source of resveratrol is important. Resveratrol is found in grape skins, grape juice, wine, and other food sources. Wine should not be used as a source of resveratrol during pregnancy and breast-feeding.

Bleeding disorders: Resveratrol might slow blood clotting. In theory, resveratrol might increase the risk of bleeding in people with bleeding disorders.

Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Resveratrol might act like estrogen. If you have any condition that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, don"t use resveratrol.

Surgery: Resveratrol might increase the risk of bleeding during and after surgery. Stop using resveratrol at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Read more here:

Resveratrol: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and ...

References:

1. Camont, L; Cottart, C; Rhayem, Y; Nivetantoine, V; Djelidi, R; Collin, F; Beaudeux, J; Bonnefontrousselot, D (2009). "Simple spectrophotometric assessment of the trans-/cis-resveratrol ratio in aqueous solutions". Analytica Chimica Acta 634 (1): 121"8. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.003. PMID 19154820.

2. Resveratrol MSDS on Fisher Scientific website

3. Resveratrol MSDS on http://www.sigmaaldrich.com

4. Bechmann, LP; Zahn, D; Gieseler, RK; Fingas, CD; Marquitan, G; Jochum, C; Gerken, G; Friedman, SL et al. (2009). "Resveratrol amplifies profibrogenic effects of free fatty acids on human hepatic stellate cells". Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 39 (6): 601"8. doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00485.x. PMC 2893585. PMID 19207580.

5. Bass TM, Weinkove D, Houthoofd K, Gems D, Partridge L (October 2007). "Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans". Mech. Ageing Dev. 128 (10): 546"52. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2007.07.007. PMID 17875315.

6. "Micronutrient Information Center: Resveratrol". Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. Retrieved 2012-01-13.

7. Elliott PJ, Jirousek M (April 2008). "Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease". Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9 (4): 371"8. PMID 18393104.

8. "Sirtris Announces Positive Results with Proprietary Version of Resveratrol, SRT501, in a Phase 1b Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Study - Drugs.com MedNews". Press Release. Drugs.com. 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2012-02-22.

9. "Pharma seeks genetic clues to healthy aging". Reuters. 6 April 2010.

10. The Connecticut Post, "Selling resveratrol: Wonder drug or snake oil?," 08/04/2009, by Melissa Healy for the Los Angeles Times news service

11. Gehm BD, McAndrews JM, Chien PY, Jameson JL (December 1997). "Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in grapes and wine, is an agonist for the estrogen receptor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (25): 14138"43. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.14138. PMC 28446. PMID 9391166.

12. Baur JA, Sinclair DA (June 2006). "Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence". Nat Rev Drug Discov 5 (6): 493"506. doi:10.1038/nrd2060. PMID 16732220.

13. Farina A, Ferranti C, Marra C (March 2006). "An improved synthesis of resveratrol". Nat. Prod. Res. 20 (3): 247"52. doi:10.1080/14786410500059532. PMID 16401555.

14. Trantas E, Panopoulos N, Ververidis F (November 2009). "Metabolic engineering of the complete pathway leading to heterologous biosynthesis of various flavonoids and stilbenoids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Metab. Eng. 11 (6): 355"66. doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2009.07.004. PMID 19631278.

15. Wang, H.; Liu, L.; Guo, Y.-X.; Dong, Y.-S.; Zhang, D.-J.; Xiu, Z.-L. (2007). "Biotransformation of piceid in Polygonum cuspidatum to resveratrol by Aspergillus oryzae". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 75 (4): 763"8. doi:10.1007/s00253-007-0874-3. PMID 17333175.

16. Stilbene derivatives from Gnetum cleistostachyum. Chun-Suo Yao, Mao Lin, Xin Liu and Ying-Hong Wang, Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2005, Volume 7, Issue 2, pages 131-137, doi:10.1080/10286020310001625102, PubMed

17. Resveratrol, a new phenolic compound, from Veratrum grandiflorum. M Takaoka, Journal of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1939, volume 60, pages 1090-1100 (abstract)

18. Schrder, Joachim (March 6, 2010). "Discovery of resveratrol". Resveratrol.[self-published source?]

19. Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG, Zipkin RE, Chung P, Kisielewski A, Zhang LL, Scherer B, Sinclair DA (September 2003). "Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan". Nature 425 (6954): 191"6. doi:10.1038/nature01960. PMID 12939617.

