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This article is about the medical therapy. For the cell type, see Stem cell.

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced.[1][2][3] During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. It is this side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.[4]

Another stem-cell therapy called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids.[5] It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.[6]

The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.[7]

In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of Holoclar, a treatment involving stem cells, for use in the European Union. Holoclar is used for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.[8]

In March 2016 GlaxoSmithKline's Strimvelis (GSK2696273) therapy for the treatment ADA-SCID was recommended for EU approval.[9]

Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications.[10]

Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.[11][12][13] There have been preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis.[14][15]

Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.[16][17][18]

Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. A small clinical trial was underway in Scotland in 2013, in which stem cells were injected into the brains of stroke patients.[19]

Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[20][21][22]

The pioneering work[23] by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer has now been discredited by the identification of hundreds of factual contradictions.[24] Among several clinical trials that have reported that adult stem-cell therapy is safe and effective, powerful effects have been reported from only a few laboratories, but this has covered old[25] and recent[26] infarcts as well as heart failure not arising from myocardial infarction.[27] While initial animal studies demonstrated remarkable therapeutic effects,[28][29] later clinical trials achieved only modest, though statistically significant, improvements.[30][31] Possible reasons for this discrepancy are patient age,[32] timing of treatment[33] and the recent occurrence of a myocardial infarction.[34] It appears that these obstacles may be overcome by additional treatments which increase the effectiveness of the treatment[35] or by optimizing the methodology although these too can be controversial. Current studies vary greatly in cell-procuring techniques, cell types, cell-administration timing and procedures, and studied parameters, making it very difficult to make comparisons. Comparative studies are therefore currently needed.

Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells (a specific type or all), however other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.[36] Adult stem cell therapy for treating heart disease was commercially available in at least five continents as of 2007.[citation needed]

Possible mechanisms of recovery include:[11]

It may be possible to have adult bone-marrow cells differentiate into heart muscle cells.[11]

The first successful integration of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in guinea pigs (mouse hearts beat too fast) was reported in August 2012. The contraction strength was measured four weeks after the guinea pigs underwent simulated heart attacks and cell treatment. The cells contracted synchronously with the existing cells, but it is unknown if the positive results were produced mainly from paracrine as opposed to direct electromechanical effects from the human cells. Future work will focus on how to get the cells to engraft more strongly around the scar tissue. Whether treatments from embryonic or adult bone marrow stem cells will prove more effective remains to be seen.[37]

In 2013 the pioneering reports of powerful beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies.[38] Critics report that of 48 reports there seemed to be just five underlying trials, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578 patient randomized trial and as a 391 patient observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of patients, or contained fractional patients, negative NYHA classes. Overall there were many more patients published as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.[39]

One of the most promising benefits of stem cell therapy is the potential for cardiac tissue regeneration to reverse the tissue loss underlying the development of heart failure after cardiac injury.[40]

Initially, the observed improvements were attributed to a transdifferentiation of BM-MSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.[28] Given the apparent inadequacy of unmodified stem cells for heart tissue regeneration, a more promising modern technique involves treating these cells to create cardiac progenitor cells before implantation to the injured area.[41]

The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.[citation needed]

Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells.[42] Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.

In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice[43] and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in human patients.

In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks.[44] It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.[45][46]

Research is ongoing in different fields, alligators which are polyphyodonts grow up to 50 times a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year.[47]

Heller has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells.[48]

Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.[49] The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty patients using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.[50]

In April 2005, doctors in the UK transplanted corneal stem cells from an organ donor to the cornea of Deborah Catlyn, a woman who was blinded in one eye when acid was thrown in her eye at a nightclub. The cornea, which is the transparent window of the eye, is a particularly suitable site for transplants. In fact, the first successful human transplant was a cornea transplant. The absence of blood vessels within the cornea makes this area a relatively easy target for transplantation. The majority of corneal transplants carried out today are due to a degenerative disease called keratoconus.

The University Hospital of New Jersey reports that the success rate for growth of new cells from transplanted stem cells varies from 25 percent to 70 percent.[51]

In 2014, researchers demonstrated that stem cells collected as biopsies from donor human corneas can prevent scar formation without provoking a rejection response in mice with corneal damage.[52]

In January 2012, The Lancet published a paper by Steven Schwartz, at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute, reporting two women who had gone legally blind from macular degeneration had dramatic improvements in their vision after retinal injections of human embryonic stem cells.[53]

In June 2015, the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS), the largest adult stem cell study in ophthalmology ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT # 01920867) published initial results on a patient with optic nerve disease who improved from 20/2000 to 20/40 following treatment with bone marrow derived stem cells.[54]

Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas.[55] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.[56]

Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell culture and stimulated to form insulin-producing cells that can be transplanted into the patient.

However, clinical success is highly dependent on the development of the following procedures:[11]

Clinical case reports in the treatment orthopaedic conditions have been reported. To date, the focus in the literature for musculoskeletal care appears to be on mesenchymal stem cells. Centeno et al. have published MRI evidence of increased cartilage and meniscus volume in individual human subjects.[57][58] The results of trials that include a large number of subjects, are yet to be published. However, a published safety study conducted in a group of 227 patients over a 3-4-year period shows adequate safety and minimal complications associated with mesenchymal cell transplantation.[59]

Wakitani has also published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with coverage of the treated chondral defects.[60]

Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells.[61] A possible method for tissue regeneration in adults is to place adult stem cell "seeds" inside a tissue bed "soil" in a wound bed and allow the stem cells to stimulate differentiation in the tissue bed cells. This method elicits a regenerative response more similar to fetal wound-healing than adult scar tissue formation.[61] Researchers are still investigating different aspects of the "soil" tissue that are conducive to regeneration.[61]

Culture of human embryonic stem cells in mitotically inactivated porcine ovarian fibroblasts (POF) causes differentiation into germ cells (precursor cells of oocytes and spermatozoa), as evidenced by gene expression analysis.[62]

Human embryonic stem cells have been stimulated to form Spermatozoon-like cells, yet still slightly damaged or malformed.[63] It could potentially treat azoospermia.

