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Stem cell therapy for muscle, sports injury alternative to surgery

By Erika Sauler Philippine Daily Inquirer

MANILA, Philippines This type of stem cell therapy does not claim to be the fountain of youth, but an alternative treatment to arthritis, muscle pain and tendon tear.

Two Filipino doctors who trained in the United States said in a media forum on Sunday that autologous stem cell therapy could speed up the healing of musculoskeletal and sports-related injuries, which could be an optional remedy before undergoing surgery.

Dr. Jeimylo de Castro explained that the procedure would involve taking stem cells from the patients blood, fat tissue or bone marrow and injecting them to the injured area of the same person. This type of therapy is different from the controversial embryonic stem cells which are harvested from animals or fertilized eggs.

With stem cell therapy being a current fad for anti-aging, the Department of Health has warned the public that the benefits of stem cell therapy are still under evaluation. The DOH will soon issue guidelines for the use of stem cell therapy and the licensing of facilities offering this service.

De Castro and Dr. Franklin Domingo are both fellows of the Philippine Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. They underwent training for stem cell therapy under Dr. Joseph Purita of the Institute of Regenerative and Molecular Orthopaedics, and Dr. Sherwin Kevy of Harvards Immune Disease Institute.

If you have arthritis and you take anti-inflammatory drugs, you will not feel the pain so you will move around and further damage the cartilage. Whereas stem cells will regenerate tissues and ease the pain, making the damaged cells become young again, De Castro said.

Domingo likened the stem cells to high school students who have no career yet and could be trained to be professionals in a field where they are needed. So if the stem cells are injected into an injured knee, they will develop into tissues that hasten the recovery of the area.

According to Domingo, stem cell therapy is not for everybody and is not a quick-fix solution because it uses the bodys natural ability to heal.

Patients who have cancer and infection are not allowed to undergo stem cell therapy, and so are those under the influence of alcohol or who have taken blood-thinning medicine like Coumadin at the time of extraction.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Deafness

MANILA, Philippines - US researchers have begun a groundbreaking trial to test the potential of umbilical cord blood transplants, a kind of stem cell therapy, to treat and possibly reverse hearing loss in infants.

The Phase I trial follows promising studies on mice showing that such transplants were able to rebuild the structures of the inner ear, and some anecdotal evidence from humans, sparking hope of a cure for some forms of deafness.

One of those people is two-year-old Finn McGrath, who suffered brain damage after being deprived of oxygen during a prolonged and complicated delivery, according to his mother, Laura.

"His doctors told us he was at high risk for cerebral palsy, vision issues, hearing problems, and mental retardation," she said in an interview with AFP.

Finn's early days were an all-out struggle to survive, so for his parents, learning that he had failed his hearing tests and had damaged hair cells - the sensory receptors in the inner ear that pick up sounds - was almost an afterthought.

He had organ failure, breathing problems, and his cerebral palsy left him unable to roll, crawl, or walk, hold his head up, talk, or eat.

As his parents searched for ways to help him, they came upon stories online that told of studies using cord blood to help children with cerebral palsy and other disorders.

Prior to his birth, the McGraths had arranged to privately bank his umbilical cord blood, a procedure that costs around $2,000 plus storage fees, and remains controversial among pediatricians.

Private companies such as the Cord Blood Registry, which is funding the Texas study on hearing loss, urge expecting parents to bank their umbilical cord blood and reserve it for personal use as a way to protect their family.

That advice runs counter to the guidelines issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2007, which calls such claims "unsubstantiated" and says banking for personal or family use "should be discouraged" but is "encouraged" if it is to be stored in a bank for public use.

Since Finn's parents had already banked his, they enrolled him in cord blood trial for cerebral palsy in North Carolina and he received his first transplant in November, 2009, when he was about seven weeks old.

A second transfusion followed and by May, his parents began to notice a change.

Nighttime noises, like an alarm on his food pump or the sound of ripping medical tape, would suddenly startle him awake, his mother recalled.

"He started vocalizing sounds and we could tell that he was anticipating things that we would say. Like, if he had heard a story a number of times or a song, he would smile like he recognized the song or the story."

Finn had a third infusion in September, 2010, when he was one year old. Four months later, an otoacoustic emissions test (OAE), which plays a sound and picks up vibrations in the cochlea and hair cells, came back normal.

The early hearing tests that showed hearing loss were not exactly the same as the later tests that came back normal, so McGrath is cautious about comparing them directly, but she believes the cord blood transfusions may have helped.

"All I can tell you is anecdotally he was not able to hear for probably the first three or four months of his life, and then when he was about six to eight months old, he started hearing."

The hearing trial in Texas aims to take a first step in testing the safety, and later the efficacy, of transfusing cord blood in children age six weeks to 18 months who have sustained post-birthsensorineural hearing loss.

Some reasons that children lose their hearing at or after birth may include oxygen deprivation, head injury, infection, strong doses of antibiotics, or loud noises.

Sensorineural hearing loss affects approximately six per 1,000 children, and there is no available medical treatment. Hearing aids or cochlear implants are typically offered to boost the ability of the damaged tissues.

"Stem cell therapy may potentially repair the damaged structures of the inner ear and restore normal hearing," lead investigator Samer Fakhri told AFP.

"We are at the initial stages of this process and the results are looking promising," Fakhri added.

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Philips delivers Q2 sales of EUR 4.4 billion, with 6% comparable sales decrease; income from continuing operations of EUR 213 million, Adjusted EBITA…

July 20, 2020

Second-quarter highlights Sales amounted to EUR 4.4 billion, with a 6% comparable sales decrease Comparable order intake increased 27% Income from continuing operations was EUR 213 million, compared to EUR 260 million in Q2 2019 Adjusted EBITA margin was 9.5% of sales, compared to 11.8% of sales in Q2 2019 Income from operations amounted to EUR 229 million, compared to EUR 350 million in Q2 2019 EPS from continuing operations (diluted) amounted to EUR 0.23; Adjusted EPS amounted to EUR 0.35, compared to EUR 0.42 in Q2 2019 Operating cash flow improved to EUR 558 million, compared to EUR 390 million in Q2 2019 Free cash flow increased to EUR 311 million, compared to EUR 174 million in Q2 2019

Frans van Houten, CEOAs the global societal and economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak intensified in the second quarter of 2020, we continued to focus on our triple duty of care: meeting critical customer needs, safeguarding the health and safety of our employees, and ensuring business continuity. In close collaboration with our suppliers and partners, we have steeply ramped up the production volumes of acute care products and solutions to help diagnose, treat, monitor and manage COVID-19 patients. Our field service engineers have been supporting healthcare providers around the world throughout these testing times. Under the circumstances, I am pleased at the way we have performed and I am grateful and proud of how all our employees have stepped up.

In the quarter, Philips' sales declined 6% on a comparable basis and we delivered an Adjusted EBITA margin of 9.5%. Comparable order intake grew a further 27% on the back of double-digit growth in the previous quarter, driven by CT imaging systems, hospital ventilators and patient monitors. As anticipated, COVID-19 caused a steep decrease in consumer demand and postponement of installations in hospitals, as well as elective procedures, resulting in a 19% comparable sales decrease for our Personal Health businesses and a 9% decline for our Diagnosis & Treatment businesses. This was partly offset by a strong 14% comparable sales growth for our Connected Care businesses.

We expect to return to growth and improved profitability for the Group in the second half of the year, assuming we can convert our existing order book for the Diagnosis & Treatment and Connected Care businesses, elective procedures normalize, and consumer demand gradually improves. Consequently, for the full year 2020 we continue to aim for a modest comparable sales growth and Adjusted EBITA margin improvement.

Looking ahead, our mission is more relevant than ever. Our strategy to transform the delivery of care along the health continuum, leveraging informatics and remote care capabilities, along with our innovative systems and services, has been validated during this crisis. I am convinced that Philips is well positioned to serve the current and future needs of hospitals and health systems.

