Category Archives: Nanomedicine

Tatiana Bronich, PhD, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Dean and Associate Dean, Bouv College

Tatiana has served as a Professor for the College of Pharmacy at the University of Nebraska Medical Center since 2012 and as the Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies since 2019.

Tatianas great service and contributions to the field of pharmaceutical sciences is evident in her current appointments, where she serves as Director of the NIH Center of Biomedical Research Excellence Nebraska Center for Nanomedicine, Co-Director of the Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, and Director of the Nanomaterials Core Facility.

Tatiana is a PhD-trained polymer chemist, whose research interests are in the area of self-assembling polymer materials and applications of these materials in medicine. She is passionate about developing novel classes of environmentally and chemical-stimuli responsive nanoparticles and gels and conducts fundamental studies on structure and transitions in these materials.

Tatiana has been a part of the College of Pharmacy at University of Nebraska Medical Center in various capacities since 1995. She has worked her way from a postdoctoral research associate to endowed professorship and to associate dean.

The School of Pharmacy values the diversity espoused by Northeastern University and the Bouv College of Health Sciences community. This includes respect for the multiple and diverse identities of our shared humanity such as race, ethnicity, class, ability, language, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, religion, immigration status, age, nationality, and military service. We enliven the climate of diversity in Bouv through culturally informed teaching, learning, scientific discovery and scholarship, patient care, service, dialogue, and relationship building. Our academic community is committed to advocacy, equity and inclusion for all.

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School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences - Northeastern

Accidental discoveries have always led to intriguing research in science, and one such incident by a group of researchers has been published in the journal American Chemical Society.

Image Credit:Billion Photos/Shutterstock.com

Polymeric nanoparticles have so far been proven to be useful for biomedical applications such as for the fabrication of nanostructures; however, their natural function for biological activities has not received much attention. This article will uncover the natural disposition of polymeric nanoparticles for function in biological activities such as targeting submandibular salivary glands.

A major challenge within drug delivery and nanomedicine consist of the ability to target specific tissues.

While there have been increased efforts in this area by innovative researchers through enhancing the selectivity of current nanomedicine drug delivery systems as well as novel strategies to increase targeting, this challenge has not yet been overcome.

The field of nanomedicine thus far has attempted to target specific tissues by utilizing ligands to identify and recognize receptors located on tissue-specific cells. This has resulted in ligands such as antibodies, peptides, aptamers, and others being conjugated onto nanoparticle surfaces, allowing functionalization and increasing the specificity of drug delivery systems. Still, with complex designs, there is difficulty translating a ready-made product for clinical use.

The use of unmodified nanoparticles with intrinsic biological activities could be potentially used to decrease the level of processing required for a fully functional and functionalized drug delivery system. This has made biological macromolecules such as peptides, nucleic acids, and proteins desirable due to their natural ability to have specific molecular interactions with tissues.

Additionally, synthetic polymers can also be exploited for this purpose. They also possess the ability to have interactions for targeting biological functions due to moieties that selectively interact with targets to interfere with their operations.

However, with polymeric nanoparticles being widely used as a drug carrier in nanomedical research, the use of these specialized particles would be useful for the purpose of tissue targeting.

Researchers within this particular study found that polyethyleniminepoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)2(PEIPLGA), usually used in gene and protein delivery, can mediate the targeting of submandibular salivary glands of mice after being intravenously injected for in vivo experimentation.

The research team found that unmodified polyethyleniminepoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)2(PEIPLGA) nanoparticles with the hydrophilic PEI fully exposed on the surface around the aqueous phase could selectively accumulate in these mice submandibular salivary glands due to a high affinity with acetylcholine receptors in the specific tissue.

This is comparable to FDA-approved drugs such as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 3 (M3 receptor)-binding drugs. This illustrates the potential similarity in efficacy, a promising step for a novel drug system utilizing nanomedicine in the form of polymeric nanoparticles for gene targeting.

PEIPLGA nanoparticles can adsorb many negatively charged biological molecules such as RNA, protein, and DNA and have already been commonly utilized for the delivery of nucleic acid or protein drugs through nonselective static electric attraction.