In 2012, oogonial stem cells were isolated from adult mouse and human ovaries and demonstrated to be capable of forming mature oocytes.[64] These cells have the potential to treat infertility.

Destruction of the immune system by the HIV is driven by the loss of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are CCR5 and CXCR4. Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets of productive HIV infection.[65] Recently scientists have been investigating an alternative approach to treating HIV-1/AIDS, based on the creation of a disease-resistant immune system through transplantation of autologous, gene-modified (HIV-1-resistant) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (GM-HSPC).[66]

On 23 January 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave clearance to Geron Corporation for the initiation of the first clinical trial of an embryonic stem-cell-based therapy on humans. The trial aimed evaluate the drug GRNOPC1, embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, on patients with acute spinal cord injury. The trial was discontinued in November 2011 so that the company could focus on therapies in the "current environment of capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions".[67] In 2013 biotechnology and regenerative medicine company BioTime (NYSEMKT:BTX) acquired Geron's stem cell assets in a stock transaction, with the aim of restarting the clinical trial.[68]

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately within few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth(fresh), so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in invitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies, re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[69]

There is widespread controversy over the use of human embryonic stem cells. This controversy primarily targets the techniques used to derive new embryonic stem cell lines, which often requires the destruction of the blastocyst. Opposition to the use of human embryonic stem cells in research is often based on philosophical, moral, or religious objections.[110] There is other stem cell research that does not involve the destruction of a human embryo, and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Stem-cell research and treatment was practiced in the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has permitted the use of stem-cell therapy for conditions beyond those approved of in Western countries. The Western World has scrutinized China for its failed attempts to meet international documentation standards of these trials and procedures.[111]

State-funded companies based in the Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Zone treat the symptoms of numerous disorders with adult stem-cell therapy. Development companies are currently focused on the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. The most radical successes of Chinese adult stem cell therapy have been in treating the brain. These therapies administer stem cells directly to the brain of patients with cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's, and brain injuries.[citation needed]

Since 2008 many universities, centers and doctors tried a diversity of methods; in Lebanon proliferation for stem cell therapy, in-vivo and in-vitro techniques were used, Thus this country is considered the launching place of the Regentime[112] procedure. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281712114_Treatment_of_Long_Standing_Multiple_Sclerosis_with_Regentime_Stem_Cell_Technique The regenerative medicine also took place in Jordan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Stem-cell treatment is currently being practiced at a clinical level in Mexico. An International Health Department Permit (COFEPRIS) is required. Authorized centers are found in Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun. Currently undergoing the approval process is Los Cabos. This permit allows the use of stem cell.[citation needed]

In 2005, South Korean scientists claimed to have generated stem cells that were tailored to match the recipient. Each of the 11 new stem cell lines was developed using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. The resultant cells were thought to match the genetic material of the recipient, thus suggesting minimal to no cell rejection.[113]

As of 2013, Thailand still considers Hematopoietic stem cell transplants as experimental. Kampon Sriwatanakul began with a clinical trial in October 2013 with 20 patients. 10 are going to receive stem-cell therapy for Type-2 diabetes and the other 10 will receive stem-cell therapy for emphysema. Chotinantakul's research is on Hematopoietic cells and their role for the hematopoietic system function in homeostasis and immune response.[114]

Today, Ukraine is permitted to perform clinical trials of stem-cell treatments (Order of the MH of Ukraine 630 "About carrying out clinical trials of stem cells", 2008) for the treatment of these pathologies: pancreatic necrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, burn disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, critical lower limb ischemia. The first medical institution granted the right to conduct clinical trials became the "Institute of Cell Therapy"(Kiev).

Other countries where doctors did stem cells research, trials, manipulation, storage, therapy: Brazil, Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, India, and many others.

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Stem-cell therapy - Wikipedia

This article is about the medical therapy. For the cell type, see Stem cell.

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.

Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced.[1][2][3] During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. It is this side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.[4]

Another stem-cell therapy called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids.[5] It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.[6]

The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.[7]

In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of Holoclar, a treatment involving stem cells, for use in the European Union. Holoclar is used for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.[8]

In March 2016 GlaxoSmithKline's Strimvelis (GSK2696273) therapy for the treatment ADA-SCID was recommended for EU approval.[9]

Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications.[10]

Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.[11][12][13] There have been preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis.[14][15]

Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.[16][17][18]

Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. A small clinical trial was underway in Scotland in 2013, in which stem cells were injected into the brains of stroke patients.[19]

Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[20][21][22]

The pioneering work[23] by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer has now been discredited by the identification of hundreds of factual contradictions.[24] Among several clinical trials that have reported that adult stem-cell therapy is safe and effective, powerful effects have been reported from only a few laboratories, but this has covered old[25] and recent[26] infarcts as well as heart failure not arising from myocardial infarction.[27] While initial animal studies demonstrated remarkable therapeutic effects,[28][29] later clinical trials achieved only modest, though statistically significant, improvements.[30][31] Possible reasons for this discrepancy are patient age,[32] timing of treatment[33] and the recent occurrence of a myocardial infarction.[34] It appears that these obstacles may be overcome by additional treatments which increase the effectiveness of the treatment[35] or by optimizing the methodology although these too can be controversial. Current studies vary greatly in cell-procuring techniques, cell types, cell-administration timing and procedures, and studied parameters, making it very difficult to make comparisons. Comparative studies are therefore currently needed.

Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells (a specific type or all), however other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.[36] Adult stem cell therapy for treating heart disease was commercially available in at least five continents as of 2007.[citation needed]

Possible mechanisms of recovery include:[11]

It may be possible to have adult bone-marrow cells differentiate into heart muscle cells.[11]

The first successful integration of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes in guinea pigs (mouse hearts beat too fast) was reported in August 2012. The contraction strength was measured four weeks after the guinea pigs underwent simulated heart attacks and cell treatment. The cells contracted synchronously with the existing cells, but it is unknown if the positive results were produced mainly from paracrine as opposed to direct electromechanical effects from the human cells. Future work will focus on how to get the cells to engraft more strongly around the scar tissue. Whether treatments from embryonic or adult bone marrow stem cells will prove more effective remains to be seen.[37]

In 2013 the pioneering reports of powerful beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies.[38] Critics report that of 48 reports there seemed to be just five underlying trials, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578 patient randomized trial and as a 391 patient observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of patients, or contained fractional patients, negative NYHA classes. Overall there were many more patients published as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.[39]

One of the most promising benefits of stem cell therapy is the potential for cardiac tissue regeneration to reverse the tissue loss underlying the development of heart failure after cardiac injury.[40]

Initially, the observed improvements were attributed to a transdifferentiation of BM-MSCs into cardiomyocyte-like cells.[28] Given the apparent inadequacy of unmodified stem cells for heart tissue regeneration, a more promising modern technique involves treating these cells to create cardiac progenitor cells before implantation to the injured area.[41]

The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.[citation needed]

Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells.[42] Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.

In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice[43] and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in human patients.

In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks.[44] It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.[45][46]

Research is ongoing in different fields, alligators which are polyphyodonts grow up to 50 times a successional tooth (a small replacement tooth) under each mature functional tooth for replacement once a year.[47]

Heller has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells.[48]

Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.[49] The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty patients using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.[50]

In April 2005, doctors in the UK transplanted corneal stem cells from an organ donor to the cornea of Deborah Catlyn, a woman who was blinded in one eye when acid was thrown in her eye at a nightclub. The cornea, which is the transparent window of the eye, is a particularly suitable site for transplants. In fact, the first successful human transplant was a cornea transplant. The absence of blood vessels within the cornea makes this area a relatively easy target for transplantation. The majority of corneal transplants carried out today are due to a degenerative disease called keratoconus.

The University Hospital of New Jersey reports that the success rate for growth of new cells from transplanted stem cells varies from 25 percent to 70 percent.[51]

In 2014, researchers demonstrated that stem cells collected as biopsies from donor human corneas can prevent scar formation without provoking a rejection response in mice with corneal damage.[52]

In January 2012, The Lancet published a paper by Steven Schwartz, at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute, reporting two women who had gone legally blind from macular degeneration had dramatic improvements in their vision after retinal injections of human embryonic stem cells.[53]

In June 2015, the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study (SCOTS), the largest adult stem cell study in ophthalmology ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT # 01920867) published initial results on a patient with optic nerve disease who improved from 20/2000 to 20/40 following treatment with bone marrow derived stem cells.[54]

Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas.[55] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.[56]

Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in cell culture and stimulated to form insulin-producing cells that can be transplanted into the patient.

However, clinical success is highly dependent on the development of the following procedures:[11]

Clinical case reports in the treatment orthopaedic conditions have been reported. To date, the focus in the literature for musculoskeletal care appears to be on mesenchymal stem cells. Centeno et al. have published MRI evidence of increased cartilage and meniscus volume in individual human subjects.[57][58] The results of trials that include a large number of subjects, are yet to be published. However, a published safety study conducted in a group of 227 patients over a 3-4-year period shows adequate safety and minimal complications associated with mesenchymal cell transplantation.[59]

Wakitani has also published a small case series of nine defects in five knees involving surgical transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells with coverage of the treated chondral defects.[60]

Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells.[61] A possible method for tissue regeneration in adults is to place adult stem cell "seeds" inside a tissue bed "soil" in a wound bed and allow the stem cells to stimulate differentiation in the tissue bed cells. This method elicits a regenerative response more similar to fetal wound-healing than adult scar tissue formation.[61] Researchers are still investigating different aspects of the "soil" tissue that are conducive to regeneration.[61]

Culture of human embryonic stem cells in mitotically inactivated porcine ovarian fibroblasts (POF) causes differentiation into germ cells (precursor cells of oocytes and spermatozoa), as evidenced by gene expression analysis.[62]

Human embryonic stem cells have been stimulated to form Spermatozoon-like cells, yet still slightly damaged or malformed.[63] It could potentially treat azoospermia.

In 2012, oogonial stem cells were isolated from adult mouse and human ovaries and demonstrated to be capable of forming mature oocytes.[64] These cells have the potential to treat infertility.

Destruction of the immune system by the HIV is driven by the loss of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are CCR5 and CXCR4. Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets of productive HIV infection.[65] Recently scientists have been investigating an alternative approach to treating HIV-1/AIDS, based on the creation of a disease-resistant immune system through transplantation of autologous, gene-modified (HIV-1-resistant) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (GM-HSPC).[66]

On 23 January 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave clearance to Geron Corporation for the initiation of the first clinical trial of an embryonic stem-cell-based therapy on humans. The trial aimed evaluate the drug GRNOPC1, embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, on patients with acute spinal cord injury. The trial was discontinued in November 2011 so that the company could focus on therapies in the "current environment of capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions".[67] In 2013 biotechnology and regenerative medicine company BioTime (NYSEMKT:BTX) acquired Geron's stem cell assets in a stock transaction, with the aim of restarting the clinical trial.[68]

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately within few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth(fresh), so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in invitro culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies, re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[69]

There is widespread controversy over the use of human embryonic stem cells. This controversy primarily targets the techniques used to derive new embryonic stem cell lines, which often requires the destruction of the blastocyst. Opposition to the use of human embryonic stem cells in research is often based on philosophical, moral, or religious objections.[110] There is other stem cell research that does not involve the destruction of a human embryo, and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