Business segment performanceThe Diagnosis & Treatment businesses recorded a 9% comparable sales decline due to the postponement of installations and elective procedures. Although Diagnostic Imaging sales were in line with Q2 2019, Ultrasound showed a mid-single-digit decrease, and Image-Guided Therapy a double-digit decline. Comparable order intake showed a double-digit decrease. The Adjusted EBITA margin decreased to 8.6%, mainly due to the sales decline.

Comparable sales in the Connected Care businesses increased 14%, with double-digit growth in Sleep & Respiratory Care and mid-single-digit growth in Monitoring & Analytics. Comparable order intake more than doubled, driven by strong demand for patient monitors and hospital ventilators. The Adjusted EBITA margin increased to 17.8%, as additional investments to ramp up production were more than offset by operating leverage.

The Personal Health businesses recorded a comparable sales decline of 19%, with all businesses declining due to significantly decreased consumer demand. The Adjusted EBITA margin declined to 5.6%, due to the sales decline, partly offset by cost savings.

Philips ongoing focus on innovation and partnerships resulted in the following key developments in the quarter:

Highlighting its strength in strategic partnerships to enhance patient care and improve care provider productivity, Philips signed 14 new agreements in the quarter. For example, Philips and the US Department of Veterans Affairs entered a 10-year agreement to expand their tele-critical care program, creating the worlds largest system to provide veterans with remote access to intensive care expertise, regardless of their location. In the Netherlands, Philips and Flevo Hospital signed a 10-year strategic partnership agreement to support precision diagnosis and optimize workflows and patient pathways, while driving efficiencies and cost optimization. In collaboration with its partners and suppliers, Philips tripled the production of its hospital ventilators in the quarter and is on track to achieve the planned four-fold increase to 4,000 units per week in July 2020, supporting the treatment of COVID-19 patients in the most affected regions around the world. Philips launched several new monitoring solutions for the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the general ward and the home that feature remote monitoring capabilities and advanced analytics. These include Philips IntelliVue Patient Monitors MX750/MX850 for the ICU, Philips Biosensor BX100 for early patient deterioration detection in the general ward, and in collaboration with BioIntelliSense, the BioSticker medical device to help monitor at-risk patients from the hospital to the home. University of Kentucky HealthCare teamed up with Philips to implement the companys tele-ICU technology to enhance patient care and improve utilization and patient flows across 160 ICU beds at the academic medical centers two hospitals. Leveraging Philips acute telehealth platform, eCareManager, UK HealthCare is implementing the states first centralized virtual care model to help nurses detect risk of patient deterioration, so they can intervene earlier and help improve care outcomes. Philips received an industry-first 510(k) clearance from the FDA to market a wide range of its ultrasound solutions including CX50 and Lumify for the management of COVID-19-related lung and cardiac complications. Portable ultrasound solutions in particular have become valuable tools for clinicians treating COVID-19 patients, due to their imaging capabilities, portability and ease of disinfection. Supporting the increased demand for flexible ICU capacity, Philips introduced its new mobile ICUs in India. The ICUs can be furnished with a range of medical equipment, including ventilators, defibrillators, and patient monitoring. In the Philippines, Philips introduced a modular diagnostic imaging cabin with a CT or diagnostic X-ray system for rapid deployment. Complementing Philips Sonicares existing teledentistry services for patients, Philips and dental technology company Toothpic announced a new teledentistry platform for dental professionals. The multi-service platform provides a tool to build direct patient engagement, acquisition and retention while improving office efficiency, in-chair time and remote care.

Cost savingsIn the second quarter, procurement savings amounted to EUR 57 million. Overhead and other productivity programs delivered savings of EUR 51 million. As a result, Philips is on track to deliver over EUR 400 million productivity savings for 2020 and EUR 1.8 billion productivity savings for the Group for the 2017-2020 period.

Executive Committee updateOn July 16, Philips announced the appointment of Deeptha Khanna as the Chief Business Leader of the Personal Health businesses, effective July 20, 2020, and the appointment of Edwin Paalvast as Chief of International Markets, effective August 1, 2020. Ms. Khanna and Mr. Paalvast will become members of Philips Executive Committee, reporting to Philips CEO Frans van Houten.

Ms. Khanna joins Philips from Johnson & Johnson to lead its Personal Health businesses, which were temporarily led by Frans van Houten. Mr. Paalvast joins Philips from Cisco Systems, and will succeed current Chief of International Markets Henk de Jong, who has been appointed as CEO of Philips EUR 2.3 billion Domestic Appliances business, effective August 1, 2020. As announced in January 2020, the Domestic Appliances business is being separated from Philips, a process that is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2021. Mr. de Jong will continue to report to Frans van Houten and remain a member of the Executive Committee.

Capital allocationShare buyback programAt the end of the first quarter of 2020, Philips had completed 50.3% of its EUR 1.5 billion share buyback program for capital reduction purposes that was announced on January 29, 2019. In line with the companys announcement on March 23, 2020, Philips has executed the second half of the program through individual forward transactions with settlement dates extending into the second half of 2021. Further details can be found here.

Share cancellationIn June 2020, Philips completed the cancellation of 3,809,675 shares that were acquired as part of the share buyback program mentioned above.

DividendIn July 2020, Philips issued a total number of 18,080,198 new common shares for settlement of the 2019 dividend. After deduction of treasury shares, this results in a total number of outstanding shares of 909,395,209, compared to 909,194,188 shares in 2019 following the settlement of the 2018 dividend.

Regulatory updatePhilips Emergency Care and Resuscitation (ECR) business resumed manufacturing and shipping of external defibrillators for the US, following notification from the FDA that the injunction prohibiting those activities has been lifted. Philips continues to comply with the terms of the Consent Decree, which remains in effect, and includes ongoing regulatory compliance monitoring and facility inspections of the ECR business and of Philips other patient care businesses by the FDA. In connection with the ECR portfolio, Philips received FDA pre-market approval (PMA) for the HeartStart FR3 [1] and HeartStart FRx [2] automated external defibrillators (AEDs), and their supporting accessories, including batteries and pads.

In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, Philips is working with the FDAs Emergency Response and Product Evaluation teams to provide them with relevant information, such as Philips production ramp-up and availability of acute care products and solutions to combat COVID-19. Philips has obtained authorizations through the FDAs Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) process for the expanded use of several of its devices during the COVID-19 public health emergency, including for the Philips IntelliVue Patient Monitors MX750/MX850 and its IntelliVue Active Displays AD75/AD85. Moreover, Philips has received FDA 510(k) clearances to market its Biosensor BX100 for early patient deterioration detection in the general ward, and to market a wide range of its ultrasound solutions for the management of COVID-19-related lung and cardiac complications.

[1] Model 861388 and Model 861389[2] Model 861304

For further information, please contact:

Ben ZwirsPhilips Global Press OfficeTel: +31 6 1521 3446Email: ben.zwirs@philips.com

Martijn van der StarrePhilips Global Press OfficeTel.: +31 6 2847 4617E-mail: martijn.van.der.starre@philips.com

About Royal Philips

Royal Philips (NYSE: PHG, AEX: PHIA) is a leading health technology company focused on improving people's health and enabling better outcomes across the health continuum from healthy living and prevention, to diagnosis, treatment and home care. Philips leverages advanced technology and deep clinical and consumer insights to deliver integrated solutions. Headquartered in the Netherlands, the company is a leader in diagnostic imaging, image-guided therapy, patient monitoring and health informatics, as well as in consumer health and home care. Philips generated 2019 sales of EUR 19.5 billion and employs approximately 81,000 employees with sales and services in more than 100 countries. News about Philips can be found at http://www.philips.com/newscenter.

