Category Archives: BioEngineering

By Edwin SongOct. 31, 2019

A new biology makerspace, called the BioMakerspace, is scheduled to open this coming IAP in the basement of Building 26. The space, which is currently under construction, will be open to the entirety of the MIT community to be used for whatever the student users really want to use it for, said Justin Buck PhD 12 in an interview with The Tech. Buck is the manager of the BioMakerspace and is currently overseeing its construction.

Buck said the lab will have Biosafety Level 2 capabilities and contain all the basic equipment, including a tissue culture room, incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, pipettes, thermal cyclers, a refrigerator, a PCR, and common reagents.

Construction of the space is in the final stages and equipment is in the process of being obtained. We're really hoping to have a very large and active launch over IAP, said Buck. We plan to have workshops for folks to come and participate in if they don't have exposure to biology or would like to see and understand what its like to work with different projects.

MIT students looking to work in the lab must submit a project application and undergo lab training. Steve Wasserman, one of the biological engineering instructors who has helped run the biology makerspace program since its early stages, told The Tech in an interview that the lab has a stipulation that allows students to maintain intellectual property of the work they do in the lab and use it to launch their own companies.

A lounge next to the lab will provide a place to work and congregate. The idea that we're pursuing is that this facility will serve as the nucleus for a community that is interested in life science, Wasserman explained.

Construction began April 2019 after several years of what Buck described as a very successful pilot phase, which operated out of the bioengineering department teaching laboratories.

Wasserman said the idea for a biology makerspace program arose several years ago out of student demand. Students get all kinds of crazy ideas and they want to do them, and a lot of times there are barriers to doing them in various research labs around campus, Wasserman said, citing the lack of spaces with appropriate equipment, intellectual property rights, and supervision.

Past projects through the program range from therapeutic drug delivery to kombucha, mostly independent projects thought up by the students, Buck said. Thats what I think makes the space most unique and what it is. Perhaps its greatest value as an asset to the community is that it is open to any ideas.

Associate Provost Krystyn Van Vliet PhD 02 told The Tech in an interview that having an independent lab for the biology makerspace has several benefits over continued use of the bioengineering teaching labs, such as not having to risk disrupting classes being taught in the teaching labs and flexibility in regards to research groups and topics.

Teaching spaces have to have things set up just so, and they're not places where we tend to do projects that would mix different research groups, Van Vliet said. Creating a mechanism where students, postdocs, other kinds of research staff, and faculty can work on things together that might not be within the research interests and domain of the existing faculty is how new ideas get started.

Both Buck and Van Vliet mentioned the establishment of the biology makerspace as part of a campus-wide trend towards makerspaces. For example, Van Vliet pointed to the planned Project Manus community-wide makerspace that will be on the first floor of the Metropolitan Warehouse.

Buck said the BioMakerspace is the first space that is really enabled and focused on working with biology as a medium.

Construction of the BioMakerspace is conducted by Greene Construction and sponsored by the biological engineering and chemical engineering departments, along with a donor whose identity Buck declined to disclose.

Van Vliet said additional funds were provided by the MIT Committee for Renovation and Space Planning (CRSP), which she co-chairs. According to Van Vliet, CRSP was responsible for much of the behind-the-scenes work in arranging for the bio makerspace to be designed and built.

Along with Buck and Wasserman, several other biological and chemical engineering faculty and instructors, including the department heads, are closely involved in the project. Additionally, a BioMakers student groupis currently helping with planning and launching the itinerary of activities for IAP, Buck said.

Wasserman described student feedback as instrumental in the design of the layout and contents of the lab and lounge. In the more public areas, the windows are bigger. The windows get smaller and smaller as you go to more private places, Wasserman said. We asked in one of our surveys how open they wanted to space to be, ... and the students said that they didnt want to be in a fishbowl.

Students interested in the BioMakerspace are encouraged to contact Justin Buck at jbuck@mit.edu.

Here is the original post:
BioMakerspace to open this coming IAP in Building 26 - The Tech

There is no doubt that viral disease transmission is a risk to many countries, one that requires a coordinated international response and a strong scientific basis to feed our understanding of viral outbreaks that cause some of the worst diseases in the world today. There have been dozens of registered alerts in the past decade; for example, in July, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current Ebola outbreak in the Congo a public health emergency of international concern, while last year, there was a Nipah Virus encephalitis outbreak in the Kerala state of India, and lets not forget the Zika pandemic of 2016 that caused more than 3,700 children to be born with birth defects.

