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Advanced Cell Therapies Market

Los Angeles, United State, , The report on the global Advanced Cell Therapies market is comprehensively prepared with main focus on the competitive landscape, geographical growth, segmentation, and market dynamics, including drivers, restraints, and opportunities. It sheds light on key production, revenue, and consumption trends so that players could improve their sales and growth in the Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market. It offers a detailed analysis of the competition and leading companies of the global Advanced Cell Therapies market. Here, it concentrates on the recent developments, sales, market value, production, gross margin, and other important factors of the business of top players operating in the global Advanced Cell Therapies market.

With deep quantitative and qualitative analysis, the report provides encyclopedic and accurate research study on important aspects of the global Advanced Cell Therapies market. It brings to light key factors affecting the growth of different segments and regions in the global Advanced Cell Therapies market. It also offers SWOT, Porters Five Forces, and PESTLE analysis to thoroughly examine the global Advanced Cell Therapies market. It gives a detailed study on manufacturing cost, upstream and downstream buyers, distributors, marketing strategy, and marketing channel development trends of the global Advanced Cell Therapies market. Furthermore, it provides strategic bits of advice and recommendations for players to ensure success in the global Advanced Cell Therapies market.

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Advanced Cell Therapies Market Leading Players

, FRC Blood Service, Fujifilm, Vericel, Advanced Cell Technology, Inc, Locate Bio Limited, Kolon TissueGene, Gamida Cell, Okyanos, Rexgenero, BioXcellerator, Takura, Autolus Advanced Cell Therapies

Advanced Cell Therapies Segmentation by Product

, Stem Cell Transplants, CAR T-cell Therapy Advanced Cell Therapies

Advanced Cell Therapies Segmentation by Application

, Stem Cell, Regenerative Medicine

Regions and Countries

The Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt) North America (the United States, Mexico, and Canada) South America (Brazil etc.) Europe (Turkey, Germany, Russia UK, Italy, France, etc.) Asia-Pacific (Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Australia)

Key Questions Answered

What is the size and CAGR of the global Advanced Cell Therapies market?

Which are the leading segments of the global Advanced Cell Therapies market?

What are the key driving factors of the most profitable regional market?

What is the nature of competition in the global Advanced Cell Therapies market?

How will the global Advanced Cell Therapies market advance in the coming years?

What are the main strategies adopted in the global Advanced Cell Therapies market?