Forward-looking statements and other important information

Forward-looking statements

This document and the related oral presentation, including responses to questions following the presentation, contain certain forward-looking statements with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and business of Philips and certain of the plans and objectives of Philips with respect to these items.

Examples of forward-looking statements include: statements made about the strategy; estimates of sales growth; future Adjusted EBITA; future restructuring, acquisition-related and other costs; future developments in Philips organic business; and the completion of acquisitions and divestments. By their nature, these statements involve risk and uncertainty because they relate to future events and circumstances and there are many factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements.

These factors include but are not limited to: changes in industry or market circumstances; economic and political developments; market and supply chain disruptions due to the COVID-19 outbreak; Philips increasing focus on health technology; the realization of Philips growth ambitions and results in growth geographies; successful completion of divestments such as the divestment of our Domestic Appliances businesses; lack of control over certain joint ventures; integration of acquisitions; securing and maintaining Philips intellectual property rights and unauthorized use of third-party intellectual property rights; compliance with quality standards, product safety laws and good manufacturing practices; exposure to IT security breaches, IT disruptions, system changes or failures; supply chain management; ability to create new products and solutions; attracting and retaining personnel; financial impacts from Brexit; compliance with regulatory regimes, including data privacy requirements; governmental investigations and legal proceedings with regard to possible anticompetitive market practices and other matters; business conduct rules and regulations; treasury risks and other financial risks; tax risks; costs of defined-benefit pension plans and other post-retirement plans; reliability of internal controls, financial reporting and management process. As a result, Philips actual future results may differ materially from the plans, goals and expectations set forth in such forward-looking statements. For a discussion of factors that could cause future results to differ from such forward-looking statements, see also the Risk management chapter included in the Annual Report 2019.

Third-party market share dataStatements regarding market share, including those regarding Philips competitive position, contained in this document are based on outside sources such as research institutes, industry and dealer panels in combination with management estimates. Where information is not yet available to Philips, those statements may also be based on estimates and projections prepared by outside sources or management. Rankings are based on sales unless otherwise stated.

Use of non-IFRS informationIn presenting and discussing the Philips Groups financial position, operating results and cash flows, management uses certain non- IFRS financial measures. These non-IFRS financial measures should not be viewed in isolation as alternatives to the equivalent IFRS measure and should be used in conjunction with the most directly comparable IFRS measures. Non-IFRS financial measures do not have standardized meaning under IFRS and therefore may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. A reconciliation of these non-IFRS measures to the most directly comparable IFRS measures is contained in this document. Further information on non-IFRS measures can be found in the Annual Report 2019.

Use of fair value informationIn presenting the Philips Groups financial position, fair values are used for the measurement of various items in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. These fair values are based on market prices, where available, and are obtained from sources that are deemed to be reliable. Readers are cautioned that these values are subject to changes over time and are only valid at the balance sheet date. When quoted prices or observable market data are not readily available, fair values are estimated using appropriate valuation models and unobservable inputs. Such fair value estimates require management to make significant assumptions with respect to future developments, which are inherently uncertain and may therefore deviate from actual developments.

Critical assumptions used are disclosed in the Annual Report 2019. In certain cases independent valuations are obtained to support managements determination of fair values.

PresentationAll amounts are in millions of euros unless otherwise stated. Due to rounding, amounts may not add up precisely to totals provided. All reported data is unaudited. Financial reporting is in accordance with the significant accounting policies as stated in the Annual Report 2019. Certain comparative-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.

Effective Q1 2020, Philips has simplified its order intake policy by aligning horizons for all modalities to 18 months to revenue, compared to previously used delivery horizons of 6 months for Ultrasound, 12 months for Connected Care and 15 months for Diagnosis & Treatment. At the same time, Philips has aligned order intake for software contracts to the same 18 months to revenue horizon, meaning that only the next 18 months conversion to revenue under the contract is recognized, compared to the full contract values recognized previously. This change eliminates major variances in order intake growth and better reflects expected revenue in the short term from order intake booked in the reporting period. Prior-year comparable order intake amounts have been restated accordingly. This realignment has not resulted in any material additional order intake recognition.

Per share calculations have been adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented to reflect the issuance of shares for the share dividend in respect of 2019.

Market Abuse RegulationThis press release contains inside information within the meaning of Article 7(1) of the EU Market Abuse Regulation.

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Philips delivers Q2 sales of EUR 4.4 billion, with 6% comparable sales decrease; income from continuing operations of EUR 213 million, Adjusted EBITA...

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Neurology | Neurology conferences | Neuro congress …

Advanced Neurology 2020

We are extremely gratified to declare our upcoming fortuitous neurology conference 4th World Congress on Neurology and TherapeuticsConference is scheduled during May 08-09, 2020 at Prague, Czech Republic.

It is our boundless privilege to solicit each one of you to our meritorious neuro meet of all the dignitaries worldwide over there. We believe in serving people with the most advanced solutions to Neurological Impairments where we stood prior in our last event 3rd World Congress on Neurology and Therapeutics Conference in Madrid, Spain. It was a tremendous success over the year to establish a strong affinity with our advanced neurological solutions, diagnosis and NeurotherapeuticsConference.

View our Past Conference Report of Advanced Neurology 2019 at https://neurology.pulsusconference.com/2019

Our propitious neurology congress is tailored around the theme Know the Unknown Advanced Solutions on Neurology

Weve constructed this years neurology conference primarily based on input from you, so get equipped for a streamlined agenda packed with neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuro specialists, neuro freaks, neuro physicians, industry insights, innovations, and masses of opportunities to share ideas and provide remarks.

Would like to give a glimpse of whats in:

Drop a line or note! it is all really worth to know from us.. neuromeet@pulsusgathering.com

Sincerely

Executive Director

Session on Neurology

The observe of neurons that is the functional unit of mind worries with the brains normal functioning, neural disorders, neural diagnosis and neurology treatment which incorporates each aspect about the condition of the ailment in our neurology conference. This place of interest offers with the backbone, the fearful gadget such as its masking, blood vessels, afferent and efferent tissues is thought to be neurology. A physician who specializes in neurology is known as a neurologist. The top neurologists treats troubles which have an effect at the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which incorporates Cerebrovascular treatment, Spinal disorders and neurological disordersin various sessions of neurology conference.

Related Society & Associations Socit Franaise de Neurologie ; Croatian Neurological Society ; Finnish Neurological Association ; Cyprus Neurological Society ; Estonian Society of Neurologists & Neurosurgeons ; Czech Society of Neurology ; Danish Neurological Society ; Bulgarian Society of Neurology ; Albanian Society of Neurology ; Belgian Neurological Society ; Association of Azerbaijan Neurologists and Medical Geneticists ; Armenian Association of Neurologists

Session on Neurogenesis

The process of formation of the neuron cells from the predefined cells to the grownup neurogenesis is described as Neurogenesis. This mechanism takes area throughout embryogenesis by using the neural stem cells and progenitor cellsin our neurology conference. This mainly deals with the form and features of diverse varieties of science in neurology. via a chain of genetic mechanisms of mobile fate dedication, many unique types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons are made from exceptional kinds of neural stem cellsin every session of neurology conference. The boom method in area and evolution of practical matter. Our neurology conference moreover describes about the biophysical parameters of highbrow capability and new techniques for the development of neural cells in distinctive way of life medium.