Global Virus Network Responds to Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Image credit: GVN)

All these warnings are crucial evidence that our world is immensely interconnected and surprisingly vulnerable. Moreover, researchers and scientists are racing to develop urgent and proactive measures to address the challenges that viruses, including those that are yet unknown, pose to global health and security. To that purpose, theGlobal Virus Network (GVN), which catalyzes collaborative research into diseases caused by every class of virus in humans and animals, announced the addition of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University as one of its new Centers of Excellence.

Wyss will provide its virus expertise and core technologies, including their human Organ Chips, which they began developing in 2016, along with researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). The first entirely multi-material 3D printed organ-on-a-chip was a Heart Chip with integrated soft sensors to track the beating tissue. It can be quickly fabricated with customizable size, shape, and other physical properties while allowing researchers to easily collect reliable data for extended times in culture.

At the time, Johan Ulrik Lind, first author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at SEAS and the Wyss Institute, declared that the new programmable microfabrication approach to building organs-on-chips not only allows us to easily change and customize the design of the system but also drastically simplifies data acquisition.

Organs on chips mimic the structure and function of native tissue and have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional animal testing. For the Heart-on-a-Chip, Harvard experts developed six different inks that integrated soft strain sensors within the microarchitecture of the tissue. In a single, continuous procedure, the team 3D printed those materials into a cardiac microphysiological device.

3D printing has proven very helpful in creating and integrating multiple functional materials within printed devices. But Wyss will also contribute their knowledge on genome engineering, synthetic biology, and immunomaterials, as well as diagnostics capabilities to participate in GVNs collaborative approach to virus detection and therapy.

It is one of six new Institutes to join the GVN as Centers of Excellence and Affiliates, including theManipal Academy of Higher Education, in India; The Tropical Medicine Institute Alexander von Humboldt of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; the Korea National Institute of Healths Center for Infectious Diseases Research; the Research Institute of Virology, at the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan; and the Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory and Clinical Trials Research Center Virology Program at the University of Zimbabwe. The conglomerate already houses 52 centers and nine affiliates in 32 countries and is founded on the principle that preparedness for emerging viral diseases will need deeply rooted collaborative research between local and global partners, and the transformation of diagnostic tools and regional surveillance networks.

The announcement was made in late October by the GVNs President Christian Brchot and Robert Gallo, Co-Founder and Chairman of the International Scientific Leadership Board of the GVN and best known for his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in the development of the HIV blood test.

Since HIV/AIDS first appeared, I strongly believed mankind will best be served if the worlds leading virologists are organized and better equipped to deal with existing and new viral threats, said Gallo. These diverse new members of the GVN add depth of expertise and global reach to our network. They will help us better combat viral threats and train the next generation of virologists.

Wyss will help leverage recent insights into how Nature builds, controls and manufactures to develop new engineering innovations, a new field of research that institute researchers are referring to as Biologically Inspired Engineering. They claim that by emulating biological principles of self-assembly, organization, and regulation, Wyss is developing disruptive technology solutions for healthcare, energy, architecture, robotics, and manufacturing, which are translated into commercial products and therapies through the formation of new startups and corporate alliances.

The Institutes uniqueOrgan-on-a-Chip technology enables modeling of human tissues within vivo-like architectures and physiologies to study viral infection, propagation, evolution, patient-to-patient transmission, and host responsesin vitro. Wyss researchers are applying human Organ Chips and a variety of its other core technologies in a highly multi-disciplinary approach to create rapid, sensitive, and highly specific diagnostics for the detection of viruses, broad-spectrum anti-virus vaccines, new antiviral therapeutics, novel drug delivering viral vectors, and culture-free viral infectivity assays.

Organ-on-a-Chip (Image credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University)

We offer the GVN a truly unique skill set in bioengineering and technology innovation that will nicely complement the more classic virology focus of most other members of the network, as well as numerous powerful enabling technologies that GVN members should find extremely useful. We look forward to the GVN helping us to identify relevant funding opportunities and sources of clinical samples, and to team with us to build stronger consortia around specific problems, and if possible, to provide support for fellows and trainees, confirmed Wyss Founding Director and Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS, Donald Ingber.

