Category Archives: Anatomy

Marvel's iconic X-Men leader Storm is an Omega-Level mutant, and she can do so much more with her weather-controlling powers making it rain.

To put it mildly, X-Men comics have a tendency to make the backstories of Marvel's mutants intricately complicated, with multiple points that hinge on odd points of continuity and twists of fate. Decades of story twists and turns compound with sci-fi and fantasy mythology to make characters far more deeply complex than you might imagine, and there's no better example of that than Ororo Monroe, the weather-controlling mutant and X-Men leader known as Storm.

While she might just appear to have some control over localized weather patterns, Storm has evolved into a far deeper, stranger character since she was created by Len Wein and Dave Cockrum in 1975's Giant-Size X-Men #1, and her powers have changed along with her.

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Storm's ability to control the weather is certainly considerable, and it usually puts her in the top tier of most any given X-Men squad she serves on. Controlling all of that power can be difficult, but aiding her in the task is an extension of her mutant abilities that is not quite as obvious as hurling lightning or whipping up rainstorms: she feels an almost spiritual connection with the planet and its weather cycles, physically perceiving them as energy patterns.

Storm's senses allow her to predict the weather even when she does not influence it and sense any abnormalities in its rhythm. This can have the side effect of inflicting discomfort on her when the Earth is in pain, but she never views her connection as a hindrance. Her claustrophobia is in part so traumatic because it cuts her off from the world around her, so it's understandable why losing such a connection would be anxiety-inducing.

Even with her connection to the planet, Storm's powers don't just work exclusively on Earth. Her powers have been accessible on other worlds, in the vacuum of space and even on the astral plane. The environment very seldom negates Storm's capacity to produce weather phenomena on a whim, although it can prove a limiting factor where she is not as powerful as usual.

This means that Storm maintains her ability to hurl lightning even while underground or to create billowing rainstorms within the constricted confines of an indoor environment. She frequently makes storm clouds just small enough to water her plants, a convenient trick for an avid gardener like Ororo.

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X-Men Anatomy: The 5 Weirdest Things About Storm's Body, Explained - CBR - Comic Book Resources

Looking Back to Look Forward

This MONTH in PSYCHIATRY

SERIES EDITOR: Gregory Eghigian, PhD

Revolutionary Paris was the center of things in more ways than one. Dr Phillipe Pinel, a child of the Enlightenment, laid down principles of psychiatry that many still follow today. Pinel, followed by his epigone Dr Jean-tienne Dominique Esquirol, believed that the root cause of mental illness lay in the environment. Patients therefore required moral treatment, based on the belief that individuals exhibiting mental illness could be carefully re-educated in the humane and orderly regime of a reformed asylum.

Paris, a city associated with hedonism, indulgence, creativity and apostasy, was the home of a new psychiatric illness: generalised paresis of the insane (GPI). It was characterised by grandiose thinking, disorganized behaviour, emotional outbursts, and flights of wild fantasy culminating in collapse, rapid dementia, and paralysis. Patients were unable to care for themselves, dying mostly in lunatic asylums.

The Pinel school attributed GPI to environmental causes. But then one of the most original and unusual characters in the history of psychiatry arrived on the scene and challenged the environmental hypothesis. His name was Antoine Laurent Jesse Bayle. As a Royalist, he was swimming against the political currents of the day and a possible candidate for persecution. He had trained under Dr RenLaennec, a proponent of the then-unfashionable anatomico-pathological view and inventor of the stethoscope.

Bayle went into psychiatry at the Royal Asylum for the Insane at Charenton in 1818. Up to one-third of the male patients had GPI, and it was clear that moral therapy was not going to provide a solution to their illness.

On November 21, 1822, Bayle presented his doctorate, describing 6 autopsy cases of GPI with gross thickening of the meninges and inflammation of the vasculature. GPI, he stated, was due to chronic meningo-vascular arachnoiditis. Its cause was anatomical, not environmental or moral. This extraordinary discovery was made by a young man at the level of what today would be regarded as internship. He was precociousness personified.

The significance of Bayles finding cannot be understated. It was the first description of the visible and definable neuropathological cause of a psychiatric disease and deserves to go down in history as the fons et origo of the scientific roots of the discipline.1

In 1825, Bayle pushed the envelope by claiming that all insanity was due to chronic meningeal inflammation. The response from his peers was critical, if not caustic. Dr tienne-Jean Georget (making sure he did not leave anything out) condemned Bayle of being shallow, impertinent, showing exaggerated pretension, immature, reaching impossible conclusions, and having a rash nature.

Undeterred, Bayle went on to write up 100 autopsy findings in 1826, warning that the moral school could lead one astray by making one neglect the organic cause of diseases, by focusing too exclusively on derangements of function.

At the age of 27 Bayle walked away from psychiatry to become an archivist and sank into obscurity.