Related Society & Associations Hellenic Association of Neurology ; Latvian Neurologists Association ; Hungarian Society of Neurology and Psychiatry ; Icelandic Neurological Society ; Societ Italiana di Neurologia ; Irish Institute of Clinical Neuroscience ; Norwegian Neurological Association ; Association of British Neurologists ; Turkish Neurological Society ; Polish Neurological Society ; Socit Suisse de Neurologie (Schweizerische Neurologische Gesellschaft) ; Portuguese Society of Neurology (Sociedade Portuguesa de Neurologia) ; Romanian Neurological Society ; All-Russian Society of Neurologists ; Yugoslav Neurological Society ; Slovenian Society of Neurology ; Sociedad Espaola de Neurologia ; Swedish Neurological Society (Svenska Neurologforeningen)

Session on Neurophysiology

The take a look at of nature and foundation of the brain which additionally issues with the functioning of the nervous system, frequently the use of the neurophysiological or molecular organic system that is the subspecialty of both the frame shape and Neuroscience as awesome regions of brain represent indicators to distinct elements of the body in neurology conference. This concern is counted need to deliver an extraordinary description of the revolutionized anatomy of the nervous system, the motor reaction manipulates neurons, perception processing, and reminiscence neurons. Neurology conferences discussions also can be made in neuromuscular physiology, neural mechanisms of higher nerve interest and troubles of Neuroscience also may be conferred in every session of neurology conference.

Related Society & Associations International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology: IFCN ; American Clinical Neurophysiology Society ; The British Society for Clinical Neurophysiology ; Canadian Society of Clinical Neurophysiologists ; American Clinical Neurophysiology Society ; German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and Functional Imaging (DGKN) ; The Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society ; International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology (ISIN) ; Malaysian Society of Neuroscience (MSN) ; Clinical Neurophysiology Society of South Africa

Session on Clinical Neurology

Our series of neurology conferences deals with the sicknesses of the central nervous system consist of some of the most disabling situations, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, motor neuron disorder (MND), Alzheimers, Huntingtons and Parkinsons sickness like various other sub category in neurology conference. Those neurological disorders have been the threat to all the people who really strive to eradicate it and establish a healthy aging process and healthy environment for their circle of relatives and carers, and to society as an entire from this neurology conferences. We need to understand underlying neurological treatment with a purpose to treat these situations successfully. Neurology congress provides an appropriate setting to percentage facilities, know-how and as well as realise our purpose of making use of our studying in medical exercise

Related Society & Associations Association of University Professors of Neurology ; Child Neurology Society ; Congress of Neurological Surgeons ; American Association of Neurological Surgeons ; American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine (AANEM) ; American Association of Neuropathologists ; American Association of Neuroscience Nurses ; American Brain Foundation ; American Epilepsy Society ; American Society for Experimental Neuro Therapeutics (ASENT) ; American Society for Neural Transplantation & Repair ; American Society for Neurochemistry ; American Society of Neuroimaging ; American Society of Neuroradiology ; American Society of Neurorehabilitation

Session on Neurological Nursing

Neuroscience nurses a very challenging nursing science contend with humans with diffusion of neurological conditions and issues throughout the lifespan and dealing with all health care settings amidst neurology conferences. The purpose of neurology events is to realize the nursing opportunities which have the ability to maximize consequences to prevent, to take care of the people with excessive neurological disorders. there are numerous neuro conferences specialities of encompassed internal this subject of practice collectively with (however now not constrained to) the subsequent: geriatric nursing, neurosurgery, neurotrauma, Neuroscience critical care, prolonged-time period neurological disorders, Parkinsons sickness, epilepsy, existence-limiting neurological disorders in our world neuro congress, e.g. motor neurone disorder, Huntingdons ailment especially in neurology pulsus conference.

Related Society & Associations American Association of Neuroscience Nurses ; Association of Child Neurology Nurses ; British Association of Neuroscience Nurses (BANN) ; Canadian Association of Neuroscience Nurses ; Epilepsy Nurses Association ; East Coast Community Healthcare's Neurological Nursing Service ; Movement Disorder Society ; Association of University Professors of Neurology ; Child Neurology Society ; Congress of Neurological Surgeons ; International Brain Injury Association ; International Neuromodulation Society ; International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Session on Neuropediatric

Neuropediatric is the branch of medication handling mental health, neurological disorders of children. The concern of Paediatric Neurology, additionally called Paediatric Neurology, encompasses issues of the brain, spinal twine, peripheral nerve and muscle affecting babies, youngsters and younger human beings in our neurology conference. The form of patients seen through paediatric neurologists varies from people with common, pretty sincere conditions, inclusive of cerebral palsy or migraine. This robust world neurology congress type of situation lets in Paediatric Neurologists to shape their medical or clinical careers in line with their scientific or studies pursuits from our neurology conferences. Paediatric neurogenetic issues are sicknesses of the mind, spinal cord, nerves and muscle tissues which can be resulting from modifications in genes or chromosomes. There are loads of neurogenetic disorders that could be discovered in every one among kind methods in every aspects of neurology conference.

Related Society & Associations European Paediatric Neurology Society (EPNS) ; Child Neurology Society ; British Paediatric Neurology Association ; The Canadian Association Of Child Neurology ; Belgian Society of Pediatric Neurology ; American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology ; International Society of Neuroimmunology ; Japanese Society for Neuroimmunology ; Italian Association of NeuroImmunology ; Indian Immunology Society ; International Society of Neuroimmunology ; Pediatric Society of Neuro-oncology ; German Neuropediatric Society ; Nordic Neuropediatric Society ; Scandinavian Neuropediatric Society

Session on Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology is an area of neuroscience, combining the immune system and the nervous systemin neurology conferences. The immune system administers defence in competition to those organisms, inefficiency of the equal consequences in Infections. Neuro Infections have been set up to sell outstanding affected individual care and research for immune and infectious issues of the apprehensive device through training of clinical and simple generation researchers, growing and offering diagnostic services, consultation services and supporting develop new modes of remedy from our keynotic presentations of neurology conference. Collectively our neurology conference offer understanding in several major immune and infectious disorders of the anxious system, consisting of Neuro-AIDS and other viral and opportunistic infections, poisonous Leuko-encephalopathies, Transverse myelitis and other myelopathies, GuillainBarr syndrome, persistent demyelinating polyneuropathy, Myasthenia gravis and different immune-mediated problems of the peripheral nervous systemeven more recent conditions from neurology conference.

Related Society & Associations Austrian Society of Neurology (sterreichische Gesellschaft fr Neurologie) ; Georgian Society of Neurologists ; Socit Luxembourgeoise de Neurologie asbl ; Deutschen Gesellschaft fr Neurologie ; Lithuanian Neurological Society ; British Society For Clinical Neurophysiology ; The Physiological Society ; Neurological Sciences and Neurophysiology ; The International Neuropsychological Society ; British Peripheral Nerve Society ; International Society for Autism Research ; National Neurotrauma Society ; North American Spine Society ; Peripheral Nerve Society ; United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties

Session on Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is also known as brain plasticity and neural plasticity that encompasses the 2 synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity and it refers to improve in neural pathways and synapses due to difference in behaviour, surroundings, neural strategies, wondering, and feelings similarly to changes due to physical are discussed in neurology conference. The goal of our neurology congress is to understand the brain plasticity advances in neurite transforming and the way to increase neural connections. Neurorehabilitation is a medical approach which goals to beneficial aid recovery from nervous system damage and to lessen or make amends for any practical alterations because of it.

Session on Neural Circuits ; Neural feedback

Neurofeedback (NFB), also called Neurotherapy, neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback is a form of biofeedback that makes use of actual-time shows of electroencephalography to demonstrate brain activity, frequently with an intention of controlling significant nervous system activity in our neurology conference. Through monitoring brain activity, its possible to teach our brain to provide specific cognitive function that can aid relaxation, help us be more inexperienced in our each day obligations, or offer non-pharmaceutical treatment for plenty conditions and issues is the vital role of neurology conference. Our neurologists, neuro conference participants are also neurofeedback practitioners and researchers who are pushed to promote excellence in scientific exercise, educational applications, and research in applied neuroscience to be able to better apprehend and enhance brain mechanism. Biofeedback therapy: uses and benefits: types, motive and dangers, Biofeedback device/devices, development of Biofeedback remedy, situations dealt with the usage of Biofeedback.