20. Wood JG, Rogina B, Lavu S, Howitz K, Helfand SL, Tatar M, Sinclair D (August 2004). "Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans". Nature 430 (7000): 686"9. doi:10.1038/nature02789. PMID 15254550.

21. Gruber J, Tang SY, Halliwell B (April 2007). "Evidence for a trade-off between survival and fitness caused by resveratrol treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1100: 530"42. doi:10.1196/annals.1395.059. PMID 17460219.

22. Valenzano DR, Terzibasi E, Genade T, Cattaneo A, Domenici L, Cellerino A (February 2006). "Resveratrol prolongs lifespan and retards the onset of age-related markers in a short-lived vertebrate". Curr. Biol. 16 (3): 296"300. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.038. PMID 16461283.

23. Baur JA, Pearson KJ, Price NL, Jamieson HA, Lerin C, Kalra A, Prabhu VV, Allard JS, Lopez-Lluch G, Lewis K, Pistell PJ, Poosala S, Becker KG, Boss O, Gwinn D, Wang M, Ramaswamy S, Fishbein KW, Spencer RG, Lakatta EG, Le Couteur D, Shaw RJ, Navas P, Puigserver P, Ingram DK, de Cabo R, Sinclair DA (November 2006). "Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet". Nature 444 (7117): 337"42. doi:10.1038/nature05354. PMID 17086191.

24. Pearson KJ, Baur JA, Lewis KN, Peshkin L, Price NL, Labinskyy N, Swindell WR, Kamara D, Minor RK, Perez E, Jamieson HA, Zhang Y, Dunn SR, Sharma K, Pleshko N, Woollett LA, Csiszar A, Ikeno Y, Le Couteur D, Elliott PJ, Becker KG, Navas P, Ingram DK, Wolf NS, Ungvari Z, Sinclair DA, de Cabo R (August 2008). "Resveratrol delays age-related deterioration and mimics transcriptional aspects of dietary restriction without extending life span". Cell Metab. 8 (2): 157"68. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.06.011. PMC 2538685. PMID 18599363.

25. Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Floyd RA, Flurkey K, Hensley KL, Javors MA, Leeuwenburgh C, Nelson JF, Ongini E, Nadon NL, Warner HR, Strong R (August 2007). "An Aging Interventions Testing Program: study design and interim report". Aging Cell 6 (4): 565"75. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00311.x. PMID 17578509.

26. Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Baur JA, Boyd AR, de Cabo R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Javors MA, Nelson JF, Orihuela CJ, Pletcher S, Sharp ZD, Sinclair D, Starnes JW, Wilkinson JE, Nadon NL, Strong R (February 2011). "Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice". J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 66 (2): 191"201. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq178. PMC 3021372. PMID 20974732.

27. Kaeberlein, Matt; McDonagh, Thomas; Heltweg, Birgit; Hixon, Jeffrey; Westman, Eric A.; Caldwell, Seth D.; Napper, Andrew; Curtis, Rory; DiStefano, Peter S.; Fields, Stanley; Bedalov, Antonio; Kennedy, Brian K. (April 2005). "Substrate-specific activation of sirtuins by resveratrol". Journal of Biological Chemistry 208 (17): 17038"17045. doi:10.1074/jbc.M500655200. PMID 15684413. Retrieved November 14, 2012.

28. Wade, Nicholas (November 16, 2006). "Red Wine Ingredient Increases Endurance, Study Shows". New York Times.

29. Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F, Messadeq N, Milne J, Lambert P, Elliott P, Geny B, Laakso M, Puigserver P, Auwerx J (December 2006). "Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha". Cell 127 (6): 1109"22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.013. PMID 17112576.

30. "'Longevity gene' may be dead end: study". The Raw Story. Agence France-Presse. September 12, 2011.

31. Ledford, Heidi (2011). "Longevity genes challenged". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.549.

32. Viswanathan M, Guarente L (September 2011). "Regulation of Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan by sir-2.1 transgenes". Nature 477 (7365): E1"2. doi:10.1038/nature10440. PMID 21938026.

33.Lombard DB, Pletcher SD, Cant C, Auwerx J (September 2011). "Ageing: longevity hits a roadblock". Nature 477 (7365): 410"1. doi:10.1038/477410a. PMID 21938058.

