Category Archives: Chemistry

It has been nearly a month since the Nets pulled off the megadeal for James Harden, but the team still hasnt been able to fully realize its Big 3.

From injuries to quarantine to personal leave, Harden, Kevin Durant and Kyrie Irving have averaged just over a start per week together. They havent played together since an impressive Feb. 2 win over the Clippers, but the trio hopes to be reunited Saturday, when Durant is expected to make his return to Golden State.

The terrific trio have looked good on the court together (theyre 4-1 as starters), but the Nets are waiting for the day when they look truly great like the superteam they bargained for.

[Harden] is in a much better shape than when he got here; hell probably get in better condition as the season goes, as well, coach Steve Nash said. Its funny. [Its been] four weeks already, Kevin and Kai and James have played 5 games, if you include the Raptors game, together.

So its kind of astonishing to have him for a month and theyve only played five [starts] together, or 5 games. So lots of time [left], but weve got to get going here and get all three of them on the court and our complete roster going, and try to build and continually improve even if its small margins, small improvements. If we keep getting better, weve got a chance to be a special team.

The Nets agreed to the Harden deal Jan. 13, and he debuted three days later. But at that point Irving was still out following a personal leave and the ensuing quarantine.

Then they lost Durant to his second contact-tracing incident of the season, which forced another weeklong quarantine. Hes expected back when the Nets tip off a five-game Western swing with his return to the Bay Area for Saturdays game.

He gives the team confidence. Hes obviously one of the best players in the history of the game, but for our team, he gives us confidence. The guys look to him, Nash said. Whether he has the ball in his hands or doesnt, hes an important part of what were trying to do.

The Nets are 3-0 with the Big 3 starting along with Joe Harris and DeAndre Jordan. Theyre 1-0 with the trio starting with Harris and stretch-5 Jeff Green, and 0-1 using a big lineup with both Jordan and Green.

They suffered a disjointed loss to the Raptors when Durant was scratched before tipoff for contact tracing, then logged 19 minutes and finally was yanked off the court when the person he had been in contact with tested positive for COVID-19.

The Big 3 have logged 164:38 together over six games, with the Nets a plus-18 in that stretch. But theyve lived up to their billing as fourth-quarter closers.

The Nets are a stellar plus-24 in the 41 minutes Durant, Harden and Irving have logged together over five games. Their net rating is 28.9, and their offensive rating is 148.2, the best of any trio that has played at least 40 minutes together.

Still, they can get better as Harden not only gets in better shape, but also gets more aggressive both in communicating defensively and asserting himself while Durant and Irving are on court.

Thats my job. I have to do a better job of just communicating and maybe watching more film, communicating more on where guys should be, just using my voice more so guys can be in their spots, Harden said. So, as one of the leaders of this team, Ive got to do a better job communicating: And I will be.

Harden had a couple of animated talks with Jordan during Tuesdays loss in Detroit, and the center responded with a double-double in Wednesdays win over the Pacers at Barclays Center. When Harden harnesses the same aggression playing with Durant and Irving as he does on the second unit, itll unlock the Big 3s potential.

Ultimately, we want to get to a place where all three are playing basketball together offensively instead of taking turns. In theory, he should be just as aggressive when theyre in the lineup, Nash said. An aggressive James is the way we want him to play.

This trip offers the Nets and the rest of the NBA a chance to see that.

Thats going to help us on the floor, being able to just build that chemistry with guys, Jordan said. And obviously once we get Kevin back from his timeout, well incorporate. This road trip will be good for us.

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Nets hoping Big 3 finally will get chance to build chemistry - New York Post

Saying a loved one has a heart of gold is high praise. A compliment of Shakespearean origins, heart of gold signifies the person is kind and honourable. Similarly, deeming someone as good as goldmeans they are genuine, reliable and well-behaved. Trade the gold in both idioms for arsenic, lead or thallium, and praise becomes poison. The toxicity of these other semi-metals and metals is so well known that heart of lead or as good as arsenic would be widely recognised as grievous insults. For those persons held close to our hearts, gold-themed descriptions bestow the glittering qualities of the metal to the individual and relationship splendour, stability and safety.