Stem-cell research and treatment was practiced in the People's Republic of China. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China has permitted the use of stem-cell therapy for conditions beyond those approved of in Western countries. The Western World has scrutinized China for its failed attempts to meet international documentation standards of these trials and procedures.[111]

State-funded companies based in the Shenzhen Hi-Tech Industrial Zone treat the symptoms of numerous disorders with adult stem-cell therapy. Development companies are currently focused on the treatment of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. The most radical successes of Chinese adult stem cell therapy have been in treating the brain. These therapies administer stem cells directly to the brain of patients with cerebral palsy, Alzheimer's, and brain injuries.[citation needed]

Since 2008 many universities, centers and doctors tried a diversity of methods; in Lebanon proliferation for stem cell therapy, in-vivo and in-vitro techniques were used, Thus this country is considered the launching place of the Regentime[112] procedure. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/281712114_Treatment_of_Long_Standing_Multiple_Sclerosis_with_Regentime_Stem_Cell_Technique The regenerative medicine also took place in Jordan and Egypt.[citation needed]

Stem-cell treatment is currently being practiced at a clinical level in Mexico. An International Health Department Permit (COFEPRIS) is required. Authorized centers are found in Tijuana, Guadalajara and Cancun. Currently undergoing the approval process is Los Cabos. This permit allows the use of stem cell.[citation needed]

In 2005, South Korean scientists claimed to have generated stem cells that were tailored to match the recipient. Each of the 11 new stem cell lines was developed using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. The resultant cells were thought to match the genetic material of the recipient, thus suggesting minimal to no cell rejection.[113]

As of 2013, Thailand still considers Hematopoietic stem cell transplants as experimental. Kampon Sriwatanakul began with a clinical trial in October 2013 with 20 patients. 10 are going to receive stem-cell therapy for Type-2 diabetes and the other 10 will receive stem-cell therapy for emphysema. Chotinantakul's research is on Hematopoietic cells and their role for the hematopoietic system function in homeostasis and immune response.[114]

Today, Ukraine is permitted to perform clinical trials of stem-cell treatments (Order of the MH of Ukraine 630 "About carrying out clinical trials of stem cells", 2008) for the treatment of these pathologies: pancreatic necrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, burn disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, critical lower limb ischemia. The first medical institution granted the right to conduct clinical trials became the "Institute of Cell Therapy"(Kiev).

Other countries where doctors did stem cells research, trials, manipulation, storage, therapy: Brazil, Cyprus, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, India, and many others.

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Stem-cell therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

On behalf of the organizing committee, it is my distinct pleasure to invite you to attend the Stem Cell Congress-2017. After the success of the Cell Science-2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, Conference series.LLC is proud to announce the 6th World Congress and expo on Cell & Stem Cell Research (Stem Cell Congress-2017) which is going to be held during March 20-22, 2017, Orlando, Florida, USA. The theme of Stem Cell Congress-2017 is Explore and Exploit the Novel Techniques in Cell and Stem Cell Research.

This annual Cell Science conference brings together domain experts, researchers, clinicians, industry representatives, postdoctoral fellows and students from around the world, providing them with the opportunity to report, share, and discuss scientific questions, achievements, and challenges in the field.

Examples of the diverse cell science and stem cell topics that will be covered in this comprehensive conference include Cell differentiation and development, Cell metabolism, Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Stem cell therapy, Cell and gene therapy, Novel stem cell technologies, Stem cell and cancer biology, Stem cell treatment, Tendency in cell biology of aging and Apoptosis and cancer disease, Drugs and clinical developments. The meeting will focus on basic cell mechanism studies, clinical research advances, and recent breakthroughs in cell and stem cell research. With the support of many emerging technologies, dramatic progress has been made in these areas. In Stem Cell Congress-2017, you will be able to share experiences and research results, discuss challenges encountered and solutions adopted and have opportunities to establish productive new academic and industry research collaborations.

In association with the Stem Cell Congress-2017 conference, we will invite those selected to present at the meeting to publish a manuscript from their talk in the journal Cell Science with a significantly discounted publication charge. Please join us in Philadelphia for an exciting all-encompassing annual Stem Cell get together with the theme of better understanding from basic cell mechanisms to latest Stem Cell breakthroughs!

Haval Shirwan, Ph.D. Executive Editor, Journal of Clinical & Cellular Immunology Dr. Michael and Joan Hamilton Endowed Chair in Autoimmune Disease Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Director, Molecular Immunomodulation Program, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

Track01:Stem Cells

The most well-established and widely used stem cell treatment is thetransplantationof blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers. Since the 1970s,skin stem cellshave been used to grow skin grafts for patients with severe burns on very large areas of the body. Only a few clinical centers are able to carry out this treatment and it is usually reserved for patients with life-threatening burns. It is also not a perfect solution: the new skin has no hair follicles or sweat glands. Research aimed at improving the technique is ongoing.

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Track 02: Stem Cell Banking:

Stem Cell Banking is a facility that preserves stem cells derived from amniotic fluid for future use. Stem cell samples in private or family banks are preserved precisely for use by the individual person from whom such cells have been collected and the banking costs are paid by such person. The sample can later be retrieved only by that individual and for the use by such individual or, in many cases, by his or her first-degree blood relatives.

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Track 03: Stem Cell Therapy:

Autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures. Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells may be grown in vivo and stimulated to produce pancreatic -cells and later transplanted to the patient. Its success depends on response of the patients immune system and ability of the transplanted cells to proliferate, differentiate and integrate with the target tissue.