Related Society and Associations International Society for Neurofeedback & Research ; The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB); Western Association of Biofeedback and Neuroscience ; Society of Applied Neuroscience ; Applied Neuroscience society of Australasia (ANSA); Neurofeedback Society of UTSA ; Northeast Region Biofeedback Society (NRBS) ; Cognitive Neuroscience Society ; Mid-Atlantic Biofeedback Society ; International Society for Neuronal Regulation ; Mexican Society for Biofeedback and Neurofeedback (SMBN) ; Brandywine Valley Counselling and Neurofeedback Center ; The Biofeedback Society of Florida ; Autism Society Inland Empire ; Spanish Society of Bio and Neurofeedback (Sebine) ; Center for Academic and Psychological Services ; Autism Society Philippines ; Alpha Brain-Wave Neurofeedback Training ; Body Mind and Brain Neurotherapy Gold Coast

Session on Neurostimulation

The sector of Neurostimulation is present process notable increase, neuro activity stimulation strategies are suddenly reworking studies into brain mechanisms, from the molecular to the behavioral, and provide new strategies to therapeutics for neuro disorders. in lots of processes, the sector of brain stimulation represents a paradigm shift, augmenting and on occasion replacing the prominent psychopharmacological techniques of the beyond several a long time. Cognitive neuroscientists will mingle with neurosurgeons and brain modelling physicists. Neurology conference pass-disciplinary meeting will also offer the opportunity to have interaction with founders and luminaries within the neurology area.

Related Society and Associations International Neuromodulation Society (INS) ; International Society for ECT and Neurostimulation (ISEN) ; Brazilian Medical Association ; Association of Pallidal Neurostimulation ; American Association for the Advancement of Science ; Neurological Societies Task Force on neurostimulation for pain ; Neuromodulation - Interstitial Cystitis Association ; Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA)

Session on Neurotherapeutics ; Neuropharmacology

It's miles an older time period for the remedy of neurological disorders which have an impact on the brain mechanism and the nervous system which can be treated with certain therapeutic modalities and novel research that is ongoing in research activity. Neurotherapeutics session almost covers half of the world's advanced solutions for the neurological impairments, neurological disorders and what not to be added. There can be a profound boon within the gathering of our world neuro congress where diagnostics technique and drug discovery inside the area of Neurology and various allied sciences under neurology can be discussed. It consists of Stem cells and remedy, Nerve damage and restore clinical Case document, Neurogenesis, cell and gene-primarily based method and Neurotransmitter release and cell restore.

Related Neurotherapeutics Conference | Advanced Neurology Conference | Neurotherapeutic Symposium | Experimental Neurotherapeutics Conference | Neurology Conferences 2020

Related Society and Associations American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET) ; Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology ; Canadian Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (CSPT) ; Indian Pharmacological Society ; Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology ; Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists ; International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) ; International Behavioral Neuroscience Society ; American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology (ASCP) ; Argentinean Society of Experimental Pharmacology ; American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics (ASENT)

Session on Neurological disorders ; Neurodegenerative disorders

Neurodegenerative disorders cause your mind and nerves to deteriorate through the years. They may be able to alternate your personality and reason confusion. They also can ruin your minds tissue and nerves. A few neuro disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinson's, Huntington's might, Dementia... also increase as you age. They may slowly impair your memory and idea strategies. Other neurological diseases, which incorporates Tay-Sachs ailment, are genetic and start at an early age. A neurological disorder is any turmoil inside the nervous system fundamental, biochemical or electrical irregularities inside the thoughts, spinal line or different nerves can bring about the neurology scope of manifestations. Neurology conferences relates all the cases of neurological manifestations incorporate lack of motion, muscle shortcoming, awful coordination, and lack of sensation, seizures, perplexity, torment and adjusted levels of awareness.

Related Society and AssociationsInternational Society for Neurofeedback & Research;The Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback(AAPB);Western Association of Biofeedback and Neuroscience;Society of Applied Neuroscience;Applied Neuroscience society of Australasia(ANSA);Neurofeedback Society of UTSA;Northeast Region Biofeedback Society(NRBS) ;Cognitive Neuroscience Society;Mid-Atlantic Biofeedback Society;International Society for Neuronal Regulation;Mexican Society for Biofeedback and Neurofeedback(SMBN) ;Brandywine Valley Counselling and Neurofeedback Center;The Biofeedback Society of Florida;Autism Society Inland Empire;Spanish Society of Bio and Neurofeedback(Sebine) ;Center for Academic and Psychological Services;Autism Society Philippines;Alpha Brain-Wave Neurofeedback Training;Body Mind and Brain Neurotherapy Gold Coast

Session on Neuromuscular Disorders

Neuromuscular disorders are the illnesses which impair the functioning of muscle groups each right now via affecting the voluntary muscle groups or with the resource of affecting the nerves system or neuromuscular junctions. revolutionary muscle weak factor is the condition in those neurological disorders. Neuromuscular disorders may be labelled as ailments of the Neuromuscular disorders, neuron cellular problems, Motor neuron disorder and so on. so as to diagnose these sicknesses, Electromyography should be used, inside the route of Electromyography, small electric impulses are given to the nerves and electric responses are recorded. This allows discovering the lack of nerve fibres and problems of insulation of nerves. Neuromuscular conference allows to interpret in these criterias all along the neurology conference in Prague.

Related Neuromuscular Disorder Conferences | Annual Neurology Congress | Neuromuscular Conferences | Neurology Conferences | Neurology 2020 Europe Conferences

Session on Neurosurgery

Medical and Surgical examination which offers with the treatment of neurological problems, neural disorders, blood clots, and many other specific neurology issues related to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, central nervous and in addition operating the cranial cerebrovascular system is coined to Neurosurgery. Emergencies like intracranial haemorrhage and neurotrauma are essentially involved in most of the neurosurgery. some of the scientific sessions of neurosurgery conference includes vascular neurosurgery and endovascular neurosurgery, stereotactic neurosurgery, beneficial neurosurgery, and epilepsy surgery, mind tumor, oncological neurosurgery, skull base surgical treatment, spinal neurosurgery, peripheral nerve surgical operation. Neurosurgery is a whole-time dedication to treating patients with neurological disorders and to the search for better therapies, cures and investigates the most promising advances in neuroscience research, and train tomorrow's leaders in neurosurgery.

Session on Neuroimaging ; Radiology

Neuroradiology performs a vital position inside the prognosis and characterization of various Neurological disorders. Neurology conferences entails amazing sorts of Imaging studies collectively with Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). simple Radiography and Ultrasound are used in a confined foundation especially in Pediatric population. Neuroimaging is the mapping of the human mind the usage of purposeful Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Neuroimaging determines the association among brain mechanism elements and health influence on mind growing older at some level within the person lifespan. Neuroimaging determines how difference and trade-in Cerebral structure, complexly relates to behaviour and Cognition at a couple of levels of analysis. Neurology Conference brings collectively various topics of interests consisting of practical Neuroimaging, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Cognitive mechanism models.

Session on Psychology ; Psychiatry

Exploration of neurology or all of those questions has been and is being undertaken in such disciplines as cognitive psychology, neuro linguistics, philosophy, artificial intelligence, robotics, neuroscience, training, cognitive sciences, behavioural economics, and others. The fundamentals and the minor in Cognitive science, neurology conferences consequently, constitute a proper means of bringing collectively students and neuro physicians in exclusive disciplines who percentage common interests. From our neurology conference, we are seeking to enhance the view supplied by way of every person discipline through exploration or the methodologies of Neurology. Interdisciplinary group of psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, forensic psychologists, neuropsychologists, occupational psychologists and health psychologists based within the Institute of Mental Health and enjoying close links with topics related to the neurosciences and the behavioural sciences.