However, the novel aspect of this particular research focused on PEI-PLGA nanoparticles being able to interact with the M3 acetylcholine receptor, which is expressed in a large volume in the submandibular salivary glands.

The development of synthetic polymers such as PEI-PLGA nanoparticles for biological applications can illustrate the interaction of polymers and proteins and can aid in the development of design strategies for nanomedical drug systems.

Additionally, this research would be useful for the development of M3 receptor-targeted therapies to enhance the treatment of diseases relating to the expression of the M3 receptor. An example of such a disorder includes Sjgren syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands, including salivary and lacrimal glands.

This receptor is also overexpressed in other organs such as the brain, with cholinergic transmission at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors being critical for higher brain function, including learning and memory and a loss of synapses resulting in symptoms relating to Alzheimers disease.

However, while this potential for brain treatment for motor neuron diseases can be technically possible, further research is required as few PEI-PLGA nanoparticles have been observed in the brain, which may be due to the blood-brain barrier.

The researchers have theorized that other muscarinic receptor subtypes such as M1 receptors are also overexpressed in the submandibular gland, so improving the selectivity of PEI-PLGA to target these subtypes can also be a research point.

While no obvious change was found in the level of salivary secretion within mice injected with PEI-PLGA nanoparticles within 24 hours, the targeting ability of these novel polymeric nanoparticles for biological activities is a promising start for possible interference in M3 signaling pathways and function.

This research can be exploited for many useful applications as summarized above and further illustrates the significance of nanomedicine in advancing diseases.

Continue reading: Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications.

Haam, J. and Yakel, J., (2017)Cholinergic modulation of the hippocampal region and memory function.Journal of Neurochemistry, 142, pp.111-121. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14052

Heller Brown, J. and Laiken, N., (2012)Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors.Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System, pp.75-78. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386525-0.00015-9

Xu, J., Wan, K., Wang, H., Shi, X., Wang, J., Zhong, Y., Gao, C., Zhang, Y. and Nie, G., (2021)PolyethyleniminePoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)2 Nanoparticles Show an Innate Targeting Ability to the Submandibular Salivary Gland via the Muscarinic 3 Receptor.ACS Central Science, 7(11), pp.1938-1948. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c01083

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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Polymeric Nanoparticles and the Future of Gene Delivery Methods - AZoNano

CSIR-Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB) scientists in collaboration with CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) announced on Thursday that they have made progress towards developing a non-toxic bio-drug derived from turmeric through a gene silencing approach to treat cancer.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene silencing approach and a promising tool for targeted and focused therapy for chronic diseases like cancer. The lack of safe and effective delivery methods for RNAi molecules is one of the key challenges against using RNAi-based therapy in biological systems.

CCMBs Dr. Lekha Dinesh Kumar and her group in collaboration with NCLs polymer science and engineering division have developed nano-curcumin structures (derived from turmeric) to encapsulate the RNAi and other molecules that aid in targeting specific tissues.

The proposed bio-drug is bio-compatible with a higher uptake efficiency, and shows effective site-specific delivery with regression of tumors in two different mouse models of colon and breast cancer. The use of curcumin, a well-known nutraceutical with high anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties with RNAi, showed tumor retardation with six months survival in aggressive models of colon and breast cancer, says Dr. Kumar.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the quest to find plausible therapeutic interventions to replace non-specific chemo drugs has been leading to the development of novel strategies to combat cancer. This work has been published in the journal Nanoscale.

In another study with the School of Nanosciences, Central University, Gujarat and Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry, RMIT Australia, they designed an eco-friendly and pH-responsive dietary fibre inulin-based nanodevice to target colon cancer.

This device suggests the possibility of substituting synthetic substances with natural compounds in bio-drug formulations for better bio-degradability, tissue accumulation, and lesser toxicity.

The results from this work have been published in the journal Nanomedicine, said an official release.