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Track 04: Novel Stem Cell Technologies:

Stem cell technology is a rapidly developing field that combines the efforts of cell biologists, geneticists, and clinicians and offers hope of effective treatment for a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Stem cells are defined as totipotent progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Stem cells survive well and show stable division in culture, making them ideal targets for in vitro manipulation. Although early research has focused on haematopoietic stem cells, stem cells have also been recognised in other sites. Research into solid tissue stem cells has not made the same progress as that on haematopoietic stem cells.

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Track 05: Stem Cell Treatment:

Bone marrow transplant is the most extensively used stem-cell treatment, but some treatment derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.

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Track 06: Stem cell apoptosis and signal transduction:

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay. Most cytotoxic anticancer agents induce apoptosis, raising the intriguing possibility that defects in apoptotic programs contribute to treatment failure. Because the same mutations that suppress apoptosis during tumor development also reduce treatment sensitivity, apoptosis provides a conceptual framework to link cancer genetics with cancer therapy.

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Track 07: Stem Cell Biomarkers:

Molecular biomarkers serve as valuable tools to classify and isolate embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and to monitor their differentiation state by antibody-based techniques. ESCs can give rise to any adult cell type and thus offer enormous potential for regenerative medicine and drug discovery. A number of biomarkers, such as certain cell surface antigens, are used to assign pluripotent ESCs; however, accumulating evidence suggests that ESCs are heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype and function, thereby classified into subpopulations characterized by multiple sets of molecular biomarkers.

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Track 08: Cellular therapies:

Cellular therapy also called Cell therapy is therapy in which cellular material is injected into a patient, this generally means intact, living cells. For example, T cells capable of fighting cancer cells via cell-mediated immunity may be injected in the course of immunotherapy.

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Track 09: Stem cells and cancer:

Cancer can be defined as a disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division. Normal cells are constantly subject to signals that dictate whether the cells should divide, differentiate into another cell or die. Cancer cells develop a degree of anatomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation. If this proliferation is allowed to continue and spread, it can be fatal.

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Track 10: Embryonic stem cells:

Embryonic stem cells have a major potential for studying early steps of development and for use in cell therapy. In many situations, however, it will be necessary to genetically engineer these cells. A novel generation of lentivectors which permit easy genetic engineering of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.

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Track 11: Cell differentiation and disease modeling:

Cellular differentiation is the progression, whereas a cell changes from one cell type to another. Variation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiationalmost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

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Track 12: Tissue engineering:

Tissue Engineering is the study of the growth of new connective tissues, or organs, from cells and a collagenous scaffold to produce a fully functional organ for implantation back into the donor host. Powerful developments in the multidisciplinary field of tissue engineering have produced a novel set of tissue replacement parts and implementation approaches. Scientific advances in biomaterials, stem cells, growth and differentiation factors, and biomimetic environments have created unique opportunities to fabricate tissues in the laboratory from combinations of engineered extracellular matrices cells, and biologically active molecules.

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Track 13: Stem cell plasticity and reprogramming:

Stem cell plasticity denotes to the potential of stem cells to give rise to cell types, previously considered outside their normal repertoire of differentiation for the location where they are found. Included under this umbrella title is often the process of transdifferentiation the conversion of one differentiated cell type into another, and metaplasia the conversion of one tissue type into another. From the point of view of this entry, some metaplasias have a clinical significance because they predispose individuals to the development of cancer.

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Track 14: Gene therapy and stem cells

Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. Gene therapy could be a way to fix a genetic problem at its source. The polymers are either expressed as proteins, interfere with protein expression, or possibly correct genetic mutations. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

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Track 15: Tumour cell science:

An abnormal mass of tissue. Tumors are a classic sign of inflammation, and can be benign or malignant. Tomour usually reflect the kind of tissue they arise in. Treatment is also specific to the location and type of the tumor. Benign tumors can sometimes simply be ignored, cancerous tumors; options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.

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Track 16: Reprogramming stem cells: computational biology

Computational Biology, sometimes referred to as bioinformatics, is the science of using biological data to develop algorithms and relations among various biological systems. Bioinformatics groups use computational methods to explore the molecular mechanisms underpinning stem cells. To accomplish this bioinformaticsdevelop and apply advanced analysis techniques that make it possible to dissect complex collections of data from a wide range of technologies and sources.

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The fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine research are fundamentally about understanding dynamic cellular processes such as development, reprogramming, repair, differentiation and the loss, acquisition or maintenance of pluripotency. In order to precisely decipher these processes at a molecular level, it is critical to identify and study key regulatory genes and transcriptional circuits. Modern high-throughput molecular profiling technologies provide a powerful approach to addressing these questions as they allow the profiling of tens of thousands of gene products in a single experiment. Whereas bioinformatics is used to interpret the information produced by such technologies.

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8th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research

The success of the 7 Cell Science conferences series has given us the prospect to bring the gathering one more time for our 8thWorld Congress 2017 meet in Orlando, USA. Since its commencement in 2011 cell science series has perceived around 750 researchers of great potentials and outstanding research presentations around the globe. The awareness of stem cells and its application is increasing among the general population that also in parallel offers hope and add woes to the researchers of cell science due to the potential limitations experienced in the real-time.

Stem Cell Research-2017has the goal to fill the prevailing gaps in the transformation of this science of hope to promptly serve solutions to all in the need.World Congress 2017 will have an anticipated participation of 100-120 delegates from around the world to discuss the conference goal.

