Category Archives: Pharmacogenomics

Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailored to your genetic makeup.

Modern medications save millions of lives a year. Yet any one medication might not work for you, even if it works for other people. Or it might cause severe side effects for you but not for someone else.

Your age, lifestyle and health all influence your response to medications. But so do your genes. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how a person's unique genetic makeup (genome) influences his or her response to medications.

Pharmacogenomics is part of a field called personalized medicine also called individualized or precision medicine that aims to customize health care, with decisions and treatments tailored to each individual patient in every way possible.

Although genomic testing is still a relatively new development in drug treatment, this field is expanding. Currently, more than 100 drugs have label information regarding pharmacogenomic biomarkers some measurable or identifiable segment of genetic information that can be used to direct the use of a drug.

Each gene provides the blueprint for the production of a certain protein in the body. A particular protein may have an important role in drug treatment for one of several reasons, including the following:

When researchers compare the genomes of people taking the same drug, they may discover that a set of people who share a certain genetic variation also share a common treatment response, such as:

This kind of treatment information is currently used to improve the selection and dosage of drugs to treat a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, lung disease, HIV infection, cancer, arthritis, high cholesterol and depression.

In cancer treatments, there are two genomes that may influence prescribing decisions the genome of the person with cancer and the genome of the cancerous (malignant) tumor.

There are many causes of cancer, but most cancers are associated with damaged DNA that allows cells to grow unchecked. The "incorrect" genetic material of the unchecked growth the malignant tumor is really a separate genome that may provide clues for treatment. For example, the drug trastuzumab (Herceptin) is most likely to be effective against breast cancer cells that have an extra copy of a particular gene and high levels of the gene's corresponding protein.

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Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics - Mayo Clinic

Welcome

Clinicians and patients recognize that not every person responds to drugs in the same way. Some drugs carry a risk of adverse reactions that often seem to occur by chance. Even drugs that are well-tolerated may be highly effective at low doses in some patients, and minimally effective at high doses in others.

The Human Genome Project has established the initial sequence of all human DNA. In doing so, the Genome Project enabled study of how variations among patient genomes affects why disease develops in some patients and not in others. Pharmacogenetics is the study of how individual DNA variations affect drug responses, and the term pharmacogenomics is often used to describe how many variations in an individual patient, or in large groups of patients, affect the outcome of drug therapy.

Vanderbilt University is a center of excellence in the study of mechanisms underlying individual variability in response to drug therapy. This work reaches from basic science to clinical medicine, and includes studies of metabolism and transport of many drugs, as well as, specific studies of drug therapies in diverse clinical settings such as arrhythmias, hypertension, autonomic dysfunction, psychiatric disease, cancer, HIV infection, and recovery from anesthesia.

Research Centers with a special focus on pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics include the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, the Center for Molecular Neuroscience, the Vanderbilt-Meharry Center for AIDS Research, the Division of Genetic Medicine, the General Clinical Research Center, the Center for Human Genetics Research, and the Center for Genetics and Health Policy. Studies of arrhythmia therapies are supported by Vanderbilt's participation in the NIH-sponsored Pharmacogenetics Research Network.

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Vanderbilt Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics is often referred to as a "revolution" or "the great new wave" in medicine - a future filled with promise not just for better, safer, and ore affordable healthcare (i.e. affordable for both consumers and third-party payers) but also, according to some, greater economic returns for drug makers. While there are in fact a handful of drugs on the market with genotype-based prescribing requirements, such as Herceptin, this next great wave has been slow to arrive. Insight Pharma Reports, Pharmacogenomics: Delivering on the promise, 2009

Guide to terms in these glossaries Site Map Related glossaries include Diagnostics Biomarkers Molecular diagnostics, genetic & genomic testing Clinical Cancer diagnostics, genomics, prognostics & therapeutics Drugs Drug safety & pharmacovigilance Drug targets Informatics: Drug discovery informatics Clinical & medical informatics Technologies Metabolic engineering & profiling Microarrays Sequencing Biology Expression, gene & proteinGenomicsSNPs & genetic variations

ADME: Abbreviation for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion. See also pharmacokinetics, drug disposition. [IUPAC Med Chem] Also referred to as ADME/ Tox ADME/ Toxicology or ADMET.