Bulk gold is considered safe because it is one of the least reactive metals.(Nano gold is weird.1 The fate and toxicity of gold nanoparticles are still challenging questions to answer.) Gold metal is impervious to various forms of chemical corruption that would consume lesser metals, earning its noble metal moniker and making it ideal for currency. For its shine and statement of status, pure gold has adorned weaponry throughout history for style, rather than substance. Metallic gold, for all its superior qualities, is too soft for heavy combat.2,3

Death by gold has made a splash in fiction, but many fans know this is just flashy mayhem.Consider the death of Viserys Targaryenin HBOs Game of Thrones. Viserys pushed his sister Daenerys and her husband Khal Drogo too far, even petulantly demanding a crown. Drogo happily and brutally gave Viserys a crown by pouring molten gold (which has a temperature of1064Cor more) upon his head. Viserys death was gilded, but many melted metals would have given the same gruesome outcome.

Far less gory, but just as dramatic, was the demise of Bond girl Jill Masterson in Goldfinger. Painted head to toe in gold, Masterson allegedly died due to skin suffocation a cause of death as ludicrousas Bonds double entendres. Bulk gold is considered so safe its been used as a dental prosthetic and restorativefor over 4000 years.4,5 People even eat pure gold with no ill effects like the worlds most expensive hamburger that was wrapped in gold leaf, or similarly adorned sparkling sushi and doughnuts. But just as all that glitters is not gold, not all gold is harmless. Bulk gold is considered a safe bet,6but all bets are off with gold salts.

The pharmacology and toxicology of gold(i) compounds is markedly different from metallic gold.5 This can be a boon or bane. Select gold(i) salts were literally the gold standard of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis,79with their therapeutic activity likely due to several mechanisms. Chrysotherapy, so named because gold is called chrysos in Greek, must be carefully managed. The toxicity of medicinally used gold salts follows along the lines of classic heavy metal poisoning, including the hallmark symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Gold salts affect a number of bodily systems and sites including skin, mucosa, kidney, blood, bone marrow, lung, nervous system and the liver. Deaths are rare, though they have been documented in the literature for several decades.810None appear to be the result of someone poisoning the patient. To find a documented case of criminal chrysotherapy, I had to take a dramatic turn.

In an episode of the American medical TV drama House, an apparently happily married couple are treated by Dr House and his team, the husband suffering from an array of ailments. The wifes displays of devotion turn out to be masking discontent. House proves through the use of the stannous chloride colour testfor gold11 that the wife has been poisoning her spouse. She is literally caught purple handed, as the test produces a pigment called purple of Cassius.12

Houses trick of coating his hands in stannous chloride test solution and clasping the wifes is not recommended for repeating, as this solution is typically 1020% weight per weight hydrochloric acid. House names the compound responsible to be the arthritis drug gold(i) sodium thiomalate (brand name Myochrysine), quipping that either the wifes fingers are worth their weight in gold or she has been sprinkling the drug on her husbands cereal.

Given the diabolical genius of this poisoning plot, you will be happy to know that getting ones nefarious hands on gold(i) sodium thiomalate might be more difficult than prospecting for gold. Like mostgold salts-based drugs, it is administered by intramuscular injection, and doses are stored at a healthcare site and administered by a healthcare professional by prescription. Perhaps most comforting to readers is that I found no real-life murderous plots featuring chrysotherapy gold salts. Lets hope users of these compounds remain as good as gold.

1 M B Cortie,Gold Bull., 2004,37, 12 (DOI: 10.1007/BF03215512)

2 J Browne,Seven Elements that have Changed the World: Iron, Carbon, Gold, Silver, Uranium, Titanium, Silicon. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2013

3 C H Fulton,Principles of Metallurgy: An Introduction to the Metallurgy of the Metals. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1910

4 H Knospet al,Gold Bull., 2003,36, 93 (DOI: 10.1007/BF03215496)

5 B Merchant,Biologicals, 1998,26, 49 (DOI: 10.1006/biol.1997.0123)

6 C J Murphyet al,Acc. Chem. Res., 2008,41, 1721 (DOI: 10.1021/ar800035u)

7 S L Best and P J Sadler,Gold Bull., 1996,29, 87 (DOI: 10.1007/BF03214741)

8 S Ueda and G A Porter,Gold salts, D-penicillamine and allopurinol. In Clinical Nephrotoxins: Renal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals (eds. M E De Broeet al). Springer US, 2008

