Category Archives: Pharmacogenomics

BMJ. 1999 Nov 13; 319(7220): 1286.

Departments of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA94143-0446, USA

We all differ in our response to drug treatmentoccasionally with dramatic effects. The era of one drug fits all patients is about to give way to individualised therapy matching the patient's unique genetic make up with an optimally effective drug.1 Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are the emerging disciplines that are leading the way towards individualised medicine.2,3 Initially, researchers focused their attention on pharmacogeneticsvariations in single candidate genes responsible for variable drug response. Subsequently, studies involving the entire human genome broadened the scope of investigation, giving rise to pharmacogenomics as one of the hottest fields in biotechnology today.

Response to drug treatment can vary greatly between patients; genetic factors have a major role in treatment outcome

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are emerging disciplines that focus on genetic determinants of drug response at the levels of single genes or the entire human genome respectively

Technologies involving gene chip arrays can determine thousands of variations in DNA sequences for individual patients; most variants are single nucleotide polymorphisms

Pharmacogenomics aims at establishing a signature of DNA sequence variants that are characteristic of individual patients to assess disease susceptibility and select the optimal drug treatment

This approach has the potential to revolutionise prevention and treatment of diseases

Unexpected drug reactions have been noted for some time, but the systematic study of hereditary origins began only in the 1950s. A few patients developed prolonged respiratory muscular paralysis after being given succinylcholine (suxamethonium), a short acting muscle relaxant widely used in surgery and electroshock treatment. In the 1970s, a trial with the antihypertensive agent debrisoquine resulted in a precipitous drop of blood pressure and collapse in nearly 10% of volunteers. Furthermore, isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis caused peripheral neuropathies in patients who were sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of the drug. Ground breaking genetic and biochemical studies by Werner Kalow and others showed that these adverse effects result from polymorphisms in genes encoding the drug metabolising enzymes serum cholinesterase,4 cytochrome P-450,5 and N-acetyltransferase.6 These observations laid the foundation for pharmacogenetics.

Today, many examples of genetic variability in drug response and toxicity are known (table). In a few cases, genetic tests are beginning to find their way into clinical practice. In cancer chemotherapy with tioguanine, severe toxicity or even death can result if a patient is unable to inactivate the drug. Functional assays of thiopurine methyltransferase in red blood cells or genotyping can identify those patients who are at risk and must be given a much lower dose of tioguanine.7,8 This is particularly critical for the 1 in 300 patients who is homozygous for null alleles (non-functional) of the gene encoding thiopurine methyltransferase which converts the drug to its inactive methylated form. Therefore, genotyping or functional analysis has become standard practice in major cancer treatment centres such as the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minneapolis, and St Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.

The large family of cytochrome P-450 genes has been most intensely studied because it contains the main drug metabolising enzymes encoded by numerous genes.2 Among the cytochrome P-450 subtypes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 play a critical part in determining the response to several drugs. This is particularly important for lipophilic drugssuch as drugs that act on the central nervous system and penetrate the lipophilic blood-brain barrierbecause renal excretion is minimal and cytochrome P-450 metabolism provides the only means of effective drug elimination. Thus, homozygous carriers of CYP2D6 null alleles and cannot readily degrade and excrete many drugs, including debrisoquine, metoprolol, nortriptyline, and propafenone.9 These patients are termed poor metabolisers for CYP2D6 selective drugs. Because of this they are exquisitely sensitive to these drugs. The incidence of poor metabolisers varies greatly among ethnic groups, ranging from 1% in Japanese people to 15% in Nigerians. Similarly, patients with defective CYP2C19 subtypes are highly sensitive to methoin (mephenytoin), hexobarbital (hexobarbitone), and other drugs selectively metabolised by this P-450 isoform.

The principal molecular defect in poor metabolisers is a single base pair mutation (AG) in exon 5 of CYP2C19.10 Gene chips designed to test for polymorphisms of the main subtypes of cytochrome P-450 are now commercially available, but not yet in general clinical use. Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms also affect the inactivation or, in some cases, activation or toxification of xenobiotics, and thus affect an individual's susceptibility to environmental toxins. This is studied in a field of research called toxicogenetics. Launched recently by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the environmental genome project aims at understanding genetic factors in individual responses to the environment and parallels the study of genetic variability in drug response.11

As a scientific discipline, pharmacogenetics has made steady progress, but the human genome project has shattered any complacency as it has revealed profound gaps in our knowledge. By broadening the search for genetic polymorphisms that determine drug responses, the new field of pharmacogenomics begins to supersede the candidate gene approach typical of earlier pharmacogenetic studies. Initially hailed by pharmaceutical biotechnology as the latest trend in biotechnology, pharmacogenomics is now taken seriously everywhere. While genomic techniques serve to identify new gene targets for drug research, and some might refer to this as pharmacogenomics, the broader consensus is that pharmacogenomics deals specifically with genetic variability in drug response. The distinction between pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics remains blurred, but here are some of the new ideas typical of pharmacogenomics.