34. Hubbard, Basil P.; Ana P. Gomes, Han Dai, Jun Li, April W. Case, Thomas Considine, Thomas V. Riera, Jessica E. Lee, Sook Yen E, Dudley W. Lamming, Bradley L. Pentelute, Eli R. Schuman, Linda A. Stevens, Alvin J. Y. Ling, Sean M. Armour, Shaday Michan, Huizhen Zhao, Yong Jiang, Sharon M. Sweitzer, Charles A. Blum, Jeremy S. Disch, Pui Yee Ng, Konrad T. Howitz, Anabela P. Rolo, Yoshitomo Hamuro, Joel Moss, Robert B. Perni, James L. Ellis, George P. Vlasuk, David A. Sinclair (2013). "Evidence for a Common Mechanism of SIRT1 Regulation by Allosteric Activators". Science. doi:10.1126/science.1231097.

35. Jang M, Cai L, Udeani GO, Slowing KV, Thomas CF, Beecher CW, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Mehta RG, Moon RC, Pezzuto JM (January 1997). "Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes". Science 275 (5297): 218"20. doi:10.1126/science.275.5297.218. PMID 8985016.

36. Lin, KH; Hsiao, G; Shih, CM; Chou, DS; Sheu, JR (2009). "Mechanisms of resveratrol-induced platelet apoptosis". Cardiovascular research 83 (3): 575"85. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp139. PMID 19423619.

37. Wang Z, Huang Y, Zou J, Cao K, Xu Y, Wu JM (January 2002). "Effects of red wine and wine polyphenol resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro". Int. J. Mol. Med. 9 (1): 77"9. PMID 11745001. edit

38. Zou J, Huang Y, Chen Q, Wang N, Cao K, Hsieh TC, Wu JM (October 1999). "Suppression of mitogenesis and regulation of cell cycle traverse by resveratrol in cultured smooth muscle cells". Int. J. Oncol. 15 (4): 647"51. PMID 10493944. edit

39. Brito PM, Devillard R, Ngre-Salvayre A, Almeida LM, Dinis TC, Salvayre R, Aug N (July 2009). "Resveratrol inhibits the mTOR mitogenic signaling evoked by oxidized LDL in smooth muscle cells". Atherosclerosis 205 (1): 126"34. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.11.011. PMID 19108833. edit

40. Athar M, Back JH, Tang X, Kim KH, Kopelovich L, Bickers DR, Kim AL (November 2007). "Resveratrol: a review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention". Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 224 (3): 274"83. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.025. PMC 2083123. PMID 17306316.

41. Resveratrol. From Clinicaltrials.gov. Retrieved August 15, 2008.

42. Boocock DJ, Faust GE, Patel KR, Schinas AM, Brown VA, Ducharme MP, Booth TD, Crowell JA, Perloff M, Gescher AJ, Steward WP, Brenner DE (June 2007). "Phase I dose escalation pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers of resveratrol, a potential cancer chemopreventive agent". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 (6): 1246"52. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0022. PMID 17548692.

43. Niles RM, Cook CP, Meadows GG, Fu YM, McLaughlin JL, Rankin GO (October 2006). "Resveratrol is rapidly metabolized in athymic (nu/nu) mice and does not inhibit human melanoma xenograft tumor growth". J. Nutr. 136 (10): 2542"6. PMC 1612582. PMID 16988123.

44. Wenzel E, Soldo T, Erbersdobler H, Somoza V (May 2005). "Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats". Mol Nutr Food Res 49 (5): 482"94. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200500003. PMID 15779067.

45. Li ZG, Hong T, Shimada Y, Komoto I, Kawabe A, Ding Y, Kaganoi J, Hashimoto Y, Imamura M (September 2002). "Suppression of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by resveratrol". Carcinogenesis 23 (9): 1531"6. doi:10.1093/carcin/23.9.1531. PMID 12189197.

46. Gao X, Xu YX, Divine G, Janakiraman N, Chapman RA, Gautam SC (July 2002). "Disparate in vitro and in vivo antileukemic effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound found in grapes". J. Nutr. 132 (7): 2076"81. PMID 12097696.

47. Kimura Y, Okuda H (June 2001). "Resveratrol isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum root prevents tumor growth and metastasis to lung and tumor-induced neovascularization in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice". J. Nutr. 131 (6): 1844"9. PMID 11385077.