9 A Balfourieret al,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 2020,117, 22639 (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007285117)

10 J G Macleod,Ann. Rheum. Dis., 1948,7, 143 (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1030591)

11 C Fink and G Putnam,Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 1942,14, 468 (DOI: 10.1021/i560106a008)

12 F Habashi,Eur. Chem. Bull., 2016, 5, 416 (DOI: 10.17628/ecb.2016.5.416-419)

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Heart of gold | Opinion - Chemistry World

FREMONT, Calif., Feb. 9, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Thermo Fisher Scientific, the world leader in serving science, today announced a partnership with Mindray, a leading global developer, manufacturer and supplier of medical devices, to make available to customers two clinical chemistry analyzers in the United States (U.S.) and Canada for drug screening in clinical and drug court laboratories.

"Systematically and reliably testing for drugs of abuse is key to helping addicted individuals rehabilitate, ensuring prescribed drugs are not abused and ultimately, helping to combat this crisis," said Stefan Wolf, president of the clinical diagnostics business at Thermo Fisher Scientific. "Through this exclusive partnership with Mindray we are able to address the needs of our customers in commercial labs, hospitals and the criminal justice field. Now we can better cater to the needs of those laboratories seeking to expand or increase their testing volumes, and laboratories working to consolidate and centralize their testing sites with these two medium- to high-throughput instruments."

To provide access to drug testing, Thermo Fisher and Mindray have entered into an agreement to offer the FDA-cleared and Health CanadaapprovedBS-480 (400 tests/hour) and BA-800M (800 tests/hour) analyzers to toxicology labs. Thermo Fisher will also provide an extensive menu of wet labvalidated Thermo Scientific DRI and CEDIA drugs of abuse immunoassay reagents with the instruments to enable the screening of urine samples for the presence of a given drug or a class of drugs.

Taken together, the world-class DRI and CEDIA drugs of abuse immunoassay reagents, validated on Mindray's instruments, bring a combination of performance and reliability from a single source in a cost-effective, plug-and-play solution. The solution streamlines the drug screening workflow and automates it to reduce risk of human error. The instruments also come with onboard software that has many advanced features, including sample/reagent probe collision protection, sample aggregate detection and a five-minute daily push-button self-service maintenance program.

Thermo Fisher began distributing, installing, training and servicing Mindray BS-480 and BA-800M instruments in the U.S. and Canada last month.

About Thermo Fisher Scientific

Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. is the world leader in serving science, with annual revenue exceeding $30 billion. Our Mission is to enable our customers to make the world healthier, cleaner and safer. Whether our customers are accelerating life sciences research, solving complex analytical challenges, improving patient diagnostics and therapies or increasing productivity in their laboratories, we are here to support them. Our global team of more than 80,000 colleagues delivers an unrivaled combination of innovative technologies, purchasing convenience and pharmaceutical services through our industry-leading brands, including Thermo Scientific, Applied Biosystems, Invitrogen, Fisher Scientific, Unity Lab Services and Patheon. For more information, please visit http://www.thermofisher.com.

Media Contact Information: Kathy Ruzich 510-979-5157 [emailprotected]

Secondary Contact Information: Romeo Goia 317-908-8978 [emailprotected]

SOURCE Thermo Fisher Scientific

http://www.thermofisher.com

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Thermo Fisher Scientific Partners with Mindray on Clinical Chemistry Analyzers for use with Drugs of Abuse Immunoassays - PRNewswire

How have you managed to keep your research group motivated during the pandemic?

In Japan, we actually didnt have a serious long-term lockdown, so we were able to work in the lab but with limited members in two groups. We were therefore able to maintain a sufficient level of research, so that was good. I worked from home mostly, and we used Slack to communicate as a group. Through this channel, members of the group were able to share some of their skills for others to learn from. Some members are experienced in coding, other members are experienced in the use of graphics software, and others are able to share their skills in carrying out DFT calculations. Each Slack channel was used as a learning tool tutorials were given to help other members learn a new skill, and this provided an opportunity for questions to be asked on each topic. This was completely spontaneous, but we were all able to learn a lot from this.