Each drug is likely to interact in the body with numerous proteins, such as carrier proteins, transporters, metabolising enzymes, and multiple types of receptors.1 These proteins determine the absorption, distribution, excretion, targeting to the site of action, and pharmacological response of drugs. As a result, multiple polymorphisms in many genes could affect the drug response, requiring a genome-wide search for the responsible genes. We now know that that there are thousands of receptor genes in the human genome, many of which are closely related to each other because they have evolved by gene duplications. Therefore, we must anticipate that a drug rarely binds just to a single receptor but rather interacts promiscuously with several receptor types. Chlorpromazine, for example, is known to engage several dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. As a result, polymorphisms in multiple genes can affect the drug response.

Polymorphisms are generally defined as variations of DNA sequence that are present in more than 1% of the population. Most polymorphisms are single nucleotide polymorphisms (referred to as snips). As the human genome contains three billion nucleotides, and variations between individuals occur in 1/300 base pairs, around 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms probably exist. Only 1% of these may have any functional consequence at all, and thus individuals differ from each other genetically by roughly 100000 polymorphic sites, providing for near infinite variety. As only a small fraction of these single nucleotide polymorphisms will prove relevant to drug response, our goal will be to identify the most important variants.

Novel technology in the form of microarray chips enables us to scan the entire human genome for relevant polymorphisms.12,13 We can determine simultaneously many thousands of polymorphisms in a patient. At present, these single nucleotide polymorphisms are selected merely as markers evenly distributed throughout the genome, in the hope that functionally relevant polymorphisms can be associated with specific markers by virtue of their proximity on the chromosome. Such genome-wide association studies are already being used in the discovery of susceptibility genes for diseases such as asthma and prostate cancer, but they are equally suitable for determining the genes involved in drug response. Genome-wide scanning can identify these genes even if we do not know the mechanisms by which the drug acts in the body. The French genomics company, Genset, currently uses gene chips with 60000 single nucleotide polymorphism markerssufficient for a complete genomic scanapplied to clinical drug trials in partnership with major pharmaceutical companies. Expanding the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and selecting functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms in coding or promoter/enhancer regions of genes is quite feasible with current technology and would greatly enhance the power of genome-wide scanning. Herein lies the main incentive for the current rush in the pharmaceutical industry to patent single nucleotide polymorphism markers. It might also be possible to salvage useful experimental drugs that would have failed with standard clinical trials, because of an unacceptable incidence of toxicity in a poorly defined patient population. Stratifying patient populations in relation to genetic criteria emerges as a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Undoubtedly, the insights expected to emerge from such an approach are staggering, but they cannot be gauged accurately at present.

Microarrays can further serve to determine the expression pattern of genes in a target tissue. This shows the mechanisms of drug action in a genomic context. It can also clarify interindividual differences in drug response that are downstream of immediate drug effects in the body by shear force of the massive amount of information emanating from chip technology. Analysing the entire transcriptional programme of a tissuefor example, fibroblasts in response to serum stimulation14provides unprecedented details of a complex system and leads to new insights in pathophysiology and biological drug response. Tissue transcript profiling is especially appropriate in cancers because mRNA can be extracted from biopsy specimens or surgical samples. Altered gene expression in the tumour can serve as a guide for selecting effective drug therapy or avoiding unnecessary exposure to toxic but ineffective drugsfor example, the overexpression of drug resistance genes encoding transporters (table).

These advances are the harbinger of profound changes in treatment. What then do we expect to gain from pharmacogenomics? In the near future, genotyping can help avert severe drug toxicity that is genetically determined but occurs only rarely. Alternatively, drugs may be designed a priori so that they are not subject to extreme variations that result from a few well defined polymorphisms. Drug structures under development are already being selected so that they do not interact with cytochrome P-450 subtype CYP2D6 to avoid unwarranted toxicity in people who metabolise this poorly.

