Category Archives: Chemistry

By analysing samples to verify countries declarations of nuclear material, Urska Repinc, an Analytical Chemist, contributes to the IAEAs mission to verify the peaceful use of nuclear material an activity known as nuclear safeguards.

I feel privileged to work at the IAEA, and I have a strong sense of responsibility for the results we report. This position allows me to use my knowledge, skills and abilities in a challenging way, says Repinc.

Repinc works in the IAEA Office of Safeguards Analytical Laboratories, which comprises two laboratories: the Nuclear Material Laboratory (NML) and the Environmental Sample Laboratory (ESL). Both laboratories analyse samples collected by IAEA inspectors in the field. The NML, where she works, analyses uranium and plutonium samples to verify nuclear material declarations, while the ESL mainly analyses cotton swipe samples to verify the absence of undeclared nuclear material.

Urska supports the work in almost all of the laboratory areas in NML, and she assists the other analysts in the treatment and measurement of nuclear material samples, said Steven Balsley, Director of the Office of Safeguards Analytical Services, IAEA. The NML is a center of excellence for the treatment, chemical processing, and measurement of nuclear material samples.

Hailing from the town of Idrija, Slovenia, Repinc studied radiochemistry at the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), in the capital Ljubljana. It was there that Repinc began her work on uranium analysis.

The way she undertook training and her research work from the very start, we realized she was a very talented analytical chemist and determined to achieve the best results, said Milena Horvat, Repincs former senior colleague and current Head of the Department of Environmental Sciences at JSI.

Following advice from her colleagues in Ljubljana, Repinc visited Austria for technical training on the analysis of uranium at the IAEA before joining the European Commissions Joint Research Centre in Karlsruhe, Germany, for post-doctoral research. Using uranium again, Repinc investigated the elements ability to aid research for cancer therapy treatments.

Working with radioactive isotopes became more complicated, however, when Repinc started a family. As a radiologically exposed worker, health and safety regulations require the reporting of a pregnancy immediately. The reactions of some disappointed her, perceiving pregnancy as a potential career-stopper.

I believe family is important. It should not be considered a disadvantage to pause your career for family reasons, said Repinc. In science, its often challenging to be at the top level while meeting familial commitments.

To overcome this challenge, Repinc looked for a position that allowed her to meet both commitments: family and career. Her qualifications and experience proved ideally-suited for her position at the IAEA. Twelve years after her first visit to the laboratories, Repinc returned this time as a member of the Safeguards team. As a hard-working and talented professional, Repinc managed to find the right chemistry between family and career.

The Agency has established fellowships and training programmes to increase the participation of women and youth in nuclear science. Such opportunities include the Safeguards Traineeship, and the new Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship Programme which recently awarded fellowships to 100 female students from around the world. These efforts also support the Agencys commitment to achieve gender parity 50 percent women and 50 percent men at all levels of professional and higher categories by 2025.

Read more about the IAEAs focus on gender equality.

Originally posted here:
Finding the Right Chemistry: Balancing Family and Nuclear Safeguards - International Atomic Energy Agency

Consider the past two major Philadelphia sports championships the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles. A common attribute between the two teams, which will forever be in the hearts of fans, is that each player and coach had chemistry with each other.

There was talent on both, but it was the chemistry that ultimately led the Phillies past the New York Mets in the division, followed by the Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Dodgers, and Tampa Bay Rays in the postseasonand what helped lift the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons, Minnesota Vikings, and New England Patriots on their way to their first-ever Super Bowl championship.

The 2020 Phillies season was unfortunate on many fronts, especially how it ended. The Phillies had perhaps the most talent on their roster since their 2007-11 postseason run. Manager Joe Girardi believes that if anything, a lot of chemistry was built across the 60-game season.

Dont be surprised if that carries the team further than expected in 2021.

I think a lot of times you create stronger chemistry when you go through difficult times, Girardi recently told reporters. You can also lose some people in a sense, but if you could get through to get to the other side, I think it creates stronger chemistry than if youre just winning because you do go through the ups and downs and have to support each other, sometimes pull each other out of slumps or a few bad outings in a row. You know the guy next to you has your back and I think thats really powerful.