48. Barger JL, Kayo T, Vann JM, Arias EB, Wang J, Hacker TA, Wang Y, Raederstorff D, Morrow JD, Leeuwenburgh C, Allison DB, Saupe KW, Cartee GD, Weindruch R, Prolla TA (2008). "A low dose of dietary resveratrol partially mimics caloric restriction and retards aging parameters in mice". In Tom, Daniel. PLoS ONE 3 (6): e2264. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002264. PMC 2386967. PMID 18523577.

49. Szmitko PE, Verma S (January 2005). "Cardiology patient pages. Red wine and your heart". Circulation 111 (2): e10"1. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000151608.29217.62. PMID 15657377.

50. Ferrires J (January 2004). "The French paradox: lessons for other countries". Heart 90 (1): 107"11. doi:10.1136/heart.90.1.107. PMC 1768013. PMID 14676260.

51. Simini B (January 2000). "Serge Renaud: from French paradox to Cretan miracle". Lancet 355 (9197): 48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71990-5. PMID 10615898.

52. Renaud S, de Lorgeril M (June 1992). "Wine, alcohol, platelets, and the French paradox for coronary heart disease". Lancet 339 (8808): 1523"6. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91277-F. PMID 1351198.

53. Kopp P (June 1998). "Resveratrol, a phytoestrogen found in red wine. A possible explanation for the conundrum of the 'French paradox'?". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 138 (6): 619"20. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1380619. PMID 9678525.

54. Ferrero ME, Bertelli AE, Fulgenzi A, Pellegatta F, Corsi MM, Bonfrate M, Ferrara F, De Caterina R, Giovannini L, Bertelli A (December 1998). "Activity in vitro of resveratrol on granulocyte and monocyte adhesion to endothelium". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 68 (6): 1208"14. PMID 9846848.

55. Rotondo S, Rajtar G, Manarini S, Celardo A, Rotillo D, de Gaetano G, Evangelista V, Cerletti C (April 1998). "Effect of trans-resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function". Br. J. Pharmacol. 123 (8): 1691"9. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701784. PMC 1565338. PMID 9605577.

56. Haider UG, Roos TU, Kontaridis MI, Neel BG, Sorescu D, Griendling KK, Vollmar AM, Dirsch VM (July 2005). "Resveratrol inhibits angiotensin II- and epidermal growth factor-mediated Akt activation: role of Gab1 and Shp2". Mol. Pharmacol. 68 (1): 41"8. doi:10.1124/mol.104.005421. PMID 15849355.

57. Wang Z, Chen Y, Labinskyy N, Hsieh TC, Ungvari Z, Wu JM (July 2006). "Regulation of proliferation and gene expression in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells by resveratrol and standardized grape extracts". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346 (1): 367"76. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.156. PMID 16759640.

58. Poussier B, Cordova AC, Becquemin JP, Sumpio BE (December 2005). "Resveratrol inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and induces apoptosis". J. Vasc. Surg. 42 (6): 1190"7. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2005.08.014. PMID 16376213.

59. Kurin E, Atanasov AG, Donath O, Heiss EH, Dirsch VM, Nagy M. Synergy study of the inhibitory potential of red wine polyphenols on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Planta Med. 2012 May;78(8):772-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1298440.Epub 2012 Apr 12. PubMed PMID: 22499559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22499559

60. Duffy SJ, Vita JA (February 2003). "Effects of phenolics on vascular endothelial function". Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 14 (1): 21"7. doi:10.1097/01.mol.0000052857.26236.f2. PMID 12544657.

61. Wallerath T, Deckert G, Ternes T, Anderson H, Li H, Witte K, Frstermann U (September 2002). "Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin present in red wine, enhances expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase". Circulation 106 (13): 1652"8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000029925.18593.5C. PMID 12270858.

62. Chen CK, Pace-Asciak CR (March 1996). "Vasorelaxing activity of resveratrol and quercetin in isolated rat aorta". Gen. Pharmacol. 27 (2): 363"6. doi:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02001-2. PMID 8919657.

63. Olas B, Wachowicz B (August 2005). "Resveratrol, a phenolic antioxidant with effects on blood platelet functions". Platelets 16 (5): 251"60. doi:10.1080/09537100400020591. PMID 16011975.

64. Stef G, Csiszar A, Lerea K, Ungvari Z, Veress G (August 2006). "Resveratrol inhibits aggregation of platelets from high-risk cardiac patients with aspirin resistance". J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 48 (2): 1"5. doi:10.1097/01.fjc.0000238592.67191.ab. PMID 16954814.