Looking further ahead, and on a much broader scale, we could improve drug efficacy by distinguishing between people who respond well to a drug and those who respond poorly. Often, an effective drug response is found in a few patients treated, while most benefit little or not at all. Much could be gained if we could select the optimal drug for the individual patient before treatment begins. Perhaps a gene chip that establishes a single nucleotide polymorphism signature involving multiple genes relevant to therapeutic outcome for each individual will be developed. This signature could offer insights into an individual's susceptibility to disease and responsiveness to drugs, enabling optimal drug selection by genetic criteria. For example, cure rates with combined surgical and drug treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma range from 20% to 40%, while the remainder of the patients experience little gain or even severe toxicity from chemotherapy. If we could predict which patients respond best to a particular drugor better, which drug will yield optimal effects for a given patientmuch will be gained. The success of this approach will depend critically on the selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms tested by the gene chip. Single nucleotide polymorphisms must be informative and many must be tested to scan the entire genome. This task is by no means complete and constitutes a major goal of those companies which are focusing on genomics.

There are also formidable obstacles that we are unlikely to overcome in the near future. The dynamic complexity of the human genome, involvement of multiple genes in drug responses, and racial differences in the prevalence of gene variants impede effective genome-wide scanning and progress towards practical clinical applications. Furthermore, the drug response is probably affected by multiple genes, each gene with multiple polymorphisms distributed in the general population. For example, the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil used in the treatment of colorectal cancer is activated and inactivated by nearly 40 different enzymes. Each of these is currently being scanned for relevant polymorphisms at the biotech company Variagenics. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase is a likely candidate in 5-fluorouracil inactivation (table). However, whether extensive genotyping will provide useful predictors of clinical response remains to be seen.

Racial differences add further confounding factors. Drug response might be predicted from a certain pattern of polymorphisms rather than only a single polymorphism, yet these patterns probably differ between ethnic groups. This could prevent us from making predictions about drug responses across the general patient population, and it emphasises the need to stratify clinical pharmacogenomics studies.

Genomic technologies are still evolving rapidly, at an exponential pace similar to the development of computer technology over the past 20 years. We are not certain where genomic technologies will be 10 years from now.

Ethical issues also need to be resolved. Holding sensitive information on someone's genetic make up raises questions of privacy and security and ethical dilemmas in disease prognosis and treatment choices. After all, polymorphisms relevant to drug response may overlap with disease susceptibility, and divulging such information could jeopardise an individual. On the other hand, legal issues may force the inclusion of pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. Once the genetic component of a severe adverse drug effect is documented, doctors may be obliged to order the genetic test to avoid malpractice litigation.

Pharmacogenomics will have a profound impact on the way drug treatment is conducted. We can include here bioengineered proteins as drugs, or even gene therapy designed to deliver proteins to target tissues. These treatments are also subject to constraints and complexities engendered by individual variability. A case in point is the treatment of breast cancer with trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, USA) a humanised monoclonal antibody against the HER2 receptor. Overexpression of HER2 may occur as a somatic genetic change in breast cancer and other tumours. This correlates with poor clinical prognosis and serves as a marker for effective therapy with trastuzumab, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy.15,16

Whether we will see broad use of gene chips in clinical practice within 10 years is questionable, but the mere knowledge of the principles underlying genetic variability will prove valuable in optimising drug therapy. Pharmacogenomics will lead us towards individualised therapy, but it will also help us understand limitations inherent in treating disease in a broad patient population

Incyte's microarray service allows researchers to analyse differential expression in normal and diseased cells

Examples of inherited or acquired variations in enzymes and receptors that affect the drug response23

Competing interests: None declared.

2. Weber WW. Pharmacogenetics. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997.

13. Sinclair B. Everything's great when it sits on a chip: a bright future for DNA arrays. Scientist. 1999;13:1820.

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Pharmacogenomics - PubMed Central (PMC)

Pharmacogenomics testing is used to assess the relationship between an individuals or tumors genomic makeup and a patients response to drugs compounds. Pharmacogenomic testing can be used for theranostic purposes in order to predict how a patient will respond to specific drugs. PGx testing is also playing an increasingly important role in clinical trial testing and can be used to better select trial populations by predicting drug efficacy and safety.

Cancer Genetics, Inc. offers a range of pharmacogenomics testing services for clinical oncologists, cancer centers, and research institutions, as well as for biotech and biopharma customers engaged in clinical trials.

Testing for theranostic biomarkers has become part of the standard diagnostic paradigm for many cancers. In addition to understanding an individual patients subtype or risk of disease progression, understanding whether or not they are likely to respond to certain therapy regimens is essential to determining the best way to manage a patients disease. CGI offers theranostic testing for a number of hematological and solid tumor cancers.