We have demonstrated that RNAi combined with appropriate targeting agents and encapsulations made of natural biomaterials have high translational capacity in mice models of cancer. This group of bio-drugs can revolutionize cancer therapeutics. But, it should be assessed in other cancer model systems to bring out the utility of these therapeutics in the clinical trials, she added.

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Now, a bio-drug derived from turmeric to treat cancer - The Hindu

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Nanomedicine Market: Global Industry Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecast 2021-2026" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global nanomedicine market exhibited strong growth during 2015-2020. Looking forward, the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 10% during 2021-2026.

Keeping in mind the uncertainties of COVID-19, we are continuously tracking and evaluating the direct as well as the indirect influence of the pandemic on different end-use sectors. These insights are included in the report as a major market contributor.

Nanomedicine refers to specialized multi-functional drugs with programmable properties used for the treatment of diseases and repairing tissues at a molecular level.

It involves the use of nanoparticles, nanotubes and nanodevices, such as imaging agents, nanorobots, biochips and polymer therapeutics, for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of a disorder and analyzing the underlying pathophysiology. The nanoparticles include metal and metal oxides, liposomes and inorganic particles, which are used for transporting the drugs and targeting difficult to reach areas in the body.

As a result, nanomedicine finds extensive applications for drug delivery, diagnostic imaging, vaccines, regenerative medicines and implants.

Nanomedicine Market Trends:

The increasing prevalence of chronic medical ailments across the globe is one of the key factors creating a positive outlook for the market. Nanomedicine is highly beneficial in the treatment of oncological, neurological, urological, infectious, ophthalmological, orthopedic, immunological and cardiovascular diseases.

Moreover, as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to spread across the globe, there has been a significant increase in the demand for nanomedicines to produce vaccines and nanocarrier systems with enhanced efficacies. In line with this, shifting preference for personalized medicines is also contributing to the growth of the market.

Additionally, various technological advancements in the nanoscale technologies for improved diagnostic procedures are acting as other growth-inducing factors. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are using nanorobotic systems and other novel solutions for the effective administration of nanomedicines. Other factors, including improvements in the healthcare infrastructure, along with extensive research and development (R&D) activities in the field of biotechnology, are anticipated to drive the market toward growth.

Key Market Segmentation:

The publisher provides an analysis of the key trends in each sub-segment of the global nanomedicine market, along with forecasts at the global, regional and country level from 2021-2026. Our report has categorized the market based on region, nanomolecule type, product and application.

Competitive Landscape:

The competitive landscape of the industry has also been examined along with the profiles of the key players being:

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/6lf6n6

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The Global Nanomedicine Market is Expected to Grow at a CAGR of Around 10% During 2021-2026 - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Business Wire

Dai M, Wu Z, Qi S, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:18631870.

The Authors, Editor and Publisher of International Journal of Nanomedicine have agreed to retract the published article. Concerns were raised by the Editor following the authors request to make several corrections to the published article. Many of the requested corrections related to data descriptions in the Materials and Methods and the Results and Discussion. Readers should note the Editor confirms the retraction is not due to academic misconduct but owing to the number of corrections reported within the article which were too numerous to be corrected in a standard corrigendum. The authors may consider republishing a corrected version of the article. The authors agreed with the decision to retract the article to maintain the preciseness of the publication record and wish to apologise for the number of corrections that were reported.

Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction.

The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as Retracted.

This retraction relates to this paper

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License.By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms.

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Retraction for the article Implementation of PPI with Nano Amorphous O | IJN - Dove Medical Press

The existence of microbial antigens and other impurities mistakenly introduced during the development and purification of bionanopharmaceutical devices can stimulate the innate immune system, as described in a paper published in the journal Molecules.

An immediate but largely non-specific local immune reaction including both biochemical and molecular components initiates the body's first "innate" defense against foreign armies.

Trained immunity is anon-specific, T-cell self-sufficient innate immunity that relies primarily on macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion for long-term functional reconfiguration of the innate immune cell response instead of the epigenetic hybridization required by innate and adaptive immunity.