We also used this time to connect with other groups from around the world. It was a great opportunity to discuss our science and exchange results, and is something that Id like to continue to do in the future.

I enjoy research that explores the structural transformations of assembled systems, and that demonstrates how systems can adapt to their environment and any external stimuli. Nature can do this because of evolution of course, with millions of years being spent adapting systems to a particular environment. For materials science researchers, its much more difficult.

I have several favourite papers that represent this kind of research. One of these, a paper published in Nature by Professor Matthew Rosseinsky, demonstrated the adaptable porosity of peptide-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs), which were able to form nine different conformations depending on the guest molecule. The authors used dihedral principle component analysis to correlate the movement of the dihedral angle of the peptide to the total structure in order to understand how the structure changed. This was such beautiful work.

Another paper that I would like to highlight, by Professor F. Akif Tezcan (Nature 2018), demonstrates something similar but on a macroscopic scale and based on protein crystals. In this work, the authors were able to use polymers to alter parts of a protein, which enabled them to tune the resulting crystals. Macroscopic expansion of the crystals was demonstrated, whilst maintaining the lateral positon. The vector is therefore the same, but the proximity changes. This work demonstrated such careful control from the molecular to the macroscopic scale.

Becoming a group leader has led to some incredibly exciting moments in my career. On a few occasions, members of my group have come into my office with such a serious expression on their face when presenting data that wasnt expected. They automatically assume that something has gone wrong during the experiment. However, most of these situations are actually quite exciting because unexpected data can come from completely different reactions to what we had expected. This allows us to construct a new story. Unexpected data means that we have to rethink our hypothesis, and through reconstruction, we can carry out new experiments to confirm our results and provide the correct answer. This has happened on a number of occasions, and I always find it incredibly exciting.

From 20072017, I was working as a group leader under the guidance of Professor Susumu Kitagawa, handling one of his sub-groups. In 2017 I became an independent professor, and my group was initially made up of only three members. We therefore had to be selective in which projects we wanted to pursue. That was quite a difficult moment, but I really appreciated the input of my postdoc at that time, Dr Gavin Craig. He was really helpful and worked incredibly hard, as he had to take over quite a lot of projects, and at the same time maintain his own research.

In our first paper in 2015, we demonstrated how we were able to prepare superstructures of flexible metal organic frameworks over multiple length scales. Here, not only were we able to control the molecular structure at the nanoscopic level, but we were also able to control the positioning of the crystals to make hierarchical architectures. From this work, we realised that there was potential to propagate the structure dynamics from the macroscopic to the nanoscopic level. However, we noted that this would be very difficult to do because of the crystallinity of MOFs they become hard materials and can become brittle under mechanical stress.

We then switched to making porous materials with metal organic polyhedra, containing cage molecules, in order to prepare systems with more of a flexible nature, which led to a 2018 publication in Chemical Science that was chosen as a Pick of the Week. Our research in Chemical Science over the past five years therefore tells quite a nice story - by changing the metal material to a cage, we were able to show the first example of flexible metal organic polyhedra. In 2020, we are now working out how we can enable transpropagation of mechanical stress in these kinds of systems, which could lead to a number of interesting applications.

We only publish papers in Chemical Science that present novel and interesting concepts, so I would definitely say that I am proud of them all! If I had to choose one however, it would be our contribution from 2019, which demonstrated the induction of gradients inside porous materials through the application of gravity. We were able to achieve this through a detailed understanding of the assembly process. I really like this concept because, through controlling the gradient, we had the chance to tune the chemical potential, which means that we can initiate the unidirectional transport of molecules. On the mesoscopic level, we are therefore able to the tune the properties of these systems.

I am very happy to say that all of my submissions to Chemical Science have been accepted. I think this is for two reasons: First of all, we only ever submit research that presents a new concept to the journal, but also because I think that Chemical Science is very accepting of new ideas and fundamental research. Other journals are quite picky, and I think care too much about research that will receive citations within the first two years rather than considering the impact that research will have in the long-term. Chemical Science is very good at choosing conceptually novel papers that will really be ground-breaking in the field over the next five to ten years.