When recently asked if he had ever been on a team that because of failure, that it led to success down the line, re-signed Phillies shortstop Didi Gregorius pointed out the 2017 New York Yankees a team also managed by Girardi.

They predicted us to be at the bottom of the standings. Talking to the guys, we said, Look, we have a great group of guys and always compete. So, no matter what, we can always put our name on the map and fight as a team,' Gregorius said. Thats the same thing that happened last year, too. Nobody expected us to be even close, because they always talk about how, This is not good.'

In 2016, the Yankees finished six games over .500, but still was fourth in the American League East, nine games behind the division-winning Boston Red Sox.The following year, the Yankees improved to 20 games over .500 and second in the division behind their rival. They ended up advancing all the way to Game 7 of the ALCS, before losing to the infamous Houston Astros.

At the end of the day, youre still a team. We came short one game [in 2020], but showed that we didnt go out and give the games up. We fought until the end, Gregorius continued. You feel in the team that the team has a heart to fight 24/7. We came short, but that was last year. We turned the page on that and now move forward this year. I think were good.

This chemistry is something to watch for in 2021.

More here:
Team chemistry could carry Phillies long way in 2021 season - That Balls Outta Here

Southern Illinois University Edwardsvilles Kevin Tucker, assistant professor in the College of Arts and Sciences Department of Chemistry, is the epitome of a teacher-scholar: offering numerous opportunities for students to engage in applied research and gaining funding to advance his novel research endeavors.

But a necessary addition to that designation is mentor. Amid a pandemic that has made it difficult for students and educators to conduct laboratory research, Tucker has demonstrated just how much emphasis he places on his role as a teacher-scholar-mentor.

An acknowledgement of his impact on students success is Tuckers nomination as a Difference Maker by chemistry graduate student and research assistant Katherine Maloof.

Dr. Tucker is more than an amazing professor and mentor, Maloof said. This past year has been one of the hardest in my life, but Dr. Tucker has helped me through it. Without him, I would not be where I am today, and I can say that confidently. He will pick you up when youre down, and give you what you need to build yourself back up. He truly has a passion for learning and ensuring the success of his students. He goes above and beyond for us, and absolutely deserves to be recognized.

I am honored and humbled by Katies words, Tucker said. I have a large research lab ranging from 15-20 students depending on the semester, and I truly enjoy mentoring each one of them as a student and as a person. I always want to know my students as a whole individual because it allows me to mentor them more effectively toward their goals professional and life.

Tuckers research focuses on the detection of pharmaceutical and personal care products, and other contaminants of emerging concern, within local and regional waterways and the surrounding soil systems. These compounds include antibiotics, and endocrine disruptors, soaps, cosmetics and agricultural products.

He has worked diligently to overcome the pandemic'schallenges by creating policies that allow his research team to continue their important work in a safe environment. He developed lab zones that are reserved via a group calendar to ensure proper spacing of students. Additionally, each student wears a mask and face shield in the lab for protection.

Tucker credits students for making his scholarship possible and knows from personal experience just how valuable effective mentorship is for academic, professional and personal development.

As I pursue novel research projects and form new collaborations, I know that it is my students and their support and commitment to the lab that will enable me to continue to deliver positive results in the future, Tucker said. I remember having professors as an undergraduate who mentored me into the student and professional that I have become. I revered them and am still in contact with them to this day. I expect nothing less of myself with every student that I mentor than what my mentors gave me.

SIUE is celebrating Difference Makers like Tucker throughout February. These individuals are just a few of the many university faculty, staff and students who have made hard times a little less difficult for others. They were nominated by colleagues and students.

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SIUE Difference Maker: Chemistry professor Kevin Tucker shines as a teacher and mentor - AdVantageNEWS.com

For as long as I can remember, I have been fascinated by the periodic table of elements and how it relates chemical properties to an elements position in the table. Its predictive applications and its ability to teach us some of the principles behind chemical transformations are far-reaching and cannot be overestimated.

At the same time, chemical reactivity is much more nuanced than might be gleaned by looking at the rows and periods of Mendeleevs venerable classification. For example, carbon participates in an overwhelmingly diverse set of chemical transformations, yet relatively little can be concluded about carbons context-dependent reactivity by looking at the periodic table alone. So what is the most appropriate means to classify organic transformations?