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Table of Contents

1 Report Overview1.1 Study Scope1.2 Key Market Segments1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Advanced Cell Therapies Revenue1.4 Covid-19 Implications on Market by Type1.4.1 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 20261.4.2 Stem Cell Transplants1.4.3 CAR T-cell Therapy1.5 Covid-19 Implications on Market by Application1.5.1 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 20261.5.2 Stem Cell1.5.3 Regenerative Medicine1.6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Advanced Cell Therapies Industry Impact1.6.1 How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Advanced Cell Therapies Industry1.6.1.1 Advanced Cell Therapies Business Impact Assessment Covid-191.6.1.2 Supply Chain Challenges1.6.1.3 COVID-19s Impact On Crude Oil and Refined Products1.6.2 Market Trends and Advanced Cell Therapies Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape1.6.3 Measures / Proposal against Covid-191.6.3.1 Government Measures to Combat Covid-19 Impact1.6.3.2 Proposal for Advanced Cell Therapies Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact 1.7 Study Objectives 1.8 Years Considered2 Global Growth Trends by Regions2.1 Covid-19 Implications on Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Perspective (2015-2026)2.2 Covid-19 Implications on Global Advanced Cell Therapies Growth Trends by Regions2.2.1 Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Historic Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)2.2.3 Advanced Cell Therapies Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026) 2.3 Industry Trends and Growth Strategy 2.3.1 Market Top Trends 2.3.2 Market Drivers2.3.3 Market Challenges2.3.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis2.3.5 Advanced Cell Therapies Market Growth Strategy2.3.6 Primary Interviews with Key Advanced Cell Therapies Players (Opinion Leaders)3 Covid-19 Implications on Competition Landscape by Key Players3.1 Global Top Advanced Cell Therapies Players by Market Size3.1.1 Global Top Advanced Cell Therapies Players by Revenue (2015-2020)3.1.2 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Revenue Market Share by Players (2015-2020)3.1.3 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)3.2 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Concentration Ratio3.2.1 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)3.2.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Advanced Cell Therapies Revenue in 20193.3 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players Head office and Area Served3.4 Key Players Advanced Cell Therapies Product Solution and Service3.5 Date of Enter into Advanced Cell Therapies Market3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans4 Covid-19 Implications on Market Size by Type (2015-2026)4.1 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)4.2 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026)5 Covid-19 Implications on Market Size by Application (2015-2026)5.1 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Global Advanced Cell Therapies Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026)6 North America6.1 North America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)6.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in North America (2019-2020)6.3 North America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)6.4 North America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)7 Europe7.1 Europe Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)7.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in Europe (2019-2020)7.3 Europe Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)7.4 Europe Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)8 China8.1 China Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)8.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in China (2019-2020)8.3 China Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)8.4 China Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)9 Japan9.1 Japan Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)9.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in Japan (2019-2020)9.3 Japan Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)9.4 Japan Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)10 Southeast Asia10.1 Southeast Asia Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)10.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in Southeast Asia (2019-2020)10.3 Southeast Asia Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)10.4 Southeast Asia Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)11 India11.1 India Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)11.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in India (2019-2020)11.3 India Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)11.4 India Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)12 Central & South America12.1 Central & South America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size (2015-2020)12.2 Advanced Cell Therapies Key Players in Central & South America (2019-2020)12.3 Central & South America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Type (2015-2020)12.4 Central & South America Advanced Cell Therapies Market Size by Application (2015-2020)13Key Players Profiles13.1 FRC Blood Service13.1.1 FRC Blood Service Company Details13.1.2 FRC Blood Service Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.1.3 FRC Blood Service Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.1.4 FRC Blood Service Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020))13.1.5 FRC Blood Service Recent Development13.2 Fujifilm13.2.1 Fujifilm Company Details13.2.2 Fujifilm Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.2.3 Fujifilm Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.2.4 Fujifilm Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.2.5 Fujifilm Recent Development13.3 Vericel13.3.1 Vericel Company Details13.3.2 Vericel Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.3.3 Vericel Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.3.4 Vericel Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.3.5 Vericel Recent Development13.4 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc13.4.1 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Company Details13.4.2 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.4.3 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.4.4 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.4.5 Advanced Cell Technology, Inc Recent Development13.5 Locate Bio Limited13.5.1 Locate Bio Limited Company Details13.5.2 Locate Bio Limited Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.5.3 Locate Bio Limited Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.5.4 Locate Bio Limited Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.5.5 Locate Bio Limited Recent Development13.6 Kolon TissueGene13.6.1 Kolon TissueGene Company Details13.6.2 Kolon TissueGene Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.6.3 Kolon TissueGene Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.6.4 Kolon TissueGene Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.6.5 Kolon TissueGene Recent Development13.7 Gamida Cell13.7.1 Gamida Cell Company Details13.7.2 Gamida Cell Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.7.3 Gamida Cell Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.7.4 Gamida Cell Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.7.5 Gamida Cell Recent Development13.8 Okyanos13.8.1 Okyanos Company Details13.8.2 Okyanos Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.8.3 Okyanos Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.8.4 Okyanos Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.8.5 Okyanos Recent Development13.9 Rexgenero13.9.1 Rexgenero Company Details13.9.2 Rexgenero Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.9.3 Rexgenero Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.9.4 Rexgenero Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.9.5 Rexgenero Recent Development13.10 BioXcellerator13.10.1 BioXcellerator Company Details13.10.2 BioXcellerator Business Overview and Its Total Revenue13.10.3 BioXcellerator Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction13.10.4 BioXcellerator Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)13.10.5 BioXcellerator Recent Development13.11 Takura10.11.1 Takura Company Details10.11.2 Takura Business Overview and Its Total Revenue10.11.3 Takura Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction10.11.4 Takura Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)10.11.5 Takura Recent Development13.12 Autolus10.12.1 Autolus Company Details10.12.2 Autolus Business Overview and Its Total Revenue10.12.3 Autolus Advanced Cell Therapies Introduction10.12.4 Autolus Revenue in Advanced Cell Therapies Business (2015-2020)10.12.5 Autolus Recent Development14Analysts Viewpoints/Conclusions15Appendix15.1 Research Methodology15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach15.1.2 Data Source15.2 Disclaimer15.3 Author Details

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Advanced Cell Therapies Market Analysis With Key Players, Applications, Trends And Forecasts To 2026 | , FRC Blood Service, Fujifilm - StartupNG

Global Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Size, Status and Forecast 2018-2026offers a primary overview of the Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy industry covering Definition, Classification, Industry Value, Price, Cost and Gross Profit, Share via Region, New Challenge Feasibility Evaluation, Analysis and Guidelines on New mission Investment. Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market report presents in-intensity insight of Company Profile, Capacity, Product Specifications, Production Value, Sales, Revenue, Price, Gross Margin, Market Size and Market Shares for topmost prime key vendors: BioRestorative Therapies, Inc., Celltex Therapeutics Corporation, Antria, Inc., Cytori Therapeutics Inc., Intrexon Corporation, Mesoblast Ltd., iXCells Biotechnologies, Pluristem Therapeutics, Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Tissue Genesis, Inc., Cyagen US Inc., Celprogen, Inc., and Lonza Group, among others.. In the end, there are 4 key segments covered in this Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy market report: competitor segment, product type segment, end use/application segment and geography segment.