Session on Behavioural Sciences

The study of the relationship between behavior, emotion, and cognition on the one hand, and brain feature on the other. Neuropsychology research the shape and characteristic of the mind as they relate to unique mental strategies and behaviours. medical neuropsychology is a uniqueness in professional psychology that applies standards of evaluation and intervention primarily based upon the medical look at human behavior because it pertains to normal and unusual functioning of the relevant nervous system. The robust factor of neurology congress is dedicated to improving the of brainbehaviour relationships and the software program of such understanding to human troubles.

Session on Clinical trials, case studies and recent researches

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With utmost appreciation, Advanced Neurology 2019 thanks all the participants for their sincere efforts to place our 3rd World Congress on Neurology and Therapeutics, October 07-08, 2019 in Madrid, Spain a successful and memorable one.

In a row of series, Pulsus Group has completed over three international Neurology conferences. We would really like to thank all of our outstanding dignitaries of world neuro congress for presenting us with the splendid keynotes, speakers, convention attendees, students, institutions, media partners and guests for making Advanced Neurology 2019 a success and top-notch event.

Pulsus Group hosted the 3rd World Congress on Neurology and Therapeutics during October 07-08, 2019 in Madrid, Spain at Rafaelhoteles Forum Alcal with the theme Neurology! Heal the world of Neurological Impairments... Benevolent response and active participation was received from the Editorial Board Members of supporting International Journals as well as from the leading academic scientists, researchers, research scholars, students and leaders from the fields of Neurology, Neuroscience and neurotherapeutics who made this event successful.

The neurology conference turned into marked with the aid of the attendance of young and brilliant researchers, enterprise delegates and talented pupil communities representing greater nations, who've driven this event into the path of achievement. This neurology conference highlighted through diverse periods on Neurological issues studies.

Advanced Neurology 2019 witnessed an amalgamation of unparalleled speakers who enlightened the gathering with their knowledge and discussed on various new-fangled topics related to the fields of Neurological Disorders, Neurotherapeutics, Neuro-imaging, Neurology, Neuroscience.

The neurology congress proceedings were performed through various scientific sessions and plenary lectures. Neurology conference changed into embarked with an opening ceremony accompanied by way of a sequence of lectures introduced by way of both Honourable guests and contributors to the Keynote discussion board.

Jacques Fantini | Aix-Marseille University | France

Nouara Yahi | Aix-Marseille University | France

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The Top Ten Scientific Discoveries of the Decade – Smithsonian

Millions of new scientific research papers are published every year, shedding light on everything from the evolution of stars to the ongoing impacts of climate change to the health benefits (or determents) of coffee to the tendency of your cat to ignore you. With so much research coming out every year, it can be difficult to know what is significant, what is interesting but largely insignificant, and what is just plain bad science. But over the course of a decade, we can look back at some of the most important and awe-inspiring areas of research, often expressed in multiple findings and research papers that lead to a true proliferation of knowledge. Here are ten of the biggest strides made by scientists in the last ten years.

The human family tree expanded significantly in the past decade, with fossils of new hominin species discovered in Africa and the Philippines. The decade began with the discovery and identification of Australopithecus sediba, a hominin species that lived nearly two million years ago in present-day South Africa. Matthew Berger, the son of paleoanthropologist Lee Berger, stumbled upon the first fossil of the species, a right clavicle, in 2008, when he was only 9 years old. A team then unearthed more fossils from the individual, a young boy, including a well-preserved skull, and A. sediba was described by Lee Berger and colleagues in 2010. The species represents a transitionary phase between the genus Australopithecus and the genus Homo, with some traits of the older primate group but a style of walking that resembled modern humans.

Also discovered in South Africa by a team led by Berger, Homo naledi lived much more recently, some 335,000 to 236,000 years ago, meaning it may have overlapped with our own species, Homo sapiens. The species, first discovered in the Rising Star Cave system in 2013 and described in 2015, also had a mix of primitive and modern features, such as a small brain case (about one-third the size of Homo sapiens) and a large body for the time, weighing approximately 100 pounds and standing up to five feet tall. The smaller Homo luzonensis (three to four feet tall) lived in the Philippines some 50,000 to 67,000 years ago, overlapping with several species of hominin. The first H. luzonensis fossils were originally identified as Homo sapiens, but a 2019 analysis determined that the bones belonged to an entirely unknown species.

These three major finds in the last ten years suggest that the bones of more species of ancient human relatives are likely hidden in the caves and sediment deposits of the world, waiting to be discovered.

When Albert Einstein first published the general theory of relativity in 1915, he likely couldnt have imagined that 100 years later, astronomers would test the theorys predictions with some of the most sophisticated instruments ever builtand the theory would pass each test. General relativity describes the universe as a fabric of space-time that is warped by large masses. Its this warping that causes gravity, rather than an internal property of mass as Isaac Newton thought.

One prediction of this model is that the acceleration of masses can cause ripples in space-time, or the propagation of gravitational waves. With a large enough mass, such as a black hole or a neutron star, these ripples may even be detected by astronomers on Earth. In September 2015, the LIGO and Virgo collaboration detected gravitational waves for the first time, propagating from a pair of merging black holes some 1.3 billion light-years away. Since then, the two instruments have detected several additional gravitational waves, including one from a two merging neutron stars.

Another prediction of general relativityone that Einstein himself famously doubtedis the existence of black holes at all, or points of gravitational collapse in space with infinite density and infinitesimal volume. These objects consume all matter and light that strays too close, creating a disk of superheated material falling into the black hole. In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope collaborationa network of linked radio telescopes around the worldtook observations that would later result in the first image of the environment around a black hole, released in April 2019.

Scientists have been predicating the effects of burning coal and fossil fuels on the temperature of the planet for over 100 years. A 1912 issue of Popular Mechanics contains an article titled Remarkable Weather of 1911: The Effect of the Combustion of Coal on the ClimateWhat Scientists Predict for the Future, which has a caption that reads: The furnaces of the world are now burning about 2,000,000,000 tons of coal a year. When this is burned, uniting with oxygen, it adds about 7,000,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere yearly. This tends to make the air a more effective blanket for the earth and to raise its temperature. The effect may be considerable in a few centuries.

Just one century later, and the effect is considerable indeed. Increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have produced hotter global temperatures, with the last five years (2014 to 2018) being the hottest years on record. 2016 was the hottest year since the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) started recording global temperature 139 years ago. The effects of this global change include more frequent and destructive wildfires, more common droughts, accelerating polar ice melt and increased storm surges. California is burning, Venice is flooding, urban heat deaths are on the rise, and countless coastal and island communities face an existential crisisnot to mention the ecological havoc wreaked by climate change, stifling the planets ability to pull carbon back out of the atmosphere.

In 2015, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reached a consensus on climate action, known as the Paris Agreement. The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels. To achieve this goal, major societal transformations will be required, including replacing fossil fuels with clean energy such as wind, solar and nuclear; reforming agricultural practices to limit emissions and protect forested areas; and perhaps even building artificial means of pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Ever since the double-helix structure of DNA was revealed in the early 1950s, scientists have hypothesized about the possibility of artificially modifying DNA to change the functions of an organism. The first approved gene therapy trial occurred in 1990, when a four-year-old girl had her own white blood cells removed, augmented with the genes that produce an enzyme called adenosine deaminase (ADA), and then reinjected into her body to treat ADA deficiency, a genetic condition that hampers the immune systems ability to fight disease. The patients body began producing the ADA enzyme, but new white blood cells with the corrected gene were not produced, and she had to continue receiving injections.

Now, genetic engineering is more precise and available than ever before, thanks in large part to a new tool first used to modify eukaryotic cells (complex cells with a nucleus) in 2013: CRISPR-Cas9. The gene editing tool works by locating a targeted section of DNA and cutting out that section with the Cas9 enzyme. An optional third step involves replacing the deleted section of DNA with new genetic material. The technique can be used for a wide range of applications, from increasing the muscle mass of livestock, to producing resistant and fruitful crops, to treating diseases like cancer by removing a patients immune system cells, modifying them to better fight a disease, and reinjecting them into the patients body.