The prevailing approach, prescribed by most textbooks, centres on functional groups. This method builds on sameness and categorises reactions based on the expected reactivity of atoms in particular environments. But this classification is not optimally conducive to predicting reaction outcomes and establishing the mechanism by which they proceed. While modern theoretical methods based on quantum mechanics are demonstrably appropriate at suggesting detailed ab initio explanations to countless molecular-level phenomena, there might be benefits to a simple structure-driven formalism that builds on reactivitys foundation: the driving force that is needed to run energetically uphill steps. Securing an appropriate match between the driving force and the reactive intermediate that needs to be created or channelled in a particular direction is what chemical reactivity is all about.1

At first, the driving force concept appears straightforward: favoured processes either minimise enthalpy or maximise entropy (or both). But the driving force is anything but an easy concept to understand. Try asking a colleague about how many types of driving forces they know. It is not a simple question. The usual suspects might include strain release, formation of strong bonds and the like, but the answer will be dwarfed by the overwhelming number of documented chemical transformations and their reasons to exist. Even if we had an exhaustive list of all driving forces imaginable, their actual utility would be limited. This is because, in order to benefit from a driving force, one first needs to cross a kinetic barrier. This is why, despite its universal appeal, driving force remains one of the most intangible and abstract concepts in chemistry. While the notion of the driving force is being used and misused all the time, it is not always possible to apply this concept to address chemistry challenges in a logical way.

Try asking a colleague about how many types of driving forces they know

What could help to rationalise chemical reactivity would be to categorise the known driving forces and uphill steps for comparative purposes. One particular embodiment of this way of thinking does exist. In electrochemistry, standard electrode potentials help to find productive combinations of reductants and oxidants based on thermodynamic arguments from electrochemical half-reactions. These numerical values show how easy or difficult it is for a given species to undergo electron transfer. While the experimentally measured and tabulated values for electrode potentials are useful, they are limited to electron transfer processes that involve charged intermediates on electrode surfaces. What if instead of electrode potential, we consider the broader concept of chemical potential and apply it to mechanism-driven organic chemistry? This sounds appealing but, in practice, chemical potential has not been meaningful for practitioners of organic chemistry because it is not apparent how to apply it in rationalising reactivity.

The prevailing approach, prescribed by most textbooks, centres on functional groups. But this classification is not optimally conducive to predicting reaction outcomes and establishing the mechanism by which they proceed. While modern theoretical methods based on quantum mechanics can suggest detailed ab initio explanations to countless molecular-level phenomena, there might be benefits to a simple structure-driven formalism that builds on reactivitys foundation: the driving force that is needed to run energetically uphill steps. Securing an appropriate match between the driving force and the reactive intermediate that needs to be created is what chemical reactivity is all about.1

At first, the driving force concept appears straightforward: favoured processes either minimise enthalpy or maximise entropy (or both). But the driving force is anything but an easy concept to understand. Try asking a colleague about how many types of driving forces they know. The usual suspects might include strain release, formation of strong bonds and the like, but the answer will be dwarfed by the overwhelming number of documented chemical transformations and their reasons to exist. Even if we had an exhaustive list of all driving forces imaginable, their actual utility would be limited. This is because, in order to benefit from a driving force, one first needs to cross a kinetic barrier.

What could help to rationalise chemical reactivity would be to categorise the known driving forces and uphill steps for comparative purposes. One particular embodiment of this way of thinking already exists. In electrochemistry, standard electrode potentials help to find productive combinations of reductants and oxidants based on thermodynamic arguments from electrochemical half-reactions. These numerical values show how easy or difficult it is for a given species to undergo electron transfer. While the experimentally measured and tabulated values for electrode potentials are useful, they are limited to electron transfer processes that involve charged intermediates on electrode surfaces. What if instead of electrode potential, we consider the broader concept of chemical potential and apply it to mechanism-driven organic chemistry? This sounds appealing but, in practice, chemical potential has not been meaningful for practitioners of organic chemistry because it is not apparent how to rationalise reactivity using this concept.