Target Audience of Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market: Suppliers, Channel Partners, Production Companies, Market Consultants, Marketing Authorities, Research Institutions, Subject Matter Experts, Financial Institutions, Government Authorities.

To Get the Concise Free Sample PDF of the Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Report, Along With the TOC, Statistics, and Tables Please Visit

Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Summary: This report includes the estimation of market size for value (million US$) and volume (K sqm). Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been used to estimate and validate the market size of Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy market, to estimate the size of various other dependent submarkets in the overall market. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified primary sources.

Based on Classifications, each type is studied as Sales, Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Share (%), Revenue (Million USD), Price, Gross Margin and more similar information. each type, including:

Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Taxonomy:-

The global adipose derived stem cell therapy market is segmented on the basis of cell type, product type, application, end user, and region.

By Cell Type

By Product Type

By Application

By End User

By Region

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Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market: Regional Analysis Includes:

Asia-Pacific (Vietnam, China, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Korea, Thailand, India, Indonesia, and Australia)Europe (Turkey, Germany, Russia UK, Italy, France, etc.)North America (the United States, Mexico, and Canada.)South America (Brazil etc.)The Middle East and Africa (GCC Countries and Egypt.)Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers (2018 2026)

Industrial Chain Analysis of Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy market:

Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Capacity, Production and GrowthProduction, Consumption, Export and ImportRevenue and Growth of MarketAdipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Forecast (2018 2026)

Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market by Capacity, Production, Revenue ForecastProduction Forecast by Type and Price ForecastConsumption Forecast by ApplicationProduction, Import, Export and Consumption ForecastAdipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market Production, Consumption, Import and Export Forecast by Regions (Provinces)

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Adipose Derived Stem Cell Therapy Market 2018: Report Highlights the Competitive Scenario with Impact of Drivers and Challenges to 2026 - Market...

This article is about the medical therapy. For the cell type, see Stem cell.

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced.[1][2][3] During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. It is this side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.[4]

Another stem-cell therapy called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids.[5] It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.[6]

The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.[7]

In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of Holoclar, a treatment involving stem cells, for use in the European Union. Holoclar is used for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.[8]

In March 2016 GlaxoSmithKline's Strimvelis (GSK2696273) therapy for the treatment ADA-SCID was recommended for EU approval.[9]

Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications.[10]

Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.[11][12][13] There have been preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis.[14][15]

Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.[16][17][18]

Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. A small clinical trial was underway in Scotland in 2013, in which stem cells were injected into the brains of stroke patients.[19]

Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[20][21][22]

The pioneering work[23] by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer has now been discredited by the identification of hundreds of factual contradictions.[24] Among several clinical trials that have reported that adult stem-cell therapy is safe and effective, powerful effects have been reported from only a few laboratories, but this has covered old[25] and recent[26] infarcts as well as heart failure not arising from myocardial infarction.[27] While initial animal studies demonstrated remarkable therapeutic effects,[28][29] later clinical trials achieved only modest, though statistically significant, improvements.[30][31] Possible reasons for this discrepancy are patient age,[32] timing of treatment[33] and the recent occurrence of a myocardial infarction.[34] It appears that these obstacles may be overcome by additional treatments which increase the effectiveness of the treatment[35] or by optimizing the methodology although these too can be controversial. Current studies vary greatly in cell-procuring techniques, cell types, cell-administration timing and procedures, and studied parameters, making it very difficult to make comparisons. Comparative studies are therefore currently needed.

Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells (a specific type or all), however other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.[36] Adult stem cell therapy for treating heart disease was commercially available in at least five continents as of 2007.[citation needed]

Possible mechanisms of recovery include:[11]

It may be possible to have adult bone-marrow cells differentiate into heart muscle cells.[11]

The first successful integration of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in guinea pigs (mouse hearts beat too fast) was reported in August 2012. The contraction strength was measured four weeks after the guinea pigs underwent simulated heart attacks and cell treatment. The cells contracted synchronously with the existing cells, but it is unknown if the positive results were produced mainly from paracrine as opposed to direct electromechanical effects from the human cells. Future work will focus on how to get the cells to engraft more strongly around the scar tissue. Whether treatments from embryonic or adult bone marrow stem cells will prove more effective remains to be seen.[37]

In 2013 the pioneering reports of powerful beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies.[38] Critics report that of 48 reports there seemed to be just five underlying trials, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578 patient randomized trial and as a 391 patient observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of patients, or contained fractional patients, negative NYHA classes. Overall there were many more patients published as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.[39]

One of the most promising benefits of stem cell therapy is the potential for cardiac tissue regeneration to reverse the tissue loss underlying the development of heart failure after cardiac injury.[40]

Initially, the observed improvements were attributed to a transdifferentiation of BM-MSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.[28] Given the apparent inadequacy of unmodified stem cells for heart tissue regeneration, a more promising modern technique involves treating these cells to create cardiac progenitor cells before implantation to the injured area.[41]

The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.[citation needed]

Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells.[42] Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.