If the environmentalists won the battle, it was a short-lived victory; the war was eventually lostdecisively. Bayle had correctly anticipated a paradigm shift. Within decades, the anatomico-pathological model ruled supreme. The center of psychiatric gravity accordingly moved to the Germanic world, and French psychiatry was never the same.

Dr Kaplan wrote about syphilis in his book The Exceptional Brain and How it Changed the World. He is Clinical Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Medicine, Wollongong University and Research Fellow, History Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

1. Kaplan RM. Syphilis, sex and psychiatry, 1789-1925: Part 1.Australas Psychiatry. 2010;18(1):17-21.

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The Revolutionary Royalist Demonstrates the Anatomical Cause of a Psychiatric Illness - Psychiatric Times

NARRATOR: Hi, Im Antonio Campos, and Im the director of The Devil All the Time. So were about 2/3 of the way into the movie, were entering the third act. And Arvin has been spying on this preacher and has figured out that he did something to his stepsister. And so he is coming to get revenge. And one of the things I wanted to convey in this scene is that Arvin isnt a killer. He comes in with the intent of killing him, and in the moment when hes going to shoot, he gets nervous and he sits down, and hes got to muster up the courage to go through with the act. Hes a violent kid, but hes not a killer yet. And so what I wanted to do is I wanted to try and give you two perspectives in this scene, one from the perspective of Teagardin talking to this young man thats come in. You got time for a sinner? Who wants to confess, get something off his chest, and the other, in close up on Arvins face, where we are with Arvin, where were with him, were seeing that hes nervous, and that hes a little anxious. Ive done lustful acts. So we get this angle here, this close-up angle, and thats where were in it with him, and we get to see into his eyes. And then theres the frontal angle, and the frontal, were withholding his eyes. Were seeing it the way that Teagardin sees him. The other thing there is this little technical thing is Teagardin has seen Arvin in church with his grandmother and with his stepsister, but with his hat on, and the angle that hes looking at him, he cant quite identify him. So thats the other reason why this wardrobe was really important for the scene. This is, by far, my favorite scene in the whole movie. And I was so excited for these two characters to come together. And for this force of good and this force of evil to finally meet. And its the beginning of what becomes Arvin coming up against a lot of different evil forces in the story. Its a very long scene, so we really wanted you to feel every single beat. And so this scene took about I think we edited this scene on and off for about nine months. One day I got this girl in my truck and I drove her out to the sticks, and I had my way with her. [SIGHS] She put up a fight? No. And it was really about trying to capture every single detail that these two great actors gave us. I really think that Tom Holland is the greatest actor of his generation. And I think hes so natural, and he conveys such a wonderful humanity, but still manages to capture this kind of danger. And that Rob Pattinson is this kind of mad genius, and you dont know what hes going to give you on the day. And so I had this wonderful footage to work with. And it was really about trying to nail every little micro expression, every gesture. And by doing that, we create this kind of we start building up the tension to the point where then Arvin stands up and, with standing up, he reveals his eyes and reveals his identity to Teagardin. Ive been watching your every move for the last couple weeks. You cant get enough of that Reaster girl, can you? Is that how you did my Lenora, too? And this kind of face off, here, was really this is where it kind of, like, really finely tuned the editing to make sure that every little gesture, once the gun revealed itself, is dangerous for Teagardin. Dont do anything youll regret, son. Why dont you put the gun down, and we can talk all about it? So we really wanted to highlight each beat, and feel every time that Tom gets worked up and Teagardin gets scared. In the sound design, here, you really hear the rattle of the gun. It was just like this this Reaster girl. You get the shake of Arvins hand through the sound of the gun rattling, which is one of these things that we didnt plan on, but when we got into the mix, you really kind of you realize you needed a sound to convey that sort of nervousness, to heighten the nervousness. soul too? Look, I I didnt have nothing to do with that. And then you get this sort of, like, this anger building up. So now Arvin, who came into the scene so, so nervous to go through with the act, is now getting angrier and angrier and angrier. And hes building up the courage to either shoot or not shoot. We dont know yet. We dont know if hes going to change his mind, if Teagardins going to manage to talk his way out of it. I aint going to take the blame for no bastard child. It would ruin me, man. My wife is the editor, Sophia Subercaseaux. She and I always loved every one of Robs deliveries here. She was delusional. Shes crazy. Thats it. Or she was just lonely.

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How Tom Holland Seeks Revenge in The Devil All the Time - The New York Times

Sept. 18 (UPI) -- Grey's Anatomy will return for a 17th season in November.

ABC announced a premiere date, Nov. 12, for Season 17 in a press release Thursday.

The two-hour season premiere will air Nov. 12 at 9 p.m. EDT. Season 4 of the Grey's Anatomy spinoff Station 19 will premiere the same night at 8 p.m.