Click here for our clinical test menu.

We also offer a comprehensive range of pharmacogenomics testing services for biotech and biopharma companies through our Select One Clinical Trials program.

Click here to learn more about our pharmacogenomics testing services for clinical trials.

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Pharmacogenomics Services | Cancer Genetics Inc.

The primary objective of the clinical research of pharmacogenomics is to better understand genetic variability as it relates to antidepressant response. The team is involved in both psychiatric pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenomic testing for algorithm research.

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell research. Yuan Ji, Ph.D., leads this study with the PGRN team, researching iPS cells in depressed patients treated with SSRIs. The team has partnered with Timothy J. Nelson, M.D., Ph.D., and colleagues at the University of Minnesota and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies to study a subset of patients who have been in the PGRN SSRI study.

First reported in 2007, iPS cells accomplish two important tasks. First, they convert adult skin cells into stem cells (cells capable of growing into many cell types). Second, these cells can be differentiated into neurons or other mature cell types. This technology provides the means to reprogram patients' skin cells into their own neurons, theoretically allowing an understanding of either an individual's response to treatment or how to engineer a personalized plan.

The team has completed numerous other projects, including a pharmacometabolomics study of escitalopram and citalopram response. Additional analyses are underway with colleagues at the University of North Carolina; the University of California, Davis; and the Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital in Bedford, Mass.

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Pharmacogenomics - Department of Psychiatry and Psychology ...

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Epistem Pharmacogenomics

OMICS InternationalConference Seriesprovides the perfect platform for global networking and we are truly delighted to invite you to attend our 6thInternational Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016, Berlin, Germany. Genomics-2016 is a global platform to discuss and learn about Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and its allied areas Bioinformatics, Transcriptomics, Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering.

Track 1: Cancer Genomics

Tumor Genomics is the investigation of hereditary transformations in charge of malignancy, utilizing genome sequencing and bioinformatics. Disease genomics is to enhance growth treatment and results lies in figuring out which sets of qualities and quality associations influence diverse subsets of tumors. Universal Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) is a deliberate experimental association that gives a discussion to joint effort among the world's driving growth and genomic analysts.

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Track 2: Functional Genomics

Utilitarian Genomics use incomprehensible abundance of information created by genomic and transcriptomic tasks to portray quality capacities and cooperations. Patterns in Functional Genomics are Affymetrix developed as an early trend-setter around there by imagining a commonsense approach to examine quality capacity as a framework.

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Track 3: Next Generation Sequencing

Cutting edge sequencing (NGS) is regularly alluded to as greatly parallel sequencing, which implies that a large number of little parts of DNA can be sequenced in the meantime, making a gigantic pool of information. Cutting edge sequencing (NGS), hugely parallel or profound sequencing is connected terms that portray a DNA sequencing innovation which has upset genomic research.

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Track 4: Biomarkers & Molecular Markers

Biomarkers can be trademark organic properties or particles that can be distinguished and measured in parts of the body such as the blood or tissue. Biomarkers can be particular cells, atoms, or qualities, quality items, chemicals, or hormones. Atomic marker is a section of DNA that is connected with a specific area inside of the genome. Atomic markers are utilized as a part of sub-atomic science and biotechnology to distinguish a specific grouping of DNA in a pool of obscure DNA.

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Track: 5 Pharmacogenomics & Personalized Medicine

Pharmacogenomics is a piece of a field called customized solution that means to tweak human services, with choices and medications custom-made to every individual patient inside and out conceivable. Pharmacogenomics manages new developments in the field of customized meds and advancements in modified medication revelation utilizing proteome innovation.

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Track 6: Clinical Genomics

Clinical Genomics is the utilization of genome sequencing to educate understanding analysis and care. Genome sequencing is relied upon to have the most effect in: portraying and diagnosing hereditary infection; stratifying patients for fitting malignancy treatment; and giving data around an individual's imaginable reaction to treatment to lessen antagonistic medication responses.

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Track 7: Micro RNA

MicroRNAs comprise a novel class of small, non-coding endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression by directing their target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. miRNAs represent small RNA molecules encoded in the genomes of plants and animals. These highly conserved 22 nucleotides long RNA sequences regulate the expression of genes by binding to the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of specific mRNAs. A growing body of evidence shows that miRNAs are one of the key players in cell differentiation and growth, mobility and apoptosis.