In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice[43] and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in human patients.

In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks.[44] It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.[45][46]

Research is ongoing in different fields, alligators which are polyphyodonts grow up to 50 times a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year.[47]

Heller has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells.[48]

Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.[49] The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty patients using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.[50]

In April 2005, doctors in the UK transplanted corneal stem cells from an organ donor to the cornea of Deborah Catlyn, a woman who was blinded in one eye when acid was thrown in her eye at a nightclub. The cornea, which is the transparent window of the eye, is a particularly suitable site for transplants. In fact, the first successful human transplant was a cornea transplant. The absence of blood vessels within the cornea makes this area a relatively easy target for transplantation. The majority of corneal transplants carried out today are due to a degenerative disease called keratoconus.

The University Hospital of New Jersey reports that the success rate for growth of new cells from transplanted stem cells varies from 25 percent to 70 percent.[51]

In 2014, researchers demonstrated that stem cells collected as biopsies from donor human corneas can prevent scar formation without provoking a rejection response in mice with corneal damage.[52]

In January 2012, The Lancet published a paper by Steven Schwartz, at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute, reporting two women who had gone legally blind from macular degeneration had dramatic improvements in their vision after retinal injections of human embryonic stem cells.[53]

In June 2015, the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS), the largest adult stem cell study in ophthalmology ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT # 01920867) published initial results on a patient with optic nerve disease who improved from 20/2000 to 20/40 following treatment with bone marrow derived stem cells.[54]

Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas.[55] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.[56]

Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell culture and stimulated to form insulin-producing cells that can be transplanted into the patient.

However, clinical success is highly dependent on the development of the following procedures:[11]

Clinical case reports in the treatment orthopaedic conditions have been reported. To date, the focus in the literature for musculoskeletal care appears to be on mesenchymal stem cells. Centeno et al. have published MRI evidence of increased cartilage and meniscus volume in individual human subjects.[57][58] The results of trials that include a large number of subjects, are yet to be published. However, a published safety study conducted in a group of 227 patients over a 3-4-year period shows adequate safety and minimal complications associated with mesenchymal cell transplantation.[59]

Wakitani has also published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with coverage of the treated chondral defects.[60]

Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells.[61] A possible method for tissue regeneration in adults is to place adult stem cell "seeds" inside a tissue bed "soil" in a wound bed and allow the stem cells to stimulate differentiation in the tissue bed cells. This method elicits a regenerative response more similar to fetal wound-healing than adult scar tissue formation.[61] Researchers are still investigating different aspects of the "soil" tissue that are conducive to regeneration.[61]

Culture of human embryonic stem cells in mitotically inactivated porcine ovarian fibroblasts (POF) causes differentiation into germ cells (precursor cells of oocytes and spermatozoa), as evidenced by gene expression analysis.[62]

Human embryonic stem cells have been stimulated to form Spermatozoon-like cells, yet still slightly damaged or malformed.[63] It could potentially treat azoospermia.

In 2012, oogonial stem cells were isolated from adult mouse and human ovaries and demonstrated to be capable of forming mature oocytes.[64] These cells have the potential to treat infertility.

Destruction of the immune system by the HIV is driven by the loss of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are CCR5 and CXCR4. Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets of productive HIV infection.[65] Recently scientists have been investigating an alternative approach to treating HIV-1/AIDS, based on the creation of a disease-resistant immune system through transplantation of autologous, gene-modified (HIV-1-resistant) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (GM-HSPC).[66]

On 23 January 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave clearance to Geron Corporation for the initiation of the first clinical trial of an embryonic stem-cell-based therapy on humans. The trial aimed evaluate the drug GRNOPC1, embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, on patients with acute spinal cord injury. The trial was discontinued in November 2011 so that the company could focus on therapies in the "current environment of capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions".[67] In 2013 biotechnology and regenerative medicine company BioTime (NYSEMKT:BTX) acquired Geron's stem cell assets in a stock transaction, with the aim of restarting the clinical trial.[68]

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately within few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth(fresh), so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in invitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies, re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[69]

There is widespread controversy over the use of human embryonic stem cells. This controversy primarily targets the techniques used to derive new embryonic stem cell lines, which often requires the destruction of the blastocyst. Opposition to the use of human embryonic stem cells in research is often based on philosophical, moral, or religious objections.[110] There is other stem cell research that does not involve the destruction of a human embryo, and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Stem-cell research and treatment was practiced in the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has permitted the use of stem-cell therapy for conditions beyond those approved of in Western countries. The Western World has scrutinized China for its failed attempts to meet international documentation standards of these trials and procedures.[111]