65. Wang Z, Zou J, Huang Y, Cao K, Xu Y, Wu JM (March 2002). "Effect of resveratrol on platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro". Chin. Med. J. 115 (3): 378"80. PMID 11940369.

66. The red wine phenolicstrans-resveratrol and quercetin block human platelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: Implications for protection against coronary heart disease. Cecil R. Pace-Asciak, Susan Hahn, Eleftherios P. Diamandis, George Soleas and David M. Goldberg, Clinica Chimica Acta, 31 March 1995, Volume 235, Issue 2, Pages 207"219, doi:10.1016/0009-8981(95)06045-1

67. Frmont L, Belguendouz L, Delpal S (1999). "Antioxidant activity of resveratrol and alcohol-free wine polyphenols related to LDL oxidation and polyunsaturated fatty acids". Life Sci. 64 (26): 2511"21. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00209-X. PMID 10403511.

68. Ungvari Z, Orosz Z, Rivera A, Labinskyy N, Xiangmin Z, Olson S, Podlutsky A, Csiszar A (May 2007). "Resveratrol increases vascular oxidative stress resistance". Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292 (5): H2417"24. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.01258.2006. PMID 17220179.

69. Das DK, Maulik N (February 2006). "Resveratrol in cardioprotection: a therapeutic promise of alternative medicine". Mol. Interv. 6 (1): 36"47. doi:10.1124/mi.6.1.7. PMID 16507749.

70. Investigation Finds UConn Professor Fabricated Research - Work Focused On Resveratrol, Chemical In Red Wine Hartford Courant, January 11, 2012

71. Retraction Watch

72. Lamont KT, Somers S, Lacerda L, Opie LH, Lecour S (May 2011). "Is red wine a SAFE sip away from cardioprotection? Mechanisms involved in resveratrol- and melatonin-induced cardioprotection". J. Pineal Res. 50 (4): 374"80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2010.00853.x. PMID 21342247.

73. Su HC, Hung LM, Chen JK (June 2006). "Resveratrol, a red wine antioxidant, possesses an insulin-like effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290 (6): E1339"46. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00487.2005. PMID 16434553.

74. Deng JY, Hsieh PS, Huang JP, Lu LS, Hung LM (July 2008). "Activation of estrogen receptor is crucial for resveratrol-stimulating muscular glucose uptake via both insulin-dependent and -independent pathways". Diabetes 57 (7): 1814"23. doi:10.2337/db07-1750. PMC 2453636. PMID 18426865.

75. Palsamy P, Subramanian S (November 2008). "Resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin, normalizes hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced experimental diabetic rats". Biomed. Pharmacother. 62 (9): 598"605. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2008.06.037. PMID 18675532.

76. Sharma S, Anjaneyulu M, Kulkarni SK, Chopra K (2006). "Resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in rats". Pharmacology 76 (2): 69"75. doi:10.1159/000089720. PMID 16286809.

77. Schmatz R, Mazzanti CM, Spanevello R, Stefanello N, Gutierres J, Corra M, da Rosa MM, Rubin MA, Chitolina Schetinger MR, Morsch VM (May 2009). "Resveratrol prevents memory deficits and the increase in acetylcholinesterase activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 610 (1"3): 42"8. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.032. PMID 19303406.

78. Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Zhan L, Maulik G, Menon VP, Bagchi D, Maulik N (December 2008). "Resveratrol enhances GLUT-4 translocation to the caveolar lipid raft fractions through AMPK/Akt/eNOS signalling pathway in diabetic myocardium". J. Cell. Mol. Med. 12 (6A): 2350"61. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00251.x. PMID 18266981.

79. "Sirtris Announces SRT501 Lowers Glucose in Twice-Daily Dosing Clinical Trial; Study Suggests Dose Response for Proprietary Formulation of Resveratrol in Type 2 Diabetics" (Press release). Sirtris Pharmaceuticals. April 17, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2010.

80. "Sirtris Continues to Lead The Way In Resveratrol Based Research". My Resveratrol Experience. 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2011-01-22.

81. a b Marambaud P, Zhao H, Davies P (November 2005). "Resveratrol promotes clearance of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptides". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (45): 37377"82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M508246200. PMID 16162502.

82. Karuppagounder SS, Pinto JT, Xu H, Chen HL, Beal MF, Gibson GE (February 2009). "Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease". Neurochem. Int. 54 (2): 111"8. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.008. PMC 2892907. PMID 19041676.