ABC shared a moving poster for Grey's Anatomy Season 17 on Twitter featuring Ellen Pompeo as her character. Dr. Meredith Grey.

"Sometimes... we all need saving," the tagline reads.

The network also released a teaser for the season featuring Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd).

ABC also announced premiere dates for other fall shows. The Good Doctor Season 4 premieres Nov. 2 at 10 p.m. EDT, while David E. Kelley's new series Big Sky will make its debut Nov. 17 at 10:01 p.m.

"Our fall schedule is now complete with a dynamic lineup of new and returning drama series," ABC Entertainment president Karey Burke said. "From fan-favorite shows like Grey's Anatomy and The Good Doctor to David E. Kelley's thrilling new drama Big Sky, our strength is in our storytelling, and we could not be more energized to bring these compelling series to our viewers."

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'Grey's Anatomy' Season 17 to premiere Nov. 12 - UPI News

We imagine your first encounter with a wind turbine was through the window of your car as you zip down a remote highway. Wind turbines are unforgettable because of their large and impressive stature and are emblematic of the widespread global adoption of this power source as a means to generate more sustainable energy solutions for communities.

India has been at the forefront of renewableenergy revolution and has emerged as the one of the world's largest and most competitive markets for cleanenergy innovations. Wind power saw a stable growth in the country over the past few decades, and India currently ranks fourth in the global wind energy capacity ranking.

TwoIEEE Power and Energy Society (PES)members, Pouyan Pourbeik and Nicholas Miller, explain how wind power technology works, and why it is so important.

What is a wind turbine?In simplest terms, a wind turbine is a mechanical machine that converts the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical rotational energy that can be used to do some work, says Pourbeik.

Utilizing the natural resource, wind, as a source of energy production is not a new technological practice. In fact, wind turbines have been developed in various ways for several centuries. Pourbeik says that the first recorded wind turbine dates back to the seventh century in Iran and was used to grind grain and pump water from wells.

Todays modern wind turbines are used to run electrical machines that then convert the rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy that can serve the electrical needs of residential homes, commercial buildings and industry, says Pourbeik.

How is wind power a sustainable technology?

Wind turbines are sustainable because of the power conversion process; by tapping into the wind, the process is cleaner than having to mine or burn material that creates massive amounts of emissions as a result. Wind energy is a solution to reducing those carbon emissions, eliminating other forms of pollution in the air, and eventually moving away from traditional methods that have the opposite effect on our planet.

Another benefit of wind power is that this source of energy is free and bountiful. When I lecture on wind turbine basics, I often start with the statement a wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy in wind/moving air into money, says Miller. The fact that there is electric power generated is incidental.

You cant afford to build a wind turbine that captures all of the available energy all the time, says Miller.

What are the challenges of wind energy?

Every technology comes with its own set of challenges that engineers are equipped to solve. Integration into pre-existing power grids and gaining general public awareness of the technology as a sustainable tool are the current hurdles Pourbeik and Miller face as power engineers.

There are challenges with engineering such systems and reliably integrating them into the world-wide electric infrastructure but that is what makes the current technical environment in the field of power and energy engineering so exciting, says Pourbeik.

One of those challenges to the energy grid is energy storage and reliability. Traditionally, when a customer demands electric power, the generation and the power grid is capable of meeting that demand. But with the advent and explosive growth of wind and solar power, it is Mother Nature who decides when the electric power will be supplied, not the consumer, says Miller.

Since the birth of the electric power system in the late 19th and early 20th century, energy has been converted from mechanical energy to electrical energy through the use of rotating electrical machines, which are directly connected to the bulk power grid, explains Pourbeik. These conventional machines run at a constant speed, which means that the frequency of the electrical power they produce is also constant.

Because wind turbine speed is constantly changing due to the wind, power engineers must figure out a way to efficiently convert the wind energy to mechanical rotating energy. The solution is a rotating electrical machine connected to the wind turbine that runs at a wide range of speeds.

So to interface the machine (running at different speeds) to the bulk electrical power system (which has a fixed frequency) one needs to use a power-electronic converter interface, says Pourbeik. Thus, the electrical behavior of the power generating device becomes very different as seen from the grid.

While power-electronic converters have been used in other ways, they have never been used at such a large scale as they are now to connect the heart of wind power plants to the grid. Over the last few decades, the power and energy industry has been learning how to utilize this technology in the most reliable way possible.

Pouyan and I have worked through the first stages of the revolution, says Miller. Since the turn of the century, we have watched (and participated) as innovations in technology, markets, regulation and understanding have steadily moved the challenge out. Today, we (the U.S. and other world grids) regularly operate at levels of wind and solar generation that we thought would be nearly impossible or wouldnt happen for decades into the future.

IEEE PES and the renewable integration community have a large focus on how to make the grid work in a reliable, safe, clean and affordable fashion. But Pourbeik and Miller are hopeful about the future of sustainable energy and the technology being developed.