History of Stem cells Research

Stem cells have an interesting history, in the mid-1800s it was revealed that cells were basically the building blocks of life and that some cells had the ability to produce other cells. Efforts were made to fertilize mammalian eggs outside of the human body and in the early 1900s, it was discovered that some cells had the capacity to generate blood cells. In 1968, the first bone marrow transplant was achieved successfully to treat two siblings with severe combined immunodeficiency. Other significant events in stem cell research include:

1978: Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood 1981: First in vitro stem cell line developed from mice 1988: Embryonic stem cell lines created from a hamster 1995: First embryonic stem cell line derived from a primate 1997: Cloned lamb from stem cells 1997: Leukaemia origin found as haematopoietic stem cell, indicating possible proof of cancer stem cells

Funding in USA:

No federal law forever did embargo stem cell research in the United States, but only placed restrictions on funding and use, under Congress's power to spend. By executive order on March 9, 2009, President Barack Obama removed certain restrictions on federal funding for research involving new lines of humanembryonic stem cells. Prior to President Obama's executive order, federal funding was limited to non-embryonic stem cell research and embryonic stem cell research based uponembryonic stem celllines in existence prior to August 9, 2001. In 2011, a United States District Court "threw out a lawsuit that challenged the use of federal funds for embryonic stem cell research.

Members Associated with Stem Cell Research:

Discussion on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the fundamental question of how a single cell, the fertilized egg, ultimately produces a complex fully patterned adult organism, as well as the intimately related question of how adult structures regenerate. Stem cells play critical roles both during embryonic development and in later renewal and repair. More than 65 faculties in Philadelphia from both basic science and clinical departments in the Division of Biological Sciences belong to Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology. Their research uses traditional model species including nematode worms, fruit-flies, Arabidopsis, zebrafish, amphibians, chick and mouse as well as non-traditional model systems such as lampreys and cephalopods. Areas of research focus include stem cell biology, regeneration, developmental genetics, and cellular basis of development, developmental neurobiology, and evo-devo (Evolutionary developmental biology).

Stem Cell Market Value:

Worldwide many companies are developing and marketing specialized cell culture media, cell separation products, instruments and other reagents for life sciences research. We are providing a unique platform for the discussions between academia and business.

Global Tissue Engineering & Cell Therapy Market, By Region, 2009 2018

$Million

Why to attend???

Stem Cell Research-2017 could be an outstanding event that brings along a novel and International mixture of researchers, doctors, leading universities and stem cell analysis establishments creating the conference an ideal platform to share knowledge, adoptive collaborations across trade and world, and assess rising technologies across the world. World-renowned speakers, the most recent techniques, tactics, and the newest updates in cell science fields are assurances of this conference.

A Unique Opportunity for Advertisers and Sponsors at this International event:

http://stemcell.omicsgroup.com/sponsors.php

UAS Major Universities which deals with Stem Cell Research

University of Washington/Hutchinson Cancer Center

Oregon Stem Cell Center

University of California Davis

University of California San Francisco

University of California Berkeley

Stanford University

Mayo Clinic

Major Stem Cell Organization Worldwide:

Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research

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Stem Cell Conferences | Cell and Stem Cell Congress | Stem ...

Mr. Deven Patel President, CEO and Co-founder

Mr. Deven Patel is the President, CEO and Cofounder of GIOSTAR. He has also served as the CEO, President and Board of Directors in highly comprehensive environment of Healthcare Management, Architectural, General Construction, Alternative Energy and multifaceted Internet industries. Apart from serving as CEO and President, Mr. Patel has also served in a key positions of several public and private organizations such as Asian & Pacific American Coalition, Asian Outreach Committee Children Memorial Hospital San Diego, Federation of India Associations, National Federation of Indian American Association, CRY America, Global Organization of People of Indian Origin, Kelly Dean Citizens Awareness Circle, Phillip Redmond Foundation, Lockport Planning Commission.

During his early career, Mr. Patel was involved with the design and construction of several healthcare projects as an architect and a builder. He has also served as a partner for an assisted living and wellness center fostering care for senior citizens suffering from special conditions.

Dr. Anand Srivastava, M.S., Ph.D. Chairman, Cofounder and Chief Scientific Officer

Dr. Anand Srivastava has been associated with leading universities and research institutions of USA. In affiliation with University of California San Diego Medical College (UCSD), University of California Irvine Medical College (UCI), Salk Research Institute, San Diego, Burnham Institute For Medical Research, San Diego, University of California Los Angeles Medical College (UCLA), USA has developed several research collaborations and has an extensive research experience in the field of Embryonic Stem cell which is documented by several publications in revered scientific journals.

Dr. Anand Srivastava's success has its root in his unique background of expertise in Stem cell biology, protein biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, in utero transplantation of stem cell, tissue targeting, gene therapy and clinical research. There are many scientists who can work in a narrowly defined field but few have broad and multidisciplinary experience to carry out clinical research in a field as challenging as Stem cell biology, cancer and gene therapy field. Dr. Anand Srivastava's wide-spectrum expertise is rare in clinical research and perfectly crafted to fit ideally with the GIOSTAR projects for Stem cell transplant, cancer and gene therapy research.

Dr. Anand Srivastava's research work has been presented in various national and international scientific meetings and conferences in India, Japan, Germany and USA. His research articles have been published in peer reviewed medical scientific journals and he has been cited extensively by other scientists. Dr. Anand Srivastava's expertise and scientific achievements were recognized by many scientific fellowships and by two consecutive award of highly prestigious and internationally recognized, JISTEC award from Science and Technology Agency, Government of Japan. Also, his research presentation was awarded with the excellent presentation award in the "Meeting of Clinical Chemistry and Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. He has also expertise in genetic engineering research, developmental biology, immunology, making the transgenic animals and his extraordinary expertise of searching and characterizing the new genes are ideal for our ongoing projects of developing the effective treatments for many degenerative diseases, genetic diseases and cancer. Based on his extraordinary scientific achievements his biography has been included in "WHO IS WHO IN AMERICA" data bank two times, first in 2005 and second in 2010.