What is lacking is a classification of available driving forces and their matches with appropriate uphill steps. A particularly attractive proposition would be to find new and previously underappreciated correspondence between endergonic and exergonic elementary reactions. I propose that we consider each endergonic or exergonic step as a synthetic half-reaction (SHR), similar to electrochemical half-reactions. SHRs can then be linked if they have matching higher-energy states, corresponding to ionic and radical intermediates or out-of-equilibrium conformations that help drive reactions. This builds on a reasonable assumption that the energetic benefits of the driving force must operate in the area of the molecule where chemical heavy lifting causes a chemical transformation. I refer to such instances as spatioenergetic matches.2

It stands to reason that only some matches between synthetic half-reactions would be productive or interesting. While many of these combinations might correspond to already established processes, I suspect that there will be instances that have not received prior attention and experimental verification. The possibility to find new reactions by understanding how half-reactions can be spatioenergetically matched with one other is an enticing proposition. On a pedagogical level, this way of thinking might encourage new ideas and expand students horizons away from the driving force usual suspects.

There is presently no way to comprehensively evaluate productive combinations of driving forces and their cognate uphill steps. Indeed, search engines such as Reaxys and SciFinder do not offer an opportunity to evaluate higher energy states. I propose creating a continually expanding knowledge base of SHRs. The time is right for the emergence of a system that will allow intuitive understanding of the relationships between reactive intermediates and other high energy states. This knowledge base should stand as a worthy complement to the periodic table of elements.

While the half-reaction idea should be intuitively clear to any organic chemist, there is presently no way to comprehensively evaluate productive combinations of driving forces and their cognate uphill steps. Indeed, search engines such as Reaxys and SciFinder do not offer an opportunity to evaluate higher energy states. I propose creating a continually expanding knowledge base of SHRs. The time is right for the emergence of a system that will allow understanding of the relationships between reactive intermediates and other high energy states. This knowledge base should stand as a worthy complement to the periodic table of elements.

Read the original post:
Space, energy and synthetic half-reactions | Opinion - Chemistry World

In a league where every movement is tracked and every statistic is measured, chemistry remains the rare, unquantifiable variable that dictates NBA wins and losses.

The intrigue: Fostering NBA chemistry has become increasingly difficult now that players change teams so often. But nothing has ever impacted chemistry-building quite like the pandemic. The question is: has it helped or hurt?

Consider this: Due to the short offseason, rookie Anthony Edwards made his NBA debut just 33 days after being drafted No. 1 overall by the Timberwolves.

The bottom line: So, amid the strangest season of their lives, have NBA teams come together or drifted apart? The truth is, we'll never know.

I reached out to Mavericks owner Mark Cuban to get his take on NBA chemistry and how it has been affected by the pandemic.

How important is chemistry in the modern NBA?

How do you think the pandemic has impacted chemistry this season?

What do the Mavericks do to foster chemistry? Has that been impacted?

Is basketball chemistry similar to chemistry in any workplace?

More here:
How the COVID-19 pandemic has affected NBA team chemistry - Axios

ExoMars observing water in the Martian atmosphere. Credit: ESA

Sea salt embedded in the dusty surface of Mars and lofted into the planets atmosphere has led to the discovery of hydrogen chloride the first time the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has detected a new gas. The spacecraft is also providing new information about how Mars is losing its water.

A major quest in Mars exploration is hunting for atmospheric gases linked to biological or geological activity, as well as understanding the past and present water inventory of the planet, to determine if Mars could ever have been habitable and if any water reservoirs could be accessible for future human exploration. Two new results from the ExoMars team published today in Science Advances unveil an entirely new class of chemistry and provide further insights into seasonal changes and surface-atmosphere interactions as driving forces behind the new observations.

Weve discovered hydrogen chloride for the first time on Mars. This is the first detection of a halogen gas in the atmosphere of Mars, and represents a new chemical cycle to understand, says Kevin Olsen from the University of Oxford, UK, one of the lead scientists of the discovery.