State-funded companies based in the Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Zone treat the symptoms of numerous disorders with adult stem-cell therapy. Development companies are currently focused on the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. The most radical successes of Chinese adult stem cell therapy have been in treating the brain. These therapies administer stem cells directly to the brain of patients with cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's, and brain injuries.[citation needed]

Since 2008 many universities, centers and doctors tried a diversity of methods; in Lebanon proliferation for stem cell therapy, in-vivo and in-vitro techniques were used, Thus this country is considered the launching place of the Regentime[112] procedure. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281712114_Treatment_of_Long_Standing_Multiple_Sclerosis_with_Regentime_Stem_Cell_Technique The regenerative medicine also took place in Jordan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Stem-cell treatment is currently being practiced at a clinical level in Mexico. An International Health Department Permit (COFEPRIS) is required. Authorized centers are found in Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun. Currently undergoing the approval process is Los Cabos. This permit allows the use of stem cell.[citation needed]

In 2005, South Korean scientists claimed to have generated stem cells that were tailored to match the recipient. Each of the 11 new stem cell lines was developed using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. The resultant cells were thought to match the genetic material of the recipient, thus suggesting minimal to no cell rejection.[113]

As of 2013, Thailand still considers Hematopoietic stem cell transplants as experimental. Kampon Sriwatanakul began with a clinical trial in October 2013 with 20 patients. 10 are going to receive stem-cell therapy for Type-2 diabetes and the other 10 will receive stem-cell therapy for emphysema. Chotinantakul's research is on Hematopoietic cells and their role for the hematopoietic system function in homeostasis and immune response.[114]

Today, Ukraine is permitted to perform clinical trials of stem-cell treatments (Order of the MH of Ukraine 630 "About carrying out clinical trials of stem cells", 2008) for the treatment of these pathologies: pancreatic necrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, burn disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, critical lower limb ischemia. The first medical institution granted the right to conduct clinical trials became the "Institute of Cell Therapy"(Kiev).

Other countries where doctors did stem cells research, trials, manipulation, storage, therapy: Brazil, Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, India, and many others.

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Stem-cell therapy - Wikipedia

This article is about the medical therapy. For the cell type, see Stem cell.

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced.[1][2][3] During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. It is this side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.[4]

Another stem-cell therapy called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids.[5] It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.[6]

The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.[7]

In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of Holoclar, a treatment involving stem cells, for use in the European Union. Holoclar is used for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.[8]

In March 2016 GlaxoSmithKline's Strimvelis (GSK2696273) therapy for the treatment ADA-SCID was recommended for EU approval.[9]

Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications.[10]

Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.[11][12][13] There have been preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis.[14][15]

Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.[16][17][18]

Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. A small clinical trial was underway in Scotland in 2013, in which stem cells were injected into the brains of stroke patients.[19]

Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[20][21][22]

The pioneering work[23] by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer has now been discredited by the identification of hundreds of factual contradictions.[24] Among several clinical trials that have reported that adult stem-cell therapy is safe and effective, powerful effects have been reported from only a few laboratories, but this has covered old[25] and recent[26] infarcts as well as heart failure not arising from myocardial infarction.[27] While initial animal studies demonstrated remarkable therapeutic effects,[28][29] later clinical trials achieved only modest, though statistically significant, improvements.[30][31] Possible reasons for this discrepancy are patient age,[32] timing of treatment[33] and the recent occurrence of a myocardial infarction.[34] It appears that these obstacles may be overcome by additional treatments which increase the effectiveness of the treatment[35] or by optimizing the methodology although these too can be controversial. Current studies vary greatly in cell-procuring techniques, cell types, cell-administration timing and procedures, and studied parameters, making it very difficult to make comparisons. Comparative studies are therefore currently needed.

Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells (a specific type or all), however other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.[36] Adult stem cell therapy for treating heart disease was commercially available in at least five continents as of 2007.[citation needed]

Possible mechanisms of recovery include:[11]

It may be possible to have adult bone-marrow cells differentiate into heart muscle cells.[11]

The first successful integration of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in guinea pigs (mouse hearts beat too fast) was reported in August 2012. The contraction strength was measured four weeks after the guinea pigs underwent simulated heart attacks and cell treatment. The cells contracted synchronously with the existing cells, but it is unknown if the positive results were produced mainly from paracrine as opposed to direct electromechanical effects from the human cells. Future work will focus on how to get the cells to engraft more strongly around the scar tissue. Whether treatments from embryonic or adult bone marrow stem cells will prove more effective remains to be seen.[37]

In 2013 the pioneering reports of powerful beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies.[38] Critics report that of 48 reports there seemed to be just five underlying trials, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578 patient randomized trial and as a 391 patient observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of patients, or contained fractional patients, negative NYHA classes. Overall there were many more patients published as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.[39]

One of the most promising benefits of stem cell therapy is the potential for cardiac tissue regeneration to reverse the tissue loss underlying the development of heart failure after cardiac injury.[40]

Initially, the observed improvements were attributed to a transdifferentiation of BM-MSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.[28] Given the apparent inadequacy of unmodified stem cells for heart tissue regeneration, a more promising modern technique involves treating these cells to create cardiac progenitor cells before implantation to the injured area.[41]

The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.[citation needed]

Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells.[42] Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.