In late 2018, Chinese researchers led by He Jiankui announced that they had used CRISPR-Cas9 to genetically modify human embryos, which were then transferred to a womans uterus and resulted in the birth of twin girlsthe first gene-edited babies. The twins genomes were modified to make the girls more resistant to HIV, although the genetic alterations may have also resulted in unintended changes. The work was widely condemned by the scientific community as unethical and dangerous, revealing a need for stricter regulations for how these powerful new tools are used, particularly when it comes to changing the DNA of embryos and using those embryos to birth live children.

Spacecraft and telescopes have revealed a wealth of information about worlds beyond our own in the last decade. In 2015, the New Horizons probe made a close pass of Pluto, taking the first nearby observations of the dwarf planet and its moons. The spacecraft revealed a surprisingly dynamic and active world, with icy mountains reaching up to nearly 20,000 feet and shifting plains that are no more than 10 million years oldmeaning the geology is constantly changing. The fact that Plutowhich is an average of 3.7 billion miles from the sun, about 40 times the distance of Earthis so geologically active suggests that even cold, distant worlds could get enough energy to heat their interiors, possibly harboring subsurface liquid water or even life.

A bit closer to home, the Cassini spacecraft orbited Saturn for 13 years, ending its mission in September 2017 when NASA intentionally plunged the spacecraft into the atmosphere of Saturn so it would burn up rather than continue orbiting the planet once it had exhausted its fuel. During its mission, Cassini discovered the processes that feed Saturns rings, observed a global storm encircle the gas giant, mapped the large moon Titan and found some of the ingredients for life in the plumes of icy material erupting from the watery moon Enceladus. In 2016, a year before the end of the Cassini mission, the Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter, where it has been measuring the magnetic field and atmospheric dynamics of the largest planet in the solar system to help scientists understand how Jupiterand everything else around the sunoriginally formed.

In 2012, the Curiosity rover landed on Mars, where it has made several significant discoveries, including new evidence of past water on the red planet, the presence of organic molecules that could be related to life, and mysterious seasonal cycles of methane and oxygen that hint at a dynamic world beneath the surface. In 2018, the European Space Agency announced that ground-penetrating radar data from the Mars Express spacecraft provided strong evidence that a liquid reservoir of water exists underground near the Martian south pole.

Meanwhile, two space telescopes, Kepler and TESS, have discovered thousands of planets orbiting other stars. Kepler launched in 2009 and ended its mission in 2018, revealing mysterious and distant planets by measuring the decrease in light when they pass in front of their stars. These planets include hot Jupiters, which orbit close to their stars in just days or hours; mini Neptunes, which are between the size of Earth and Neptune and may be gas, liquid, solid or some combination; and super Earths, which are large rocky planets that astronomers hope to study for signs of life. TESS, which launched in 2018, continues the search as Keplers successor. The space telescope has already discovered hundreds of worlds, and it could find 10,000 or even 20,000 before the end of the mission.

The decade began with a revolution in paleontology as scientists got their first look at the true colors of dinosaurs. First, in January 2010, an analysis of melanosomesorganelles that contain pigmentsin the fossilized feathers of Sinosauropteryx, a dinosaur that lived in China some 120 to 125 million years ago, revealed that the prehistoric creature had reddish-brown tones and stripes along its tail. Shortly after, a full-body reconstruction revealed the colors of a small feathered dinosaur that lived some 160 million years ago, Anchiornis, which had black and white feathers on its body and a striking plume of red feathers on its head.

The study of fossilized pigments has continued to expose new information about prehistoric life, hinting at potential animal survival strategies by showing evidence of countershading and camouflage. In 2017, a remarkably well-preserved armored dinosaur which lived about 110 million years ago, Borealopelta, was found to have reddish-brown tones to help blend into the environment. This new ability to identify and study the colors of dinosaurs will continue to play an important role in paleontological research as scientists study the evolution of past life.

In November 2018, measurement scientists around the world voted to officially changed the definition of a kilogram, the fundamental unit of mass. Rather than basing the kilogram off of an objecta platinum-iridium alloy cylinder about the size of a golf ballthe new definition uses a constant of nature to set the unit of mass. The change replaced the last physical artifact used to define a unit of measure. (The meter bar was replaced in 1960 by a specific number of wavelengths of radiation from krypton, for example, and later updated to define a meter according to the distance light travels in a tiny fraction of a second.)

By using a sophisticated weighing machine known as a Kibble balance, scientists were able to precisely measure a kilogram according to the electromagnetic force required to hold it up. This electric measurement could then be expressed in terms of Plancks constant, a number originally used by Max Planck to calculate bundles of energy coming from stars.

The kilogram was not the only unit of measure that was recently redefined. The changes to the International System of Units, which officially went into effect in May 2019, also changed the definition for the ampere, the standard unit of electric current; the kelvin unit of temperature; and the mole, a unit of amount of substance used in chemistry. The changes to the kilogram and other units will allow more precise measurements for small amounts of material, such as pharmaceuticals, as well as give scientists around the world access to the fundamental units, rather than defining them according to objects that must be replicated and calibrated by a small number of labs.

In 2010, scientists gained a new tool to study the ancient past and the people who inhabited it. Researchers used a hair preserved in permafrost to sequence the genome of a man who lived some 4,000 years ago in what is now Greenland, revealing the physical traits and even the blood type of a member of one of the first cultures to settle in that part of the world. The first nearly complete reconstruction of a genome from ancient DNA opened the door for anthropologists and geneticists to learn more about the cultures of the distant past than ever before.

Extracting ancient DNA is a major challenge. Even if genetic material such as hair or skin is preserved, it is often contaminated with the DNA of microbes from the environment, so sophisticated sequencing techniques must be used to isolate the ancient humans DNA. More recently, scientists have used the petrous bone of the skull, a highly dense bone near the ear, to extract ancient DNA.

Thousands of ancient human genomes have been sequenced since the first success in 2010, revealing new details about the rise and fall of lost civilizations and the migrations of people around the globe. Studying ancient genomes has identified multiple waves of migration back and forth across the frozen Bering land bridge between Siberia and Alaska between 5,000 and 15,000 years ago. Recently, the genome of a young girl in modern Denmark was sequenced from a 5,700-year-old piece of birch tar used as chewing gum, which also contained her mouth microbes and bits of food from one of her last meals.

This decade included the worst outbreak of Ebola virus diseases in history. The epidemic is believed to have begun with a single case of an 18-month-old-boy in Guinea infected by bats in December 2013. The disease quickly spread to neighboring countries, reaching the capitals of Liberia and Sierra Leone by July 2014, providing an unprecedented opportunity for the transmission of the disease to a large number of people. Ebola virus compromises the immune system and can cause massive hemorrhaging and multiple organ failure. Two and a half years after the initial case, more than 28,600 people had been infected, resulting in at least 11,325 deaths, according to the CDC.

The epidemic prompted health officials to redouble their efforts to find an effective vaccine to fight Ebola. A vaccine known as Ervebo, made by the pharmaceutical company Merck, was tested in a clinical trial in Guinea performed toward the end of the outbreak in 2016 that proved the vaccine effective. Another Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 2018, and the ongoing epidemic has spread to become the deadliest since the West Africa outbreak, with 3,366 reported cases and 2,227 deaths as of December 2019. Ervebo has been used in the DRC to fight the outbreak on an expanded access or compassionate use basis. In November 2019, Ervebo was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and a month later it was approved in the U.S. by the FDA.