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Track 8: mRNA Analysis

mRNA is a subtype of RNA. A mRNA atom conveys a segment of the DNA code to different parts of the cell for preparing. mRNA is made amid interpretation. Amid the translation handle, a solitary strand of DNA is decoded by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is incorporated. Physically, mRNA is a strand of nucleotides known as ribonucleic corrosive, and is single-stranded.

Related Conferences: International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 7th International Conference and Expo onProteomicsOctober 24-26, 2016 Rome, Italy; International Conference onStructural BiologyJune 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; FromCell Biologyto Pathology, January 24-27, 2016, New Mexico, USA; Complex Life of mRNA, 58 October 2016, Heidelberg, Germany;Genome Editingand Gene Modulation Congress 2016, 6-8 Apr 2016, Oxford, United Kingdom;NGS2015 Sheffield Conference, 18-19 November, 2015, Sheffield, USA; Quantitative methods inGene Regulation-III, 7-8 December, 2015, Cambridge, UK

Track 9: Bioinformatics in Genomics

Bioinformatics is the exploration of gathering and breaking down complex organic information, for example, hereditary codes. Sub-atomic solution requires the joining and examination of genomic, sub-atomic, cell, and additionally clinical information and it in this way offers a momentous arrangement of difficulties to bioinformatics.

Related Conferences: 5th International Conference onComputational Systems BiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International Conference onBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International Conference onBioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods andAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom

Track 10: Comparative Genomics

Similar Genomics new field of natural examination in which the genome groupings of various species - human, mouse and a wide assortment of different life forms from yeast to chimpanzees-are looked at. The assessment of likenesses and contrasts between genomes of various life forms; can uncover contrasts in the middle of people and species and also transformative connections.

Related Conferences: World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMolecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; International Conference onGenetic Counseling and Genomic MedicineAugust 11-12, 2016 Birmingham; 5th International Conference and Exhibition onCell and Gene TherapyMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 20th Annual International Conference on Research in ComputationalMolecular Biology, April 17-21, 2016, Santa Monica, USA; 8th International Conference onBioinformatics and Computational Biology, April 4-6, 2016, Nevada, USA; Visualizingbiological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; Chromatin andEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia, Canada; Game ofEpigenomics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik

Track 11: Plant Genomics

Late mechanical headways have generously extended our capacity to dissect and comprehend plant genomes and to diminish the crevice existing in the middle of genotype and phenotype. The quick advancing field of genomics permits researchers to dissect a huge number of qualities in parallel, to comprehend the hereditary building design of plant genomes furthermore to separate the qualities in charge of transformations.

Related Conferences: International Conference onPlant PhysiologyJune 09-11, 2016 Dallas, USA ; Global Summit onPlant ScienceNovember 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; 5th International Conference onAgriculture & HorticultureJune 27-29, 2016 Cape Town, South Africa ; 6th International Conference onGenomics & PharmacogenomicsSeptember 22-24, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onGreen Energy& Expo November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; Plant Genomes andBiotechnology: from genes to networks Dec ember 02-05, 2015 Berlin, Germany; Plant Genome Evolution 2015 September, 6 - 8 2015 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The 3rdPlant GenomicsCongress September 14-15,2015 Missouri, USA; ProkaGENOMICS European Conference on Prokaryotic andFungal Genomics29 September-2 October 2015 Gttingen, Germany; International Meeting onBioinformaticsand OMICs October 27- 30,2015 Varadero, Cuba; The 2ndPlant GenomicsCongress: September 14-15, 2015 MO, USA; GET Global Conference September 17-19, 2015 Vienna, Austria

Track 12: Personal Genomics

Individual genomics is the branch of genomics worried with the sequencing and examination of the genome of a person. The genotyping stage utilizes diverse strategies, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) examination chips or incomplete or full genome sequencing.

Related Conferences: 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016, Berlin, Germany; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onHuman Genetics, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom; Visualizing biological data, 911 March 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; 1st Annual International Congress of Genetics, April 25-28, Dalian, China; Chromatin andEpigenetics, March 20-24, 2016, British Columbia, Canada; Game ofEpigenomics, April 24-28, 2016 in Dubrovnik

Track 13: Microbial Genomics

Microbial Genomics applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing routines, and bioinformatics to succession, gather, and dissect the capacity and structure of genomes in organisms. Amid the previous 10 years, genomics-based methodologies have profoundly affected the field of microbiology and our comprehension of microbial species. In view of their bigger genome sizes, genome sequencing endeavors on growths and unicellular eukaryotes were slower to begin than ventures concentrated on prokaryotes.