Due tothe high financial and social expenses of medicine development, research, and approval, it iscritical that any prospective product "failure" is not caused by the accidental inclusion of innate immunity modulating impurities IIMIs

Activated phagocytes produce simultaneously stimulatory as well as inhibitory cytokines in the influence of IIMIs to stimulate and control the immune response.

Chemokines are the most diversified family of cytokines, with roles ranging from cell migratory regulation (e.g., recruiting and activation of local neutrophils and basophils to the infection site) through embryogenesis, innate and adaptive body's immune function and structure, and cancer metastasis.

In most cases, cytokine-driven immunostimulation is beneficial, such as when it is activated by adjuvants to boost vaccine effectiveness.

Immunological stimulation that is unanticipated or uncontrolled, particularly in the presence of therapeutic substances, causes unwanted cellular immune responses and antibody formation in reaction to the medicinal product.

Immunotoxicity is defined as "any unfavorable effect on the structure or function of the immune mechanism, or other systems influenced by the same biologic mediatorsas a result of immune response malfunction."

It is further divided into three categories based on the intensity of the response: non-specific immunostimulation, uncontrolled hypersensitivity that causes tissue injury, and immunosuppression.

Impurities in drug products trigger innate cellular responses and produce biomarkers for bioassay detection and Quantification. Currently, only -glucans and endotoxins can be detected and quantified directly using specialized assays. The remaining population of impurities must instead be detected and quantified indirectly using downstream biomarkers (e.g., proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) and immune cell activation as hallmarks of contamination. Image Credit:Holley, C., and Dobrovolskaia, M.

When compared to classically formulated variants of such prescription medications, the use of nanotechnology is becoming a popular method for reducing drug immunotoxicity whilst also improving medicinal solubility, biodistribution, and cell-specific distribution. However, several nanocarriers have been shown to have immunomodulatory properties.

For example, RNA nanoparticles have been found to increase inflammation by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The raw materials used to make nanoplatforms can have a variety of immunological impacts, either as a result of contamination or because of the chemical features of the material.

Certain nanomaterials, including lipid-based nanocarriers and carbon nanotubes, are immunostimulatory, causing cytokine production and inflammation.

The rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) became the bioassay used to identify microbial contamination. It detects pyrogens, as well as any contaminants that causea histamine reaction, chills, fever, and other inflammation side effects.

As the rabbit pyrogen test identifies all pyrogens, it has a high level of unpredictability, is costly, and requiressignificant animal usage for tests.

As issues with beta-glucan and endotoxin identification in nanoformulations arise from excipient-, carrier-, or drug-mediated external interference, sources of interferences and techniques to overcome them have been discovered. Here, direct detection methods are often utilized.

For an efficient test, a suitable biomarkercan be any chemical with a beneficial attribute, such as a mechanical by-product, that can be measured or assessed, either direct or indirect, and utilized as an indication of anormal biological, pathological, or pharmacological condition.

Recent experimentshave placed focus on thein vitro and in vivo effects of IIMIsbecause as the long-term objective of these investigations is to prevent human immunotoxicity and probable immunogenicity.

These biological tests detect immune cell growth and proliferation or measure quantities of released innate immunity biomarkers,which may help to prime immune cells and contribute to immunogenicity.

The FDA's mandated panel of IIMIs for measurement should be broadened to include a far larger range of impurities, such as microbial antigens that may trigger additional innate immune pathways, popular manufacturing leachates and solvents, and hazardous chemicals needed to keep host cells alive.

The utilization of a single high-throughput platform designed to detect a large panel of indicators from the same class (proteins, small molecules, or nucleic acids) simultaneously, such as multiplex MS, ELISAs, or genomic arrays, should be used to standardize data across trials and laboratories. Broader nanoassortment of cytokines can be applied to make the data more complete.

Continue reading: Why Nanotoxicology Should be the First Step Towards a Nanotechnology Future.

Holley, C., and Dobrovolskaia, M. (2021). Innate Immunity Modulating Impurities and the Immunotoxicity of Nanobiotechnology-Based Drug Products. Molecules 26(23). Available at:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/23/7308

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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Understanding the Immune Response to Nanomedicine Pharmaceuticals - AZoNano