Hydrogen chloride gas, or HCl, comprises a hydrogen and chlorine atom. Mars scientists were always on the look-out for chlorine- or sulfur-based gases because they are possible indicators of volcanic activity. But the nature of the hydrogen chloride observations the fact that it was detected in very distant locations at the same time, and the lack of other gases that would be expected from volcanic activity points to a different source. That is, the discovery suggests an entirely new surface-atmosphere interaction driven by the dust seasons on Mars that had not previously been explored.

In a process very similar to that seen on Earth, salts in the form of sodium chloride remnants of evaporated oceans and embedded in the dusty surface of Mars are lifted into the atmosphere by winds. Sunlight warms the atmosphere causing dust, together with water vapor released from ice caps, to rise. The salty dust reacts with atmospheric water to release chlorine, which itself then reacts with molecules containing hydrogen to create hydrogen chloride. Further reactions could see the chlorine or hydrochloric acid-rich dust return to the surface, perhaps as perchlorates, a class of salt made of oxygen and chlorine.

You need water vapor to free chlorine and you need the by-products of water hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride. Water is critical in this chemistry, says Kevin. We also observe a correlation to dust: we see more hydrogen chloride when dust activity ramps up, a process linked to the seasonal heating of the southern hemisphere.

Data plot showing measurements of hydrogen chloride in the atmosphere of Mars, as collected by the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas orbiter. The detections were also confirmed by the complementary instrument, Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD). The global dust storm of 2018 is indicated by the brown/orange gradient. The plot shows the locations of the measurements over time (solar longitude) and planetary latitude. Credit: Korablev et al (2021)

The team first spotted the gas during the global dust storm in 2018, observing it appear simultaneously in both northern and southern hemispheres, and witnessed its surprisingly quick disappearance again at the end of the seasonal dusty period. They are already looking into the data collected during the following dust season and see the HCl rising again.

It is incredibly rewarding to see our sensitive instruments detecting a never-before-seen gas in the atmosphere of Mars, says Oleg Korablev, principal investigator of the Atmospheric Chemistry Suite instrument that made the discovery. Our analysis links the generation and decline of the hydrogen chloride gas to the surface of Mars.

Extensive laboratory testing and new global atmospheric simulations will be needed to better understand the chlorine-based surface-atmosphere interaction, together with continued observations at Mars to confirm that the rise and fall of HCl is driven by the southern hemisphere summer.

The discovery of the first new trace gas in the atmosphere of Mars is a major milestone for the Trace Gas Orbiter mission, says Hkan Svedhem, ESAs ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter project scientist. This is the first new class of gas discovered since the claimed observation of methane by ESAs Mars Express in 2004, which motivated the search for other organic molecules and ultimately culminated in the development of the Trace Gas Orbiter mission, for which detecting new gases is a primary goal.

As well as new gases, the Trace Gas Orbiter is refining our understanding of how Mars lost its water a process that is also linked to seasonal changes.

Liquid water is once thought to have flowed across the surface of Mars as evidenced in the numerous examples of ancient dried out valleys and river channels. Today, it is mostly locked up in the ice caps and buried underground. Mars is still leaking water today, in the form of hydrogen and oxygen escaping from the atmosphere.

Understanding the interplay of potential water-bearing reservoirs and their seasonal and long-term behavior is key to understanding the evolution of the climate of Mars. This can be done through the study of water vapour and semi-heavy water (where one hydrogen atom is replaced by a deuterium atom,a form of hydrogen with an additional neutron).

The deuterium to hydrogen ratio, D/H, is our chronometer a powerful metric that tells us about the history of water on Mars, and how water loss evolved over time. Thanks to the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, we can now better understand and calibrate this chronometer and test for potential new reservoirs of water on Mars, says Geronimo Villanueva of NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center and lead author of the new result.

With the Trace Gas Orbiter we can watch the path of the water isotopologues as they rise up into the atmosphere with a level of detail not possible before. Previous measurements only provided the average over the depth of the whole atmosphere. It is like we only had a 2D view before, now we can explore the atmosphere in 3D, says Ann Carine Vandaele, principal investigator of the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) instrument that was used for this investigation.

The ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter studies water vapour and its components as it rises through the atmosphere and out into space. By looking specifically at the ratio of hydrogen to its heavier counterpart deuterium, the evolution of water loss over time can be traced. Credit: ESA

The new measurements reveal dramatic variability in D/H with altitude and season as the water rises from its original location.Interestingly, the data show that once water is fully vapourised, it mostly displays a common large enrichment in semi-heavy water, and a D/H ratio six times greater than Earths across all reservoirs on Mars, confirming that large amounts of water have been lost over time, says Giuliano Liuzzi of American University and NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center and one of the lead scientists of the investigation.

Seasonal variability of water (left) and D/H (right) for the northern (top) and southern (bottom) hemispheres, as determined by the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) instrument onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.Water is observed to reach high altitudes of greater than 80 km during regional and global dust storms, and at the onset of southern summer (labeled aspirator from the latin word to aspire, or rise/climb up). Colder temperatures at the poles and in the middle atmosphere lead to fractionation of water and an apparent decrease of the D/H. Yet, when water is fully vapourised, it displays a strong enrichment of six times that of Earths oceans, confirming that large amounts of water have been lost to space over time.Credit: Villanueva et al (2021)

ExoMars data collected between April 2018 and April 2019 also showed three instances that accelerated water loss from the atmosphere: the global dust storm of 2018, a short but intense regional storm in January 2019, and water release from the south polar ice cap during summer months linked to seasonal change. Of particular note is a plume of rising water vapor during southern summer that would potentially inject water into the upper atmosphere on a seasonal and yearly basis.

The graphic shows a simple representation (not to scale) of the three observing modes that will be used by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. In nadir mode (left) the spacecraft looks directly at the sunlight reflected from the surface and atmosphere of Mars. In limb mode (centre) it looks across the martian horizon at emission from the atmosphere. In solar occultation mode (right), the instruments point through the atmosphere toward the Sun and observe how different atmospheric ingredients absorb the Suns light. Credit: ESA/ATG medialab

Future coordinated observations with other spacecraft including NASAs MAVEN, which focuses on the upper atmosphere, will provide complementary insights to the evolution of water over the martian year.

The changing seasons on Mars, and in particular the relatively hot summer in the southern hemisphere seems to be the driving force behind our new observations such as the enhanced atmospheric water loss and the dust activity linked to the detection of hydrogen chloride, that we see in the two latest studies, adds Hkan. Trace Gas Orbiter observations are enabling us to explore the martian atmosphere like never before.

References:

Transient HCl in the atmosphere of Mars by Oleg Korablev, Kevin S. Olsen, Alexander Trokhimovskiy, Franck Lefvre, Franck Montmessin, Anna A. Fedorova, Michael J. Toplis, Juan Alday, Denis A. Belyaev, Andrey Patrakeev, Nikolay I. Ignatiev, Alexey V. Shakun, Alexey V. Grigoriev, Lucio Baggio, Irbah Abdenour, Gaetan Lacombe, Yury S. Ivanov, Shohei Aoki, Ian R. Thomas, Frank Daerden, Bojan Ristic, Justin T. Erwin, Manish Patel, Giancarlo Bellucci, Jose-Juan Lopez-Moreno and Ann C. Vandaele, 10 February 2021, Science Advances.DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4386

Water heavily fractionated as it ascends on Mars as revealed by ExoMars/NOMAD by Geronimo L. Villanueva, Giuliano Liuzzi, Matteo M. J. Crismani, Shohei Aoki, Ann Carine Vandaele, Frank Daerden, Michael D. Smith, Michael J. Mumma, Elise W. Knutsen, Lori Neary, Sebastien Viscardy, Ian R. Thomas, Miguel Angel Lopez-Valverde, Bojan Ristic, Manish R. Patel, James A. Holmes, Giancarlo Bellucci, Jose Juan Lopez-Moreno and NOMAD team, 10 February 2021, Science Advances.DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8843

The papers are based on data collected by the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.

A forthcoming paper Seasonal reappearance of HCl in the atmosphere of Mars during the Mars year 35 dusty season by K. Olsen et al has been accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Read the original here:
A New Chemistry: ExoMars Orbiter Discovers New Gas and Traces Water Loss on Mars - SciTechDaily