Dr. Anand Srivastava's Long Profile

Dr. Anand Srivastava has been associated with leading universities and research institutions of USA. In affiliation with University of California San Diego Medical College (UCSD), University of California Irvine Medical College (UCI), Salk Research Institute, San Diego, Burnham Institute For Medical Research, San Diego, University of California Los Angeles Medical College (UCLA), USA has developed several research collaborations and has an extensive research experience in the field of Embryonic Stem cell which is documented by several publications in revered scientific journals.

Dr. Srivastava is a Chairman and Cofounder of California based Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research (GIOSTAR) headquartered in San Diego, California, (U.S.A.). The company was formed with the vision to provide stem cell based therapy to aid those suffering from degenerative or genetic diseases around the world such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Autism, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Stroke, Spinal Cord Injuries, Paralysis, Blood Related Diseases, Cancer and Burns. GIOSTAR is a leader in developing most advance stem cell based technology, supported by leading scientists with the pioneering publications in the area of stem cell biology. Companys primary focus is to discover and develop a cure for human diseases with the state of the art unique stem cell based therapies and products. The Regenerative Medicine provides promise for treatments of diseases previously regarded as incurable.

Giostar is worlds leading Stem cell research company involved with stem cell research work for over a decade. It is headed by Dr Anand Srivastava, who is a world-renowned authority in the field of Stem cell biology, Cancer, Gene therapy. Several governments including USA, India, China, Turkey, Kuwait, Thailand and many others seek his advice and guidance on drafting their strategic & national policy formulations and program directions in the area of stem cell research, development and its regulations. Under his creative leadership a group of esteemed scientists and clinicians have developed and established Stem cell therapy for various types of Autoimmune diseases and blood disorders which are being offered to patients in USA and soon it will be offered on a regular clinical basis to the people around the globe. Giostar is already the official collaborator of Government of Gujarat, India by setting up a state of art stem cell treatment hospital in Surat civil hospital for the less fortunate tribal populace of the southern belt of Gujarat suffering from Sickle Cell Anemia. Several state Governments in India is looking for a collaborative efforts of GIOSTAR and Dr. Anand to develop stem cell transplant program in their respective states.

SUMMARY OF DR. SRIVASTAVAS WORK:

Dr. Anand Srivastavas success has its root in his unique background of expertise in Stem cell biology, protein biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, in utero transplantation of stem cell, tissue targeting, gene therapy and clinical research. There are many scientists who can work in a narrowly defined field but few have broad and multidisciplinary experience to carry out clinical research in a field as challenging as Stem cell biology, cancer and gene therapy field. Dr. Anand Srivastavas wide-spectrum expertise is rare in clinical research and perfectly crafted to fit ideally with the GIOSTAR projects for Stem cell transplant, cancer and gene therapy research.

Dr. Anand Srivastavas research work has been presented in various national and international scientific meetings and conferences in India, Japan, Germany and USA. His research articles have been published in peer reviewed medical scientific journals and he has been cited extensively by other scientists. Dr. Anand Srivastavas expertise and scientific achievements were recognized by many scientific fellowships and by two consecutive award of highly prestigious and internationally recognized, JISTEC award from Science and Technology Agency, Government of Japan. Also, his research presentation was awarded with the excellent presentation award in the Meeting of Clinical Chemistry and Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. He has also expertise in genetic engineering research, developmental biology, immunology, making the transgenic animals and his extraordinary expertise of searching and characterizing the new genes are ideal for our ongoing projects of developing the effective treatments for many degenerative diseases, genetic diseases and cancer. Based on his extraordinary scientific achievements his biography has been included in WHO IS WHO IN AMERICA data bank two times, first in 2005 and second in 2010.

POSITIONS HELD BY DR. SRIVASTAVA (1997 to Date):

1. Chairman & Cofounder (2008-till date): Global Institute of Stem Cell Therapy and Research, San Diego, CA. USA. 2. Associate Professor: Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), CA, USA. 3. Visiting Senior Scientist: Department of Stem Cell Biology, Burnham Research Institute for Medical Science, San Diego, CA, USA. 4. Senior Scientist: Stem Cell Core Facility, The Salk Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. 5. Associate Professor: Department of Stem Cells and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA. 6. Assistant Professor: Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA 7. Honorary Visiting Professor: National Research Institute, Nansei, Mie, JAPAN.

SPECIAL STEM ISSUES OF JOURNALS DEVOTED TO DR. SRIVASTAVA

1. Current Topics of Medicinal Chemistry among top five medicinal chemistry journal devoted its special issue of stem cell to Dr. Srivastava in 2010. 2. Stem Cell International devoted its special issue on stem cells to Dr. Srivastava in 2012.

EXPERT SCIENTIFIC REVIEWER FOR LEADING JOURNALS OF MEDICINE:

Dr. Srivastava is the member of the several scientific review committees and reviewing the research grants. He has written several review articles and scientific manuscripts. He is also the reviewer and editor of several scientific journals.

1. Advances in Stem Cells 2. Current pharmaceutical Design 3. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 4. Stem Cells 5. Stem Cell International 6. Current in Cell Medicine 7. Journal of Stem Cell Research and Therapy 8. Conference Papers in Molecular Biology 9. Journal of Pharmaceutics 10. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 11. Open Journal of Organ Transplant Surgery 12. Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 13. Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications 14. Blood and Lymphatic Cancer: Targets and Therapy 15. Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease 16. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 17. Immuno Targets and Therapy 18. Current Vascular Pharmacology 19. Gastrointestinal Cancer: Targets and Therapy 20. Journal of Bioengineering and Biomedical Sciences 21. The Application of Clinical Genetics 22. Journal of Tissue Science & Engineering 23. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 24. Current Tissue Engineering 25. Hepatic Medicine: Evidence and Research 26. Current Drug Discovery Technologies 27. Current Bioactive Compounds 28. Transplant Research and Risk Management 29. Biosimilars 30. Current Drug Delivery 31. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 32. Open Journal of Regenerative Medicine 33. Current Diabetes Reviews 34. Journal of Fertilization: In Vitro 35. Clinical and Translational Medicine