Related Conferences: International Conference onMolecular BiologyOctober 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 4th International Conference onIntegrative BiologyJuly 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; International Conference onMicrobial Physiology and GenomicsOctober 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; 4th International Conference onClinical Microbiology and Microbial GenomicsOctober 05-07, 2015 Philadelphia, USA; 2nd World Congress and Expo onApplied MicrobiologyOctober 31-November 02, 2016 Istanbul, Turkey; 18th International Conference onClinical Microbiologyand Microbial Genomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference onDNAand Microbial Genome Resources, February 11 - 12, 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 18th International Conference onMicrobial GenomeResources and Clinical Microbiology, January 12 - 13, 2016, Zurich, Switzerland; 18th International Conference onMolecular Geneticsand Microbiology, February 25 - 26, 2016, London, United Kingdom

Track 14: Future trends in Genomics

Genomics research holds the way to meeting a considerable lot of the difficulties of the coming years. Right now, the greatest test is in information investigation. We can produce a lot of information modestly, yet that overpowers our ability to comprehend it. The significant test of the Genome Research is we have to imbue genomic data into restorative practice, which is truly hard.

Related Conferences: International Conference onClinical and Molecular Genetics, November 28-30, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; World Congress onHuman GeneticsOctober 31- November 02, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 18th International Conference onGeneticsand Genomics, June 9 - 10, 2016, San Francisco, USA; NGS 16Genome Annotation, April 4 6, 2016, Barcelona, Spain; Maintenance of Genome Stability 2016, March 7-10, 2016, Panama, Central America;Epigenomics: new marks, new horizons, December 2015, 2 December 2015, UK;Human GenomeMeeting, 28 February 2 March 2016, Houston, USA

Track 15: Genomic Medicine Genomic Medicine as "a developing restorative train that includes utilizing genomic data around a person as a major aspect of their clinical consideration (e.g., for demonstrative or remedial choice making) and the wellbeing results and strategy ramifications of that clinical use." Already, genomic medication is having an effect in the fields of oncology, pharmacology, uncommon and undiscovered maladies, and irresistible illness.

Related Conferences: International Conference and Expo onMolecular & Cancer BiomarkersSeptember 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 4th International Conference onIntegrative Biology, July 18-20, 2016 Berlin; 7th International Conference onBiomarkers & Clinical Research, November 28-30, 2016 Baltimore, USA; International Conference onBiochemistryOctober 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; International Conference onProtein Engineering, October 26-28, 2015 Chicago, USA;BiomarkerSummit, 2123 March 2016, San Diego, United States; 18th International Conference on Biomarkers andClinical Medicine, 16-17 May, 2016, Paris, France; Circulating Biomarkers World Congress 2016, 21-22 March, 2016, Boston, USA; The Biomarker Conference, 18 - 19 February 2016, San Diego, USA; CancerMolecular Markers, 7-9, March 2016, San Francisco, USA

Track 15: Genomics Market

Genomics is the study of the genetic material or genomes of an organism. Analysts forecast the Global Genomics market will grow at a CAGR of 11.21% over the period 2013-2018. According to the report, the most important driver of the market is an increase in the demand for consumables. The growing adoption of genetic testing for various applications, especially in regions such as the APAC, and an increase in genetic testing volumes in North America and Western Europe is increasing the demand for consumables.

Related Conferences: 5th International Conference onComputational Systems BiologyAugust 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 6th International Conference onBioinformaticsMarch 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 7th International Conference onBioinformaticsOctober 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2nd International Conference onTranscriptomicsAugust 18-20, 2016 Portland, Oregon USA; International Conference onNext Generation SequencingJuly 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; The Fourteenth Asia PacificBioinformaticsConference, 11th-13 January 2016, San Francisco, USA; 18th International Conference on Bioinformatics andBiotechnology, 19 20 May 2016, Berlin, Germany; IEEE conference on Computational Intelligence in Bioinformatics &Computational Biology, October 5-7, 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand; 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods andAlgorithms, 21- 23 Feb, 2016, Rome, Italy;Bio banking2016, 57 January 2016, London, United Kingdom

OMICS International hosted3rd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics during September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA based on the theme Implications & Impacts of Genomic Advances on Global Health.

Active participation and generous response was received from the Organizing Committee Members, scientists, researchers, as well as experts from Non-government organizations, and students from diverse groups who made this conference as one of the most successful and productive events in 2015 from OMICS Group.

The conference was marked with several workshops, multiple sessions, Keynote presentations, panel discussions and Poster sessions. We received active participation from scientists, young and brilliant researchers, business delegates and talented student communities representing more than 35 countries, who have driven this event into the path of success.