In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice[43] and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in human patients.

In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks.[44] It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.[45][46]

Research is ongoing in different fields, alligators which are polyphyodonts grow up to 50 times a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year.[47]

Heller has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells.[48]

Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.[49] The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty patients using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.[50]

In April 2005, doctors in the UK transplanted corneal stem cells from an organ donor to the cornea of Deborah Catlyn, a woman who was blinded in one eye when acid was thrown in her eye at a nightclub. The cornea, which is the transparent window of the eye, is a particularly suitable site for transplants. In fact, the first successful human transplant was a cornea transplant. The absence of blood vessels within the cornea makes this area a relatively easy target for transplantation. The majority of corneal transplants carried out today are due to a degenerative disease called keratoconus.

The University Hospital of New Jersey reports that the success rate for growth of new cells from transplanted stem cells varies from 25 percent to 70 percent.[51]

In 2014, researchers demonstrated that stem cells collected as biopsies from donor human corneas can prevent scar formation without provoking a rejection response in mice with corneal damage.[52]

In January 2012, The Lancet published a paper by Steven Schwartz, at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute, reporting two women who had gone legally blind from macular degeneration had dramatic improvements in their vision after retinal injections of human embryonic stem cells.[53]

In June 2015, the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS), the largest adult stem cell study in ophthalmology ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT # 01920867) published initial results on a patient with optic nerve disease who improved from 20/2000 to 20/40 following treatment with bone marrow derived stem cells.[54]

Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas.[55] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.[56]

Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell culture and stimulated to form insulin-producing cells that can be transplanted into the patient.

However, clinical success is highly dependent on the development of the following procedures:[11]

Clinical case reports in the treatment orthopaedic conditions have been reported. To date, the focus in the literature for musculoskeletal care appears to be on mesenchymal stem cells. Centeno et al. have published MRI evidence of increased cartilage and meniscus volume in individual human subjects.[57][58] The results of trials that include a large number of subjects, are yet to be published. However, a published safety study conducted in a group of 227 patients over a 3-4-year period shows adequate safety and minimal complications associated with mesenchymal cell transplantation.[59]

Wakitani has also published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with coverage of the treated chondral defects.[60]

Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells.[61] A possible method for tissue regeneration in adults is to place adult stem cell "seeds" inside a tissue bed "soil" in a wound bed and allow the stem cells to stimulate differentiation in the tissue bed cells. This method elicits a regenerative response more similar to fetal wound-healing than adult scar tissue formation.[61] Researchers are still investigating different aspects of the "soil" tissue that are conducive to regeneration.[61]

Culture of human embryonic stem cells in mitotically inactivated porcine ovarian fibroblasts (POF) causes differentiation into germ cells (precursor cells of oocytes and spermatozoa), as evidenced by gene expression analysis.[62]

Human embryonic stem cells have been stimulated to form Spermatozoon-like cells, yet still slightly damaged or malformed.[63] It could potentially treat azoospermia.

In 2012, oogonial stem cells were isolated from adult mouse and human ovaries and demonstrated to be capable of forming mature oocytes.[64] These cells have the potential to treat infertility.

Destruction of the immune system by the HIV is driven by the loss of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are CCR5 and CXCR4. Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets of productive HIV infection.[65] Recently scientists have been investigating an alternative approach to treating HIV-1/AIDS, based on the creation of a disease-resistant immune system through transplantation of autologous, gene-modified (HIV-1-resistant) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (GM-HSPC).[66]

On 23 January 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave clearance to Geron Corporation for the initiation of the first clinical trial of an embryonic stem-cell-based therapy on humans. The trial aimed evaluate the drug GRNOPC1, embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, on patients with acute spinal cord injury. The trial was discontinued in November 2011 so that the company could focus on therapies in the "current environment of capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions".[67] In 2013 biotechnology and regenerative medicine company BioTime (NYSEMKT:BTX) acquired Geron's stem cell assets in a stock transaction, with the aim of restarting the clinical trial.[68]

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately within few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth(fresh), so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in invitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies, re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[69]