FELLOWSHIPS/ AWARDS:

2003 Awarded with NIMA (National Integrated Medical Association) Outstanding Scientist award from NIMA, India. 2003 Awarded with Excellent Scientist Award from Bharat Vikas Parisad, India for continuous excellent performance in the life science research. The 18th International Congress of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Kyoto Excellent Poster Award, Kyoto, Japan. 2002 Best Scientist Award for excellent contribution in the field of life science research from Kayastha Maha Sabha, Varanasi, India. 1998-2000: Long-term STA/JISTEC Award (Science and Technology Agency/Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center, JAPAN)- Fellowship award for two year from government of Japan. 1997-1998: Short-term STA/JISTEC Award (Science and Technology Agency/Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center, JAPAN)- Fellowship Award for three months from government of Japan (October 1997- January 1998). 1997-1998: Awarded with Research Associate-ship award from CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Government of India. 1990-1995: CAS (Center of Advanced Study) Award in Zoology. A doctoral research fellowship award from Government of India.

THE FOLLOWING SUMMARIZES DR. SRIVASTAVAS MAJOR SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS:

1. Dr. Srivastava developed the animal material free and serum free Human embryonic Stem cell culture condition to use the Human ES cells to treat the human diseases. 2. Dr. Srivastava for the first time showed that if the ES cell injected into developing fetuses in utero takes participation in development of all body of a living organism. 3. For the first time he showed that ES cell is better accepted by the transplanted animals in comparison to adult stem cells. 4. For the first time he showed the way to generate the high number of pre-erythrocytes using glucocorticoid hormone. Which may be use to treat several blood diseases. 5. For the first time Using ES cells he generated the high number of CD34+ expressing a kind of hematopoietic stem cell which can be used to treat several autoimmune diseases, immune reconstitution and blood diseases. 6. For the first time he showed the molecular mechanism behind the regulation of ES cell differentiation into hematopoietic cells. 7. For the first time he showed that ES cells automatically recognize the damage portion of the brain and can be used to repair the damage brain. 8. For the first time he showed that ES cell can be used to treat the Crohns disease a kind of colon cancer. 9. For the first time, he demonstrated that the mammalian fetuses can be programmed inside the mother uterus to face the challenges of the future possible infection. This finding is very important to develop the advanced therapy for any fatal disease such as cancer and AIDS. Utilizing these techniques, fetuses can be given information about all possible infections and the capability to counter those infections and disease. 10. He has demonstrated for the first time that it is easy to correct the genetic diseases in developing fetus in utero in comparison to adult animals. 11. He has shown for the first time that the lung cancer cells can be treated with the help of plant product curcumin and can be used as effective cancer therapeutic agent. He also demonstrated that how curcumin regulated the genes related to programmed death of cancerous cell. Finding help in development of non-toxic, less expensive, easily available drug for cancer. 12. The biggest problem in the treatment of cancer and other diseases is the non-specific distribution of medicine and toxic chemotherapeutic agents to healthy tissues. Dr. Srivastava for the first time developed a technique that can help in targeting the diseased tissues using the tissue receptor binding peptide ligands. These techniques can be used for targeted delivery of drugs and genes (in case of genetic disease) to the specific fetal tissues inside the mother uterus without harming the normal tissues of mother and fetus. 13. For the first time, He demonstrated the insertion of foreign pancreas enzyme specific gene promoter into the developing animals embryo and successfully shown the incorporation and regulation of pancreatic enzyme in the control of inserted gene. This is very important finding and proves that the defective genes can be replaced easily and effectively by the normal functional genes during the development of animals. This finding will help in the change of defective genes of insulin hormone, which is present in the pancreas of diabetic patients and many other genetic diseases also. 14. For the first time, He reported the gene sequence of all important pancreatic enzymes (three isoform of trypsinogen, two isoforms of chymotrypsinogen, four types of elastases, three forms of carboxypeptidases and lipase) and its evolutionary relationship with human. Also,he reported first time the regulation of digestion by these enzymes in the alimentary canal during digestion of proteins in the developing animals. 15. For the first time, He cloned and sequenced two types of human homologue of Vitamin D receptor gene from Japanese flounder, which is most important receptor, which help in the development of bone. Before my report, characters of this gene were not known in Japanese flounder. This finding helped in the understanding of the genetic evolution of mammals. 16. For the first time, he cloned and sequenced the homologue of human placental protein, PP11, and mouse T cell specific, Tcl-30, in pancreas of Japanese flounder, this study suggest that these genes evolved from the fish pancreas and in fish it helps in synthesizing the digestive enzymes but during the evolution its function got changed and work differently in the mammalian placenta. This was very important finding related to this rare gene. 17. For the first time, He has shown that the Hox and sonic hedgehog genes regulate the development of bones and respiratory organs. He also demonstrated that how these genes could be regulated artificially. This was very important finding because it gives the idea that how genes regulate the development of organs. 18. For the first time, He has purified and characterized the human homolog of AAT and ASPT enzymes, which is the basic clinical marker in all the infection and major marker of liver function test. 19. For the first time, he demonstrated the co-ordination of AAT and ASPT enzymes in the production of energy through the amino acids after aerobic respiration. 20. For the first time, he has shown that according to metabolic demand of the body AAT and ASPT genes synthesized additional forms of its isoform to cope up with the extra energy demand and work as an on and off switch.

DR. SRIVASTAVAS EXCELLENCE IN SEVERAL ADVANCED BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:

Techniques related to Human Embryonic Stem Cell Human Embryonic Stem cell culture, Serum free and feeder free hES cell culture, in vitro differentiation of hES cells into neural cells, in vitro differentiation of hES into hematopoietic cells and red blood cells under the control of cytokines. Gene regulation studies using RT-