The conference was initiated with a warm welcome note by Honorable guests and the Keynote forum.The proceedings went through interactive sessions and panel discussions headed byhonorable Moderator Dr. Aditi Nadkarni, New York University, USA for the conference.

The conference proceedings were carried out through various Scientific-sessions and plenary lectures, of which the following Speakers were highlighted as Keynote speakers:

Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic - Best practices in variant analysis, filtering and annotation: Andreas Scherer, Golden Helix Inc., USA

The role of genomics in gene therapy and diagnostic testing and related intellectual property issues: Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA

Epigenesis, methylation, and single strand breaks: Rosemarie Wahl, St. Mary's University, USA

The application of validation and proficiency testing concepts from current clinical genetic diagnostics for the implementation of new genetic technologies: Kathleen S Wilson, U.T Southwestern Medical Center, USA

Biomimetic membranes: Mariusz Grzelakowski, Applied Biomimetic Inc., USA

The Genomics-2015 also being highlighted for the below International workshop:

Understanding the effects of steroid hormone exposure on regulation of P53 and Bcl-2 gene expression

OMICS Group has taken the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2015 Organizing Committee, Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event. OMICS Group, on behalf of the Organizing Committee congratulates the Best Poster awardees for their outstanding performance in the field of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics and appreciates all the participants who put their efforts in poster presentations and sincerely wishes them success in future endeavors.

Poster Judging was done by: Dr. Hao Mei, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA Best Poster Award was received by: Mr. Juan Carlos Alberto Padilla, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico

Genomics-2015 attracted the Society for General Microbiology, UK and they came forward to advert their leading journals on the back side cover of conference proceedings book.

Genomics-2015 was sponsored by one of the leading bioinformatics solution center BGI Americas, USA

Genomics-2015 necessarily thanks Aeon Clinical Laboratories, USA for exhibiting recent innovations and express ways in clinical testing.

We are also obliged to various delegate experts, company representatives and other eminent personalities who supported the conference by facilitating active discussion forums. We sincerely thank theOrganizing Committee Membersfor their gracious presence, support, and assistance towards the success of Genomics-2015.

With the unique feedback from the conference,OMICS Groupwould like to announce the commencement of the "6th International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, during September 12-14, 2016 at Berlin, Germany.

For More details visit: http://genomics.conferenceseries.com/

Genomics-2014

The conference brought together a broad spectrum of the Genomics community, educators from research universities with their programs and state colleges from across the world, as well as representatives from industry and professional geosciences societies.

This 2ndInternational Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics was based on the theme Envisioning the Genomic Advances in Global Health which covered the below scientific sessions:

Functional genomics

The conference was greeted by the conference moderator Junio Cota, VTT Brasil, Brazil.The support was extended by the honorable guest Krishna Dronamraju, Foundation for Genetic Research, USA; Anton A. Komar, Cleveland State University, USA; J. Claiborne Stephens, Genomics GPS, LLC USA and energized by Keynote presentations.

This 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics uplifted with more than 30 oral presentations by researchers, scientists, professors, industry delegates and more than 6 poster participants around the globe. OMICS Group International has taken the privilege of felicitating Earth Science-2014 Organizing Committee Members, Editorial Board Members of the supported Journals and Keynote Speakers who supported for the success of this event.

Last but not the leastOMICS GroupInternational Conferences wishes to acknowledge with its deep sincere gratitude to all the supporters from the Editorial Board Members of our Open Access Journals, Keynote speakers, Honorable guests, Valuable speakers, Poster presenters, students, delegates and special thanks to the Exhibitors andMedia partnersfor their support to make this event a huge success.

With enormous feedback from the participants and supporters of 2nd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics, OMICS Group conferences is glad to announce its 3rd International Conference on Genomics and Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2015) event fron September 21-23, 2015 at San Antonio, USA.

Genomics-2013

The International Conference on Functional and Comparative Genomics & Pharmacogenomics (Genomics-2013) was organized by the OMICS Group during November 12-14, 2013 at DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Chicago-North Shore, IL, USA. The conference was well received with participation from Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee Members, researchers, scientists, technologists and students from various parts of the world. The three day program witnessed thought provoking speeches from experts which focused on the theme Recent Research Methodologies and Discoveries in Genomics Era. The theme touched upon various topics like

Functional and Comparative Genomics Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine Evolutionary and Developmental Genomics Bioinformatics in Genomics & Proteomics Cancergenomics Epigenomics, Transcriptomics and Non-coding genomics Genome Sequencing & Mapping Plant & Ecological Genomics Biomarkers & Molecular Markers

The Conference has gathered support from The European Society of Pharmacogenomics and Theranostics (ESPT), The Nestle Institute of Health Sciences and Geneticational.