Wyss has been at the forefront of bioengineering technology for many years, with two researchers working on a new way to develop 3D printed organs, and a multi-disciplinary team looking to create a functioning kidney subunit with current work to build the branched vascular networks unique to each organ. Its also launching a human Organ Chip project to model influenza virus infection and develop new therapies. Its an exciting time for Wyss and now will become even more challenging as they attempt to solve together with other worldwide institutions some of the most devastating viruses we have ever seen.

Multi-material, direct-write 3D printing of a cardiac microphysiological device, designed for in vitro cardiac tissue research (Image credit: Lori K. Sanders/Harvard University)

The GVN continues to serve as a catalyst uniquely connecting top virus research institutions from around the world to build collaborative, effective alliances and eradicate viral threats. In fact, these six Centers and Affiliates perfectly illustrate the concept of combining Centers with highly complementary skills, from all over the world, said Brchot, who is also Professor at the University of South Florida.

Increasing population mobility across permeable borders coupled with weakened health systems is a terrible combination that can lead to the spread of outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. The GVN is recruiting some of the most forward-thinking institutions around the world to provide a defense to the emerging, exiting and unidentified viruses on the planet. Working closely to advance knowledge and provide treatments to combat these deadly viruses is the first line of defense, avoiding outbreaks to go from specifically delimited areas to countries, and beyond. Using some of the most advanced technology, like 3D printing Organ Chips, bioprinting and bioengineering can make a big difference in the way humans target, resolve and treat evolving biological agents.

Discuss this and other 3D printing topics at 3DPrintBoard.com or share your thoughts below.

More:
Wyss Institute will Help Combat Viral Threats with 3D Printed Organ-on-a-Chips - 3DPrint.com

Sisters of the Vast Black follows nuns traveling aboard a living spaceship that can mate and produce baby spaceships. Yes, you read that correctly. Lina Rathers debut novella follows a crew of sisters from the Order of Saint Rita as they journey through space, responding to calls for help from newly established colonies. The cast of characters includes the enigmatic Reverend Mother, whose vow of silence keeps her mysterious past shrouded, the pragmatic Sister Faustina, the pious Sister Lucia, and Sister Gemma, who pines for a life outside the Order.

Set in the future after an apocalyptic interplanetary war, Rathers novella ambitiously tackles theology, personal faith crises, centralized governance, the sentience of creatures, bioengineering, sexuality, sin, and redemptionall in 160 pages.

Due to the novellas brevity, its initially difficult to distinguish one character from another. But as each sisters history and secrets are revealed, its easier to determine how a characters past influences their actions. Pacing issues parallel the initial muddied characterizations in the beginning, and much of the world-building occurs through dialogue between characters rather than through the narrative. During the first half of the novella, we hear foreboding secondhand accounts of an Earth-based Central Governance trying to resume control of the galaxy by using the far-reaching arm of the Catholic Church. But since we dont meet anyone from the Central Governance or the Church until later, the sisters main threat appears nebulous.

Fortunately, Rather ties everything together with dazzling mastery in the novellas second half. The time she invests in the characters during quiet moments pays off as a series of plot twists and reveals propel the narrative forward at breakneck speed. Here, its the sisters themselves who carry the plot, as they grapple with living out their personal faith against the threat of another war and the tightening grip of the Church. Rather also introduces Father Giovanni and Central Governance soldiers, who are both too young and too blind to see the insidious schemes of the organizations to which theyre so devoted. By the time the antagonists gain faces, their destructive corruption seems that much more terrifying due to the secondhand rumors that preceded their appearance.

Even as Rather raises the storys stakes to concern the fate of the whole galaxy, the narrative remains intensely personal and focused on the individual sisters. The storys heart lies in the sisters community formed within the flesh walls of their spaceship and in their struggles in remaining faithful to themselves, each other, and the Church. By the hopeful and open-ended conclusion, youll be left wanting to spend more time with Rathers characters.

Sisters of the Vast Black doesnt shy away from the big themes despite its small package, and it will successfully whet the appetite of anyone looking for a fresh take on the space opera genre.

Jane Huang is a neuroscience PhD student by day and a freelance writer by night. She currently lives in Pittsburgh, PA.