These key properties of pharmaceutical compounds are tested for as part of lead optimization activities.Related terms: DMPK, pharmacokinetics, predictive ADME, toxicogenomics.

chronopharmacokinetics: Pharmacokinetic parameters are generally assumed to be invariate with the time of day, although circadian variation of drug metabolism and drug response is known. As proposed, chronopharmacokinetics considers the implications of the chronovariability of pharmacokinetic parameters. In order to investigate chronovariation in the rate of disappearance of a substance from the approximate a linear course until very low blood levels are attained. ... It is concluded that: 1) rhythmicity within elimination curves can only be determined by repetition of the experiment at different times of the diel period; 2)the expectation that a rate-constant estimated at one time of the day may be valid for another part of the day carries with it an unknown risk. No pharmacokinetic analysis can be considered definitive unless chronopharmacokinetic variation of parameters is considered. FM Sturtevant, Chronopharmacokinetics of ethanol. I. Review of the literature and theoretical considerations, Chronobiologia 3(3): 237- 262, Jul-Sept 1976

chronopharmacology: The science dealing with the phenomenon of rhythmicity in living organisms is called chronobiology. The branch dealing with the pharmacologic aspects of chronobiology is termed chronopharmacology, which may be subdivided into chronotherapy, chronopharmacokinetics and chronotoxicity. WA Ritschel, H Forusz, Chronopharmacology: a review of drugs studied, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacology 16(1): 57- 75, Jan-Feb 1994 Related terms; Pharmacogenomics

clinical pharmacology: The branch of pharmacology that deals directly with the effectiveness and safety of drugs in humans. MeSH, 1980

Over the past decades, the scope of clinical pharmacology within the pharmaceutical industry has widened considerably. Key growth has been in the area of translational science and exploratory medicine, where clinical pharmacologists are nowadays the mediator between basic research and establishment of clinical usefulness. This role has led to and is supported by the rapid developments in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation, a strong focus on biomarkers for early informed decision-making, and the advent of pharmacogenomics into safety and efficacy predictions and evaluations. The ultimate goal - safer, more efficacious drug prescription - is shared with that of today's drive for more personalized medicine. This article reviews the evolution of clinical pharmacology within the industry, the regulatory, clinical and societal drivers for this evolution, and the analogy with the establishment of personalized medicine in clinical practice. Clinical pharmacology, biomarkers and personalized medicine: education please. Koning P, Keirns J. Biomark Med. 2009 Dec;3(6):685-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20477707

clinical pharmacometabolomics: The segregation of patient populations using small molecule biomarkers in clinical trials, adverse drug reaction, and drug efficacy evaluation. Phenomenome Discoveries http://www.phenomenome.com/ Broader term: pharmacometabolomics

computational pharmacology: Our ultimate goal is transforming the process of drug design through the use of advanced computational techniques, particularly machine learning and knowledge- based approaches applied to high throughput molecular biology data. We create novel algorithms for the analysis and interpretation of gene expression arrays, proteomics, metabonomics, and combinatorial chemistry. We also create tools for building, maintaining and applying knowledge- bases of molecular biology, and for knowledge- driven inference from multiple biological data types. Finally, we are developing and applying natural language processing techniques for information extraction from and management of the biomedical literature. The UCHSC Center for Computational Pharmacology, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, US http://compbio.ucdenver.edu/Hunter_lab/

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Pharmaceutical pharmacogenomics glossary & taxonomy

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Pharmacogenomics

Your Doctor's New Genetic Tools

When physicians are given the tools to evaluate a patient's genetic make-up, they will be able to make more accurate diagnoses, and prescribe more efficient drug therapies with fewer adverse side effects.

Differences between people extend beyond our outer physical features. How individuals respond to drugs for the treatment of cancer or other illnesses differs based on the activity and function of enzymes in the body. This information is available in each individual's genetic profile. Even today, genetics is being integrated into individuals' medical treatment plans.