Genomics-2013 has swirl up the scientific thoughts on various current genome research related areas. The conference has shown scope of pharmacogenomics (studies of how variations in the human genome affect response to the drugs) and its implications in global health and pharma industry. The conference focused on how pharmacogenomics aids in diagnosing genetic information thus helping to predict not only patients drug response but also many other effects like adverse drug effects and their interactions and the diseases related to that gene. The conference was initiated with a series of invited lectures delivered by both Honorable Guests and members of the Keynote Forum.

Clyde A. Hutchison, Distinguished Investigator from J. Craig Venter Institute, USA who helped in determining the first complete sequence of a DNA molecule (phiX174) and developed site-directed mutagenesis with Michael Smith (1978) delivered a phenomenal and worthy keynote presentation on Building a minimal cell The JCVI design-build-test cycle for synthetic cells during the conference.

Roger Hendrix, Distinguished Professor from University of Pittsburgh, USA explained how he and his group are involved in Genomic analysis of bacteriophages.

William C. Reinhold from National Cancer Institute, NIH, USA presented his speech on The current state of comparative genomics and pharmacogenomics, and the application of the NCI-60 resources and CellMiner tools to these problems.

The conference was chaired by Alexander Bolshoy, Yasuo Iwadate, Gil Atzmon, Gary A. Bulla, Jatinder Lamba, William C. Reinhold, Luciano Brocchieri and Ning-Sun Yang.

Along with the participants of Genomics-2013, we would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Alexander Bolshoy and Dr. William C. Reinhold for their extreme support and assistance towards the conference.

Students from various parts of the world took active participation in poster presentations. Mr. Aren Ewing and Mr. Chih-Yao Hsu were awarded with best posters for their outstanding contribution.

OMICS Group also took the privilege of felicitating Genomics-2013 Organizing Committee, Editorial Board Members of Journal of Data Mining in Genomics and Proteomics, Journal of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, Journal of Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Biology and Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Keynote Speakers, Chair and Co-Chairs whose support led the conference into the path of excellence.

The warm support and suggestions from all the participants, inspires us in organizing 2nd International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics which will be held during September 08-09, 2014 Raleigh, USA.

Read more here:
International Conference on Genomics & Pharmacogenomics

Drug-gene testing is also called pharmacogenomics, or pharmacogenetics. All terms characterize the study of how your genes affect your bodys response to medications. The word pharmacogenomics is combined from the words pharmacology (the study of the uses and effects of medications) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions).

Your body has thousands of genes that you inherited from your parents. Genes determine which characteristics you have, such as eye color and blood type. Some genes are responsible for how your body processes medications. Pharmacogenomic tests look for changes or variants in these genes that may determine whether a medication could be an effective treatment for you or whether you could have side effects to a specific medication.

Patient Information: Pharmacogenomics Finding the Right Medication for You

Pharmacogenomic testing is one tool that can help your health care provider determine the best medication for you. Your health care provider also considers other factors such as your age, lifestyle, other medications you are taking and your overall health when choosing the right treatment for you.

The purpose of pharmacogenomic testing is to find out if a medication is right for you. A small blood or saliva sample can help determine:

The laboratory looks for changes or variants in one or more genes that can affect your response to certain medications.

Each person would need to have the same specific pharmacogenomic test only once because your genetic makeup does not change over time. However, you may need other pharmacogenomics tests if you take another medication. Each medication is associated with a different pharmacogenomics test. Keep track of all your test results and share them with your health care providers.

The need for pharmacogenomics testing is determined on an individual basis. If your pharmacogenomic test results suggest you may not have a good response to a medication, your family members may have a similar response. Mayo Clinic recommends you share this information with your family members. Your health care provider can also provide recommendations for family members who may benefit from having testing.

Current limitations of pharmacogenomics testing include:

The cost of pharmacogenomics testing varies depending on which test is ordered and your health insurance coverage. To help you determine test costs and coverage:

A federal law called the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) generally makes it illegal for health insurance companies to discriminate against you based on your genetic information. This federal law does not protect you against genetic discrimination by life insurance, disability insurance or long-term care insurance companies. Some states have laws in this area.

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Drug-Gene Testing (Pharmacogenomics) - Mayo Clinic