Read more:
Nuns Fight Evil in Space in Sisters of the Vast Black - Paste Magazine

People who take all of their blood-pressure medication in one go at bedtime are better able to control their condition and have a significantly lower risk of death or illness caused by heart or blood vessel problems compared to those who take their anti-hypertensive medication in the morning, according to research published this month in the peer-reviewed European Heart Journal.

The trial instructed 19,084 patients to take their pills on waking or at bedtime, and followed them for more than six years during which time the patients ambulatory blood pressure was checked over 48 hours at least once a year. The results were adjusted for age, gender, Type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, smoking and cholesterol levels.

The researchers found that patients who took their medication at bedtime reduced by 45% their risk of dying from or suffering heart attacks, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or requiring a procedure to unblock narrowed arteries, compared to those who took their medication after waking up in the morning.

The risk of death from heart or blood vessel problems was reduced by 66%, the risk of myocardial infarction was reduced by 44%, coronary revascularization (unblocking narrowed arteries) by 40%, heart failure by 42%, and stroke by 49%. However, the researchers noted there are no studies showing that treating hypertension in the morning reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Morning ingestion has been the most common recommendation by physicians based on the misleading goal of reducing morning blood pressure levels, said co-author Ramn Hermida, director of the Bioengineering and Chronobiology Labs at the University of Vigo in Spain. Allowing the medication to work before the next days activity may also play a role.

Preventative measures in early adulthood include taking statins lipid-lowering drugs and drugs to lower cholesterol, which can be more effective than merely relying on diet and exercise, particularly for those who have a genetic predisposition to high cholesterol and elevated blood pressure, experts say.

You may also like: Taking these two health precautions now can dramatically reduce your risk of heart disease later in life

Between 2008 and 2018, 10,614 male and 8,470 female adults of Caucasian Spanish origin who were diagnosed with hypertension had to adhere to a routine of daytime activity and night-time sleep. Hermida said its not possible to know whether the results apply to people who work night shifts or those from other racial/ethnic backgrounds.

One possible theory for the results: A bad nights sleep can result in a spike in blood pressure that night and the following day, separate research found. That study, published in a recent edition of the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, offers one explanation for why sleep problems have been shown to increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and even death from cardiovascular disease.

Those participants who had lower sleep efficiency showed an increase in blood pressure during that restless night. They also had higher systolic blood pressure the number in a persons blood-pressure reading the next day. The researchers said getting good sleep and quality sleep was important for a healthy heart. It also allows medications to work while the body is restoring energy.

Blood pressure is one of the best predictors of cardiovascular health, said lead study author Caroline Doyle, a graduate student at the University of Arizonas department of psychology. Cardiovascular disease is the No. 1 killer of people in the country. We wanted to see if we could try to get a piece of that story: how sleep might be impacting disease through blood pressure.

There are, of course, other ways to help reduce hypertension. A diet that helps people reduce high blood pressure may also reduce the risk of heart failure in people under the age of 75, according to separate research recently published in the latest edition of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

This Dash (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet recommends eating fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, poultry, fish and low-fat dairy products, while reducing the amount of salt, red meat, sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages, full cream and alcohol in your diet. Aside from the last two items, its very similar to the Mediterranean diet.

Read more:
Taking blood-pressure medication at this time every day could save your life - MarketWatch

October 30, 2019 People with high blood pressure who take all their anti-hypertensive medication in one go at bedtime have better controlled blood pressure and a significantly lower risk of death or illness caused by heart or blood vessel problems, compared to those who take their medication in the morning, according to new research.

The Hygia Chronotherapy Trial, which is published in the European Heart Journal [1] is the largest to investigate the effect of the time of day when people take their anti-hypertensive medication on the risk of cardiovascular problems. It randomised 19,084 patients to taking their pills on waking or at bedtime, and it has followed them for the longest length of time -- an average of more than six years -- during which time the patients' ambulatory blood pressure was checked over 48 hours at least once a year.

The researchers, who are part of the Hygia Project led by Professor Ramn C. Hermida, Director of the Bioengineering and Chronobiology Labs at the University of Vigo, Spain, found that patients who took their medication at bedtime had nearly half the risk (45% reduction) of dying from or suffering heart attacks, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or requiring a procedure to unblock narrowed arteries (coronary revascularisation), compared to patients who took their medication on waking.