83. Vingtdeux V, Giliberto L, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Wu Q, Simon JE, Janle EM, Lobo J, Ferruzzi MG, Davies P, Marambaud P (March 2010). "AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (12): 9100"1. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.060061. PMID 20080969.

84. Anekonda TS (September 2006). "Resveratrol--a boon for treating Alzheimer's disease?". Brain Res Rev 52 (2): 316"26. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.04.004. PMID 16766037.

85. Sharma M, Gupta YK (October 2002). "Chronic treatment with trans resveratrol prevents intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats". Life Sci. 71 (21): 2489"98. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02083-0. PMID 12270754.

86. Kumar P, Padi SS, Naidu PS, Kumar A (September 2006). "Effect of resveratrol on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced biochemical and behavioural changes: possible neuroprotective mechanisms". Behav Pharmacol 17 (5"6): 485"92. doi:10.1097/00008877-200609000-00014. PMID 16940769.

87. Yang YB, Piao YJ (July 2003). "Effects of resveratrol on secondary damages after acute spinal cord injury in rats". Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 24 (7): 703"10. PMID 12852839.

88. Sinha K, Chaudhary G, Gupta YK (June 2002). "Protective effect of resveratrol against oxidative stress in middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rats". Life Sci. 71 (6): 655"65. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01691-0. PMID 12072154.

89. Gentilli M, Mazoit JX, Bouaziz H, Fletcher D, Casper RF, Benhamou D, Savouret JF (February 2001). "Resveratrol decreases hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan in the rat hind paw". Life Sci. 68 (11): 1317"21. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(00)01018-3. PMID 11233998.

90. Tsai SH, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK (February 1999). "Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NFkappaB in macrophages by resveratrol". Br. J. Pharmacol. 126 (3): 673"80. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702357. PMC 1565862. PMID 10188978.

91. Elmali N, Baysal O, Harma A, Esenkaya I, Mizrak B (April 2007). "Effects of resveratrol in inflammatory arthritis". Inflammation 30 (1"2): 1"6. doi:10.1007/s10753-006-9012-0. PMID 17115116.

92.Docherty JJ, Fu MM, Stiffler BS, Limperos RJ, Pokabla CM, DeLucia AL (October 1999). "Resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication". Antiviral Res. 43 (3): 145"55. doi:10.1016/S0166-3542(99)00042-X. PMID 10551373.

93. Docherty JJ, Fu MM, Hah JM, Sweet TJ, Faith SA, Booth T (September 2005). "Effect of resveratrol on herpes simplex virus vaginal infection in the mouse". Antiviral Res. 67 (3): 155"62. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.008. PMID 16125258.

94. Docherty JJ, Smith JS, Fu MM, Stoner T, Booth T (January 2004). "Effect of topically applied resveratrol on cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in hairless mice". Antiviral Res. 61 (1): 19"26. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.07.001. PMID 14670590.

95. Docherty JJ, Sweet TJ, Bailey E, Faith SA, Booth T (December 2006). "Resveratrol inhibition of varicella-zoster virus replication in vitro". Antiviral Res. 72 (3): 171"7. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.07.004. PMID 16899306.

96. Guan WD, Yang ZF, Liu N, Qin S, Zhang FX, Zhu YT (September 2008). "[In vitro experimental study on the effect of resveratrol against several kinds of respiroviruses]". Zhong Yao Cai (in Chinese) 31 (9): 1388"90. PMID 19180966.

97. Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Aquilano K, De Chiara G, Hernandez L, Cozzolino F, Ciriolo MR, Garaci E (May 2005). "Inhibition of influenza A virus replication by resveratrol". J. Infect. Dis. 191 (10): 1719"29. doi:10.1086/429694. PMID 15838800.

98. Li YQ, Li ZL, Zhao WJ, Wen RX, Meng QW, Zeng Y (September 2006). "Synthesis of stilbene derivatives with inhibition of SARS coronavirus replication". Eur J Med Chem 41 (9): 1084"9. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.03.024. PMID 16875760.

99. Evers DL, Wang X, Huong SM, Huang DY, Huang ES (August 2004). "3,4',5-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene (resveratrol) inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication and virus-induced cellular signaling". Antiviral Res. 63 (2): 85"95. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.03.002. PMID 15302137.

Excerpt from:

Resveratrol Extract Powder - Z Natural Foods