My interests lie in translating the level of control that we have in normal macroscopic systems to the corresponding nanoscale systems. In order to do that, we require an understanding of the whole structure and all of the features of the system that we are investigating, from the nano- up to centimetre scale. I also want to further explore the introduction of separate components into these kinds of systems - if we can include more components, we have an opportunity to optimise the properties further

To celebrate the 10th anniversary ofChemical Sciencewe are publishing a number of special birthday issues, to recognise and thank members of our community who have been supporting the journal and publishing inChemical Sciencesince we launched ten years ago.

Explore our collection now.

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Celebrating 10 years of Chemical Science: Demonstrating new ideas and concepts - Royal Society of Chemistry

The Mid-Michigan Section of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) invites the public to a special presentation.

The group is committed to providing a safe and healthy environment for all meeting attendees. In light of the impact of the coronavirus, all meetings will be held virtually until further notice. The next meeting will feature an address by Mary Beth Mulcahy, "Chemical Security: Protecting Chemicals from People," from noon to 1 p.m. on Tuesday, Feb. 16.

Chemical safety aims to prevent an accidental release of hazardous materials or energy, while chemical security addresses the prevention and control of threats that have the potential to result in unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, diversion or intentional release of hazardous materials or energy. Stated more simply, chemical safety aims to protect people from chemicals while chemical security aims to protect chemicals from people. Is this seminar, Mulcahy will provide a brief introduction to chemical weapons, introduce basic chemical security concepts, and examine a toxic release described in a U.S. Chemical Safety Board report through a chemical security lens.

Mulcahy is an R&D S&E, systems research and analysis professional in the Global Chemical and Biological Security (GCBS) program and a causal analyst with the Environmental Safety & Health (ES&H) Performance Assurance Occurrence Management team at Sandia National Laboratories. As part of GCBS, Mulcahy works with an interdisciplinary team to engage global partners for the identification and integration of technical solutions in chemical security and safety. Her work with ES&H includes performing casual analysis of safety incidents and near-misses to support Sandia's goal of continual safety learning.

In additional, Mulcahy serves as the editor-in-chief of the American Chemical Society's ACS Chemical Health & Safety journal which focuses on publishing high-quality articles of interest to scientists, EH&S professionals, and non-research personnel who manage or work in areas where chemicals are used or hazardous waste is generated.

Previously, Mulcahy worked for nine years as a chemical incident investigator with the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), an independent federal agency that determines the root causes of major chemical accidents in the United States. At the CSB, Mulcahy investigated accidents in a variety of settings; a five-worker fatality on an onshore oil rig blowout, a dust explosion at a corn milling facility in Wisconsin that killed five workers and injured 14 others, an 11-fatatilty offshore oil drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon), a 14-fatality ammonium nitrate explosion, a university laboratory, as well as explosions at a food and power plants.

Mulcahy earned her Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Colorado in Boulder. After graduate school, she completed a postdoctoral fellowship funded by the National Science Foundation at the Instituto Balseiro in Bariloche, Argentina, and then spent time doing research for a biotechnology company before joining the CSB.

The lecture qualifies for one continuing education hour. CEH certificates are needed for licensed Professional Engineers to maintain their license and certificates will be provided to interested attendees.

For seminar call-in information, email Pranav Karanjkar at pranav.karanjkar@dow.com.

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Mid-Michigan AIChE to host presentation on chemical security Feb. 16 - Midland Daily News

Chemical techniques in India can be traced back all the way to the Indus valley or Harappan civilisation (3rd millennium BCE). Following Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray (1861-1944), the eminent Indian chemist of the last century and a historian of chemistry, five stages in its development in India can be recognised. They are: (i) the pre-Vedic stage upto 1500 BCE, including the Harappan period, (ii) the Vedic and the Ayurvedic period upto 700 CE, (iii) the transitional period from 700 CE to 1100 CE, (iv) the Tantric period from 700 CE to 1300 CE, and (v) the Iatro-Chemical period from 1300 CE to 1600 CE. The dates cannot be considered definitive.

Metallurgy was intimately linked with chemistry in India. We will discuss Indian metallurgy and metal-working in a later article, focussing our attention on chemical techniques for now. Pre-Harappan Indians were acquainted with the art of making baked or burnt clay pottery as well as painting the same with two or more colours. This implies the construction of open and closed kilns. The pottery of the Harappan culture consisted of mainly wheel-made ware, turned in various shapes, sizes and colours out of the well-levigated alluvium of the Indus.