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APA format: Genetic Science Learning Center (2014, June 22) Your Doctor's New Genetic Tools. Learn.Genetics. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pharma/intro/ MLA format: Genetic Science Learning Center. "Your Doctor's New Genetic Tools." Learn.Genetics 10 July 2015 <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pharma/intro/> Chicago format: Genetic Science Learning Center, "Your Doctor's New Genetic Tools," Learn.Genetics, 22 June 2014, <http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/pharma/intro/> (10 July 2015)

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New Genetic Tools Learn Genetics

Welcome to DNA Stat. We specialize in personalized medicine services, specifically in the pain management and pharmacogenomics arena. We take pride in both our research and unsurpassed customer service, providing clients with genetic & pharmacogenomics testing which is the fastest growing field in the medical industry today.

Pain management and pharmacogenomics is vitally important as we progress into the 21st century as it is a realization and acknowledgement that one size does not fit all when it comes to medications. What might work for one individual flawlessly could mean an adverse reaction and a trip to the emergency room for another. Genetic Testing is the tool used to determine the difference before the medication is ingested. In this way, we are spearheading and defining personalized medicine services and enabling people to recover and maintain their illnesses and conditions worry-free. By eliminating the guess work, patients can recover more fully and quicker than ever before.

We know that the medical industry can be daunting to most people. Fortunately, the genetic & pharmacogenomics testing at DNA Stat comes down to a simple Buccal swab of the cheek. No needles involved, no fear, no blood no problem. Within three weeks, the patients doctor will have in his or her hands a Pharm D Report which is the roadmap to prescribing better medications and better treatments for their patient. DNA Stat, the leader in genetic& pharmacogenomics testing, is changing the way the world sees medicine one patient at a time.

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Pharmacogenomic Testing Services | Personalized ... - DNA stat

CDC authors are indicated in bold

Distinct pathological phenotypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in recipients of prion-contaminated growth hormone. Cali I, Miller CJ, Parisi JE, Geschwind MD, Gambetti P, Schonberger LB. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015 Jun 25;3(1):37.

Bacterial factors associated with lethal outcome of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: genomic case-control studies Donnenberg MS, Hazen TH, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Antonio M, Hossain A, Mandomando I, Ochieng JB, Ramamurthy T, Tamboura B, Zaidi A, Levine MM, Kotloff K, Rasko DA, Nataro JP. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 May;9(5):e0003791.

Specificity and Strain-Typing Capabilities of Nanorod Array-Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Mycoplasma pneumoniae Detection. Henderson KC, Benitez AJ, Ratliff AE, Crabb DM, Sheppard ES, Winchell JM, Dluhy RA, Waites KB, Atkinson TP, Krause DC. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 29;10(6):e0131831

Identification of influenza A/PR/8/34 donor viruses imparting high hemagglutinin yields to candidate vaccine viruses in eggs Johnson A, Chen LM, Winne E, Santana W, Metcalfe MG, Mateu-Petit G, Ridenour C, Hossain MJ, Villanueva J, Zaki SR, Williams TL, Cox NJ, Barr JR, Donis RO. PLoS One. 2015 ;10(6):e0128982.

A novel botulinum toxin, previously reported as serotype H, has a hybrid structure of known serotypes A and F that is neutralized with serotype A antitoxin Maslanka SE, Luquez C, Dykes JK, Tepp WH, Pier CL, Pellett S, Raphael BH, Kalb SR, Barr JR, Rao A, Johnson EA. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 10.

Effects of laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles on cytotoxicity, chemokine expression, reactive oxygen species, DNA methylation, and DNA damage: a comprehensive analysis in human small airway epithelial cells, macrophages, and lymphoblasts Pirela SV, Miousse IR, Lu X, Castranova V, Thomas T, Qian Y, Bello D, Kobzik L, Koturbash I, Demokritou P. Environ Health Perspect. 2015 Jun 16.

Pathway-Focused Genetic Evaluation of Immune and Inflammation Related Genes with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Rajeevan MS, Dimulescu I, Murray J, Falkenberg VR, Unger ER. Hum Immunol. 2015 Jun 24. pii: S0198-8859(15)00180-9.

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