There is widespread controversy over the use of human embryonic stem cells. This controversy primarily targets the techniques used to derive new embryonic stem cell lines, which often requires the destruction of the blastocyst. Opposition to the use of human embryonic stem cells in research is often based on philosophical, moral, or religious objections.[110] There is other stem cell research that does not involve the destruction of a human embryo, and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Stem-cell research and treatment was practiced in the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has permitted the use of stem-cell therapy for conditions beyond those approved of in Western countries. The Western World has scrutinized China for its failed attempts to meet international documentation standards of these trials and procedures.[111]

State-funded companies based in the Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Zone treat the symptoms of numerous disorders with adult stem-cell therapy. Development companies are currently focused on the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. The most radical successes of Chinese adult stem cell therapy have been in treating the brain. These therapies administer stem cells directly to the brain of patients with cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's, and brain injuries.[citation needed]

Since 2008 many universities, centers and doctors tried a diversity of methods; in Lebanon proliferation for stem cell therapy, in-vivo and in-vitro techniques were used, Thus this country is considered the launching place of the Regentime[112] procedure. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281712114_Treatment_of_Long_Standing_Multiple_Sclerosis_with_Regentime_Stem_Cell_Technique The regenerative medicine also took place in Jordan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Stem-cell treatment is currently being practiced at a clinical level in Mexico. An International Health Department Permit (COFEPRIS) is required. Authorized centers are found in Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun. Currently undergoing the approval process is Los Cabos. This permit allows the use of stem cell.[citation needed]

In 2005, South Korean scientists claimed to have generated stem cells that were tailored to match the recipient. Each of the 11 new stem cell lines was developed using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. The resultant cells were thought to match the genetic material of the recipient, thus suggesting minimal to no cell rejection.[113]

As of 2013, Thailand still considers Hematopoietic stem cell transplants as experimental. Kampon Sriwatanakul began with a clinical trial in October 2013 with 20 patients. 10 are going to receive stem-cell therapy for Type-2 diabetes and the other 10 will receive stem-cell therapy for emphysema. Chotinantakul's research is on Hematopoietic cells and their role for the hematopoietic system function in homeostasis and immune response.[114]

Today, Ukraine is permitted to perform clinical trials of stem-cell treatments (Order of the MH of Ukraine 630 "About carrying out clinical trials of stem cells", 2008) for the treatment of these pathologies: pancreatic necrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, burn disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, critical lower limb ischemia. The first medical institution granted the right to conduct clinical trials became the "Institute of Cell Therapy"(Kiev).

Other countries where doctors did stem cells research, trials, manipulation, storage, therapy: Brazil, Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, India, and many others.

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Stem-cell therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stem Cell Therapy Research and Technology

Stem cell treatments, research and technology are no longer relegated to sci-fi novels or movies. Research and development of stem cells also goes way beyond the use of embryonic stem cell based therapy, potential of cloning human beings and the moral and ethical controversies surrounding such developments. Today, stem cell research offers potential treatments for the future that may cure many disease processes, enable people with spinal cord injuries to walk again, and perhaps even see an end to cognitive impairment diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.

Brief Overview of Stem Cell Therapy Research

To date, scientific research into stem cells has identified multiple types of stem cells and sources. The most commonly studied, and used, stem cell based therapy developments today involve the use of:

• Embryonic stem cell therapy
• Adult stem cell therapy and research
• Umbilical cord stem cell therapy

At their most basic definition, stem cells have the ability to limitlessly divide and are capable of developing into one or several different types of the 220 cells found in the human body.

Embryonic stem cell therapy has long been the center of controversy regarding their moral and ethical use, not only in the United States, but also around the world. These cells are taken from early stage embryos, many from aborted fetuses. Because of such controversy, scientists spent decades studying other ways to develop stem cells that would offer more appeal and less controversy.

Adult stem cell therapy is commonly used today in a wide range of human stem cell therapy and treatments. This type of stem cell is taken from bone marrow. Adult stem cells can be "instructed" to form a certain type of cell – such as nerve cells, cardiac cells, skin cells, muscle cells and so forth. Because these cells are found in the skin, blood and bone marrow, they do not carry the stigma that embryonic stem cells do. Scientists are currently looking for ways to replace damaged cells that lead to a multitude of disease processes, such as diabetes, Parkinson's, and cancer. As such, stem cell replacement therapy is undergoing extensive research and development.

Umbilical cord stem cell therapy is utilized through the blood of umbilical cords after they and the rest of the afterbirth of placenta has been expelled from the body after a baby is born. As a rich source of stem cells, many parents today are "banking" their children's umbilical cord cells in case they are needed for curing disease in the future. Stem cell therapy research utilizing umbilical cord blood stem cell therapy is making huge advancements today.

Because umbilical and adult stem cells may be collected from any given individual, the risks of rejection of organs or treatments developed with such sources are drastically reduced. This makes it possible to benefit from transplants and other procedures where rejection has commonly been an issue.