The colour and other characteristics of the wares depended upon the composition of the clay used and techniques of firing under either oxidising or reducing conditions. The Harappans also experimented with various mortars and cements made of burnt limestone, gypsum and mica, among other components. Finely crushed quartz, once fired, produced faience, a synthetic material; it was then coated with silica (perhaps fused with soda), to which copper oxide was added to give it a shiny turquoise glaze. Faience was then shaped into various ornaments and figurines.

Addition of iron oxide, manganese oxide, etc., resulted in different colours. The Harappan artisans must have had an intimate knowledge of the processing and properties of several naturally occurring chemical substances. The craftsmen were highly skilled in the art of shaping and polishing the precious and semi-precious stones used for the production of beads. In the second stage, Rigveda (earlier than 1500 BCE) mentions many fermented drinks and methods of fermentation, apart from various metals. Soma juice from the stems of the soma plant was highly extolled and considered a divine drink. Madhu and suraa (brewed from barley grain) also find mention.

Curd or fermented milk was an important food item. Cloths were mainly made of wool and the garments were often dyed red, purple or brown. Obviously, the Vedic Indians were acquainted with the art of dyeing with certain natural vegetable colouring matters. A type of pottery, now known as Painted Grey Ware, is associated with the Vedic period. This ceramic is a thin gray deluxe ware, mostly wheel-made, well-burnt, glossy and copiously painted. Later, Northern Black Polished Ware also came into being in the eastern part of the Gangetic plains. Also, plenty of iron objects of the later period have been found throughout India.

Glass beads dating back to the 10th century BCE have been discovered. In the succeeding centuries, the glass industry gained momentum and there were notable feats of excellence, as evidenced by the archeological finds in over 30 sites spread over India. The sites include Taxila in present Pakistan, Hastinapur, Ahichchhatra and Kopia in Uttar Pradesh, Nalanda in Bihar, Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Nasik and Nevasa in Maharashtra, Brahmagiri in Karnataka, and Arikamedu in Puducherry. The glass objects include beads of different colours, including gold foil ones, glass vessels in green and blue colours, flasks of agate-banded type, bangles, ear-reels, eye-beads, etc.

There is no doubt that the glassmakers were skilful in controlling the temperature of fusion, moulding, annealing, blotching and gold foiling. The chemical composition of a typical glass specimen from Kopia is as follows: silica 66.6%, alumina 7%, alkalies (Na2O) 21.7%, ferric oxide 1.6%, lime 2.4%, manganese oxide .07%, and traces of titania and magnesia. Kautilyas Arthashaastra (3rd or 4th century BCE), a well-known text of governance and administration, has a lot of information on prevailing chemical practices. Apart from mines and minerals, it discusses the details of precious stones (pearl, ruby, beryl, etc.), and also of the preparation of fermented juices (sugarcane, jaggery, honey, jambu, jackfruit, mango, etc.) and oil extraction.

It also has classifications such as sour fruit juices, liquids, spices, vegetables, etc., based on their chemical practices. The earliest versions of the two great Ayurveda classics, Charaka Samhitaa and Sushruta Samhitaa, may date back to a few centuries before the common era. They give accounts of several minerals, metals, metallic compounds, salts and fermented beverages. More importantly, they discuss the preparation of various alkalis (kshaara). Alkalis are of three types: mild (mridu), caustic (teekshna) and average (madhyama).

They are prepared from some 25 plants that are mentioned in Sushruta Samhitaa. Hot alkaline solutions were used for treating thin sheets of metals like iron, gold or silver before incorporation into drugs. Caustic alkalis were also used for treating surgical instruments. Varahamihiras Brihat-samhitaa (6th century CE) gives detailed information on the preparation of various perfumes and cosmetics. It also gives recipes for the preparation of glutinous material to be applied on the roofs and walls of buildings.

M S Sriram (sriram.physics@gmail.com)Theoretical Physicist & President,Prof. K.V. Sarma Research Foundation

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Chemistry in ancient India, from Harappan to Ayurvedic period - The New Indian Express