In addition to a preventative vaccine, researchers have been seeking a cure for Ebola in patients who have already been infected by the disease. Two treatments, which involve a one-time delivery of antibodies to prevent Ebola from infecting a patients cells, have recently shown promise in a clinical trial in the DRC. With a combination of vaccines and therapeutic treatments, healthcare officials hope to one day eradicate the viral infection for good.

Over the past several decades, physicists have worked tirelessly to model the workings of the universe, developing what is known as the Standard Model. This model describes four basic interactions of matter, known as the fundamental forces. Two are familiar in everyday life: the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force. The other two, however, only exert their influence inside the nuclei of atoms: the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force.

Part of the Standard Model says that there is a universal quantum field that interacts with particles, giving them their masses. In the 1960s, theoretical physicists including Franois Englert and Peter Higgs described this field and its role in the Standard Model. It became known as the Higgs field, and according to the laws of quantum mechanics, all such fundamental fields should have an associated particle, which came to be known as the Higgs boson.

Decades later, in 2012, two teams using the Large Hadron Collider at CERN to conduct particle collisions reported the detection of a particle with the predicted mass of the Higgs boson, providing substantial evidence for the existence of the Higgs field and Higgs boson. In 2013, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Englert and Higgs for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle. As physicists continue to refine the Standard Model, the function and discovery of the Higgs boson will remain a fundamental part of how all matter gets its mass, and therefore, how any matter exists at all.

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Science is still studying how telomeres are linked to longevity – Quartz

Inside each of our cells is a genetic hourglass. Every time our cells dividewhich they have to do to keep us alivetheir 23 pairs of chromosomes remain nearly identical. Except for one intentional change: After each division, a cells chromosomes get a little bit shorter.

Ten years ago, a group of scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine for discovering these ever-shortening DNA sequences at the end of our chromosomes, called telomeres. After a cell has divided a certain number of timesknown as the Hayflick limitits telomeres are so short that the cell knows its time to peacefully shut itself down. When enough cells die off, organs wear out, and eventually, we die, too.

This discovery ushered in decades of aspirational research that set out to understand the role of telomeresand the protein that can rebuild them, called telomerasein aging. Perhaps, if scientists could figure out how to flip our biological hourglasses over, our cells could replicate for longer. Our organs would tire more slowly, and we could delay death.

The Nobel-winning research began way back in the 1970s with the work of biologist Elizabeth Blackburn. But even after four decades, its still not clear if telomeres can safely be manipulated to thwart aging.

That hasnt stopped some scientists from betting on artificially extending telomeres to support longevity: Just last week, Kansas-based biotech startup Libella Gene Therapeutics announced that it would begin early clinical trials testing out a gene therapy that could lengthen telomeres, according to OneZero.

That approach, which as of yet has only been tested in mice, is indicative of humans deep desire to roll back the clock. But the deeper scientists go into the field, the more complicated the story behind telomeres gets: Theres evidence that they may play an important role in other aspects of our health, and that cell division may not be the only reason they shrink over time. Before scientists can try to safely harness telomeres to improve our health, theyll have to answer these questions.

One anti-aging strategy that researchers have investigated involves telomerase, the telomere-building protein that Blackburns colleague Carol Greider discovered on Christmas Day in 1984.

Telomerase is an important tool for cells that divide frequentlylike blood cells, the lining of our digestive systems, or sperm and egg cells. These cells regenerate so often that they need an enzyme to regularly rebuild the caps on the end of their chromosomes.

All the other kinds of cells in our bodies shouldnt have telomerase. But if they did, theoretically, their telomeres would never shrink. They could keep dividing beyond their normal Hayflick limit.

Theres one big problem, though: Cells that have telomerase but arent supposed to often wind up to be cancerous.

In approximately 90% to 95% of cancers, during the process of oncogenesis, telomerase is reactivated, says Masood Shammas, a lead scientist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. As cancer cells spread, theyre able to build their telomeres back upallowing them to keep dividing and dividing and dividing.

This means that messing with telomerase to somehow extend lifeas Libella is attempting to, by injecting patients with a virus containing the gene that codes for telomeraseis risky business.

On the other hand, it also means that blocking telomerase could be a way to treat cancer. Shammas has worked on clinical trials that have tested telomerase-targeting drugs with a company called Geron. Although their original drug worked in mouse models, it failed in early-stage clinical trials for people, because it had some nasty side effects. As a result, scientists have had to put stopping telomerase on hold until they can figure out how to make it only work in cancer cells.

An alternative strategy focuses not on rebuilding telomeres, but slowing their shrinkage in the first place. Scientists are trying to understand what, in addition to normal cell division, causes telomeres to contract. Maybe limiting these activities could decelerate aging in a way that doesnt accidentally reactivate a cancer pathway.

The activities that can slow telomere degradation are still being researched. It seems, though, that theres a lot of daily living that may play a role in telomere length. Anything that damages DNA will damage telomeres, says Shammas.

Telomeres are particularly vulnerable because theyre more exposed on the ends of the chromosomes. Smoking, drinking, and eating red meats fried in oilswhich all produce molecules that can bind to and distort DNAmay harm your telomeres, too. They also happen to all be known carcinogens.

Of course, this doesnt mean their effects are felt immediately, or that these activities will definitely lead to telomere shortening or cancer. Its their cumulative effect over a lifetime, plus other factors that scientists havent nailed down yet, that we need to watch out for. And clinicians generally advise against these activities anyway.

Perhaps more surprisingly, a life-affirming action may also cause telomeres to shrink: Pregnancy.

Dan Eisenberg, a biological anthropologist at the University of Washington, has studied how telomeres behave over time for people who become pregnant. A large cohort study he and his team published last year looked at women in the Philippines. After controlling for age, they found that the more times someone had been pregnant, the shorter their telomeres were. Each pregnancy seemed to shorten a persons telomeres by the equivalent of as many as four years of life.

This could be because of how taxing pregnancy can be on the body. Developing a fetus takes about twice the energy a person normally uses. Theres less energy available to maintain and repair cells for the long-term, Eisenberg says.

While it seems counterintuitive that evolution would penalize a person for reproducing, it may be a necessary trade-off. Perhaps the benefit of spreading new genes into the world is worth the cost of slightly shorter telomeres, Eisenberg explained. After all, evolution doesnt affect the processes that happen to us after we after our reproductive years. Weve already achieved the goal of immortality by way of our progeny.

So, lifestyle modifications to prevent telomere shortening dont sound too appealing. And so far, the only activity that researchers have found that can naturally extend telomeres in the slightest may be exercise. The only thing that world show that can activate telomerase activity is regular exercise, says Shammas. But its still not clear why this is the case, and it certainly doesnt mean that hitting the gym can stave off all aging.

Which brings us back to the promises made by companies like Libella, the gene therapy outfit currently promoting a telomere therapy. With four decades of telomere research yet to produce better guidance than cut down on red meat and exercise more, its easy to appeal to the insecurities and fears of the aging population with less-than-fully-baked treatments.

As OneZero reported, Libellas study is slated to begin early next year in Colombia. Likely, its running there to skirt the US Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) requirement for an Institutional Review Board, which ensures the safety of clinical research participants. Generally, clinical trials overseen by the FDA have been preceded by trials in at least two animal species to show theyre safe and effective. So far, the studies that have backed Libellas gene therapy are based just in mice.

This study has caused a lot of experts to raise eyebrows, particularly when it comes to the ethical issue of asking participants to pay for a therapy with high risks. The company is charging $1 million for each of its five aging but otherwise healthy participants, as well as five participants who have Alzheimers disease and five who have a form of artery disease.

But the trial also raises the question of whether aging itself is a disease worth treating. With any disease, there has to be a disease-free state, says Suresh Rattan, biogerontologist at Aarhus University. In the case of a situation like aging whose main cause is life itself, when will we say that we have treated it? Evolution didnt design us to live forever.

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Science is still studying how telomeres are linked to longevity - Quartz

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Science is still studying how telomeres are linked to longevity – Quartz

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