Placenta Stem Cell Therapy – A fairly recent development in stem cells therapy research, doctors have been studying the beneficial components of stem cells found within the placenta. A process that utilizes stem cells found in placenta afterbirth is considered ethical, as it does not involve any interaction with a fetus or newborn. The afterbirth, heretofore discarded after birth, is now being studied for its multipotent stem cells in the search for treatments of multiple illnesses and disease processes.

Who benefits from Stem Cells Therapy Treatments?

Stem cell technologies and advancements are being made on an almost daily basis. From Japan to China to the U.S. to Europe, Africa and Russia, the world's scientists and medical experts have been studying, and using, stem cells treatments and stem cell therapy to treat a wide range of illnesses, injuries and disease processes, including but not limited to:

• Neurological diseases such as:
  Multiple Sclerosis
  Parkinson's
  Cerebral Palsy
  Epilepsy
• Blood-borne Cancers such as:
  Leukemia
  Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  Multiple Myeloma
• Organ Cancers such as:
  Breast Cancer
  Prostate Cancer
  Lung Cancer
  Malignant Melanoma
• Heart Disease processes such as:
  Myocardial Infarction
  Atherosclerosis
  Congestive Heart Failure
• Musculoskeletal Conditions and Injuries such as:
  Spinal cord injury
  Bone damage caused by injuries and disease
  Joint injuries and diseases
• Hormonal, Immune and Circulatory Issues
  Auto-Immune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and Muscular Dystrophy
  Chronic infections such as Tuberculosis and Hepatitis C
• Cosmetic and Reconstruction Treatments
  Breast reconstruction treatments
  Facial implants
  Rejuvenation therapies

Medical Stem Cell Tourism

Currently, no stem cells therapy options are available in the U.S., which prompts many Americans to venture to international destinations for them. The potential cost of stem cell therapies in the U.S. may be prohibitively expensive, which encourages those hoping and seeking cures for illnesses, injuries and disease processes to travel to China, Thailand, Japan, Europe, and India, among others.

The cost of therapies is determined according to geographic location of treatment facilities as well as the injury, illness or disease being treated. Because such treatments have not yet been approved in the U.S., medical travelers are cautioned to do their homework and study human stem cell therapy, treatments and protocols and examine the history as well as case studies in foreign destinations. To date, the U.S. has approved funding for Phase I clinical trials of some types of stem cell therapies that may provide productive and beneficial use in the near future.

How Do I Select a Stem Cell Provider?

Ask questions – such as:

• Can you offer proof that these stem cell therapy treatments work?
• Can I speak with former patients who have undergone such therapies?
• Who are and what are the credentials of the physician or surgeon administering stem cell therapies or treatments?
• How long has the organization offered such treatments?
• How safe is the treatment? Are there risks involved?

The Future of Stem Cells Therapy

According to the recent gathering of the World Stem Cell Summit in Madison, Wisconsin in September 2008, growing numbers of individuals seeking alternative or advanced forms of medical treatment, including stem cell therapies, travel to foreign destinations every year. According to their reports, such numbers are on the verge of ‘exploding’ as individuals seek safe and effective treatments for dehabilitative injuries, diseases and terminal illnesses at affordable prices not currently found in the U.S. Stem cell therapy research is running full steam ahead, and will continue well into the 21st century.

By: Philippine News Agency November 11, 2012 8:29 AM

Stem cell tray. FILE PHOTO FROM AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE/GETTY IMAGES

InterAksyon.com The online news portal of TV5

MANILA - The Department of Health (DOH) is expected to come up with the guidelines on the practice of stem cell treatment in the Philippines by the end of the month.

According to DOH Secretary Enrique Ona, the consultative working task force has already been convened to formulate recommendations on how to handle the growing popularity of stem cell technology among Filipinos.

Ona said that at present, stem cell therapy is still considered as an investigational intervention and there is still no scientific evidence about its efficacy, safety and quality.

Stem cell research employs both autologous (from same person) or allogenic (from another organism like animal or another human cell or tissue sample) method. Because there are many steps in the preparation of this lab and invasive procedure, there is therefore need to have a regulatory framework to protect Filipino citizens, he said.

Ona ordered the creation of the task force after observing the growing number of healthcare facilities that offer stem cell services. He was also concerned about the possible use of aborted fetuses or human embryos for the procedures.

The task force is composed of Food and Drug Administration acting director Dr. Kenneth Hartigan-Go, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development director Dr. Jaime Montoya, and scientists from the University of the Philippines National Institute of Health and Marine Science.

It will come up with regulatory framework covering five fundamental areas, namely: sources of raw stem cell materials; observance of good laboratory practices in the preparation of the tissue and the cells; credentialing of scientists involved in the technology; monitoring of marketing claims; and regulation or accreditation of facilities.

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DOH to issue guidelines on stem cell treatment in Philippines