The researchers had adjusted their analyses to take account of factors that could affect the results, such as age, sex, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease, smoking and cholesterol levels.

When they looked at individual outcomes, they found that the risk of death from heart or blood vessel problems was reduced by 66%, the risk of myocardial infarction was reduced by 44%, coronary revascularisation by 40%, heart failure by 42%, and stroke by 49%.

Prof Hermida said: "Current guidelines on the treatment of hypertension do not mention or recommend any preferred treatment time. Morning ingestion has been the most common recommendation by physicians based on the misleading goal of reducing morning blood pressure levels. However, the Hygia Project has reported previously that average systolic blood pressure when a person is asleep is the most significant and independent indication of cardiovascular disease risk, regardless of blood pressure measurements taken while awake or when visiting a doctor. Furthermore, there are no studies showing that treating hypertension in the morning improves the reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

"The results of this study show that patients who routinely take their anti-hypertensive medication at bedtime, as opposed to when they wake up, have better-controlled blood pressure and, most importantly, a significantly decreased risk of death or illness from heart and blood vessel problems." [2] [3]

The Hygia Project is composed of a network of 40 primary care centres within the Galician Social Security Health Service in northern Spain. A total of 292 doctors are involved in the project and have been trained in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, which involves patients wearing a special cuff that records blood pressure at regular intervals throughout the day and night. The Hygia Chronotherapy Trial is unusual in monitoring blood pressure for 48 hours, rather than the more usual 24 hours.

Between 2008 and 2018, 10,614 men and 8,470 women of Caucasian Spanish origin, aged 18 or over, who had been diagnosed with hypertension by means of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, were recruited to the trial; they had to adhere to a routine of daytime activity and night-time sleep, which means that it is not possible to say if the study findings apply to people working night shifts.

Doctors took the patients' blood pressure when they joined the study and at each subsequent clinic visit. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 48-hour period took place after each clinic visit and at least once a year. This gave doctors accurate information on average blood pressures over the 48 hours, including how much blood pressure decreased or 'dipped' while the patients were asleep.

During a median (average) of 6.3 years follow-up, 1752 patients died from heart or blood vessel problems, or experienced myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or coronary revascularisation. Data from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed that patients taking their medication at bedtime had significantly lower average blood pressure both at night and during the day, and their blood pressure dipped more at night, when compared with patients taking their medication on waking. A progressive decrease in night-time systolic blood pressure during the follow-up period was the most significant predictor of a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

Prof Hermida concluded: "The findings from the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial and those previously reported from the Hygia Project indicate that average blood pressure levels while asleep and night-time blood pressure dipping, but not day-time blood pressure or blood pressure measured in the clinic, are jointly the most significant blood pressure-derived markers of cardiovascular risk. Accordingly, round-the-clock ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be the recommended way to diagnose true arterial hypertension and to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, decreasing the average systolic blood pressure while asleep and increasing the sleep-time relative decline in blood pressure towards more normal dipper blood pressure patterns are both significantly protective, thus constituting a joint novel therapeutic target for reducing cardiovascular risk."

The Hygia Project is currently investigating what the best blood pressure levels should be while asleep in order to reduce cardiovascular risk most effectively in the THADEUS Trial (Treatment of Hypertension During Sleep). [4]

Limitations of the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial include that it requires validation in other ethnic groups; the question of whether the same results would be seen in shift workers also requires investigation; and patients were not assigned to specific hypertension medication classes or specific lists of medications within each class -- their treatment was chosen by their doctors according to current clinical practice.

References

[1] "Bedtime hypertension treatment improves cardiovascular risk reduction: the Hygia Chronotherapy Trial," by Ramn C. Hermida et al. European Heart Journal. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz754

[2] Hygia Project, "Asleep blood pressure: significant prognostic marker of vascular risk and therapeutic target for intervention," by Ramn C. Hermida et al. European Heart Journal, 2018;39:4159-4171, doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy475

[3] Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts to eject blood out into them. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries between heart beats when the cardiac muscles relax.

[4] Treatment of Hypertension During Sleep (THADEUS), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03457168

Link:
Largest Study Finds Greater Reduction in Risk of CVD and Death From Bedtime Rather Than Morning Medication - Cath Lab Digest

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News Live 2019: Global Capsule Filterss Market Rise to High Globally In Next Five Years - Maxi Wire