We are continuing to move at an astonishing rate, adding innovations on all those fronts, says Miller. Very honestly, there has never been a better, more exciting time to be a power engineer.

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Anatomy of a Wind Turbine: The Eco-Friendly Power Solution - Indiainfoline

Surprises abound in the new IDTechEx Research report, Supercapacitor Markets, Technology Roadmap, Opportunities 2021-2041. In 2010, there were no Chinese manufacturers in the top ten supercapacitor manufacturers. In 2020, 40% of them are Chinese. This has been achieved by world-class R&D, being in one of the largest markets globally, strong investment and government support including protective trading. However, China is not leading in capacitor-supercapacitor hybrids where the USA saw a $7 million follow on order recently.

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Raghu Das, CEO of IDTechEx advises, Supercapacitor manufacturers used to be divided into those making small ones for electronics and those that also made similar flat or cylindrical formats for electrical engineering such as the archetypal 2.7V 3000F cylinder. No longer. A considerable market for even large supercapacitors is rapidly emerging. The first big success with large ones is boxed car stop-starters at around 20Wh, with over five million sold. The number of auto makers going for that fit-and-forget, grab more electricity, waste less electricity proposition still increases. The natural extension of this logic is the newly committed adoption of larger supercapacitors for peak-shaving and acceleration boosting at 30-100Wh across the batteries in mild hybrid cars then full hybrid then totally replacing the lithium-ion battery if pure electric cars have not destroyed the hybrid car business by then.

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The new large versions appear in trains at 1kWh and 1MWh appears as hospital and data centre uninterruptable power supplies that double for peak shaving. It is a long way from small supercapacitors usually made to standards, easy to make and mostly commoditised at prices of 1 cent/F or less. IDTechEx counts 89% of supercapacitor manufacturers making them though Panasonic recently exited. 37% of these are in China because it exports them strongly, its share of the supercapacitor value demand being only 27% because of its giveaway pricing and lateness into car stop-start.

An exception to the commoditisation is small supercapacitors in the form of battery-supercapacitor hybrids BSH, aerospace and military ones working at 150C, capacitor-supercapacitor hybrids beating tantalum electrolytics on ripple and one fifth to one tenth of the size and weight and ones in odd formats such as to go in a watch or smart card. Those working at 85C, -40C and 3V as single cells are less common and in demand.

Battery-supercapacitor hybrids (BSH) are almost always lithium-ion capacitors. They offer higher energy density often with effectively infinite cycle life and better charge retention than pure supercapacitors. Energy density several times that of pure EDLC supercapacitors. There is almost always confined to small units for electronics. IDTechEx measures that 24% of supercapacitor manufacturers now have a BSH range and of those 32% are made in China, where they are most successful commercially. China leads the world here, partly because they have so many large BSHs.

Several companies declare their supercapacitors to be graphene as a badge of honour. It can mean non-flammable, relatively non-toxic, no use of the volatile, toxic carcinogen acetonitrile, valuably improved series resistance, better voltage and energy density in a pure EDLC all good things justifying higher price.

Raghu Das adds, IDTechEx measures that 8.75% of supercapacitor manufacturers now offer graphene versions, up from zero ten years ago. 43% of the manufacturers using graphene are in China so they are ahead in numbers, though certainly not in graphene supercapacitor research, much of which is aimed at the massive emerging market for replacing lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries with highest energy density of 100Wh/kg or more. In research, this is usually achieved by boosted pseudocapacitance though some perfect the technology of the newly commercial 100 Wh/kg lithium-ion supercapacitors. 33% of supercapacitor material research graphene-centric followed by carbon nanotubes then metal organic frameworks.

Large supercapacitors are more difficult to make, more profitable and represent the majority of the addressable market 2021-2041. Unlike small ones, they typically come with integral power electronics for optimal safe operation, microprocessors for intelligent response, often cooling systems. 47.5% of supercapacitor manufacturers now claim to make them, up from few in the past. However, many of those are barely in the business, their web entries being more of a wish list that reality. 34% of these are in China no dominance though it is coming up fast in this respect. This is assisted by the fact that a disproportionate amount of the demand for large supercapacitors is in China with the Government requesting that all parts of trains, buses etc. be made in China. On the other hand, China is badly behind in researching supercapacitor bodywork, smart skin and other radical advances scoped in the IDTechEx Research report, Supercapacitor Materials and Formats 2020-2040.

Raghu Das predicts, Acquisitions and mergers will continue. One billion dollar supercapacitor businesses may be created by 2045. If the addressable markets we have analysed are strongly penetrated, then it will be much earlier. Given past disappointments, our upside forecast currently stands at $7 billion in 2041.

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Anatomy of the New Supercapacitor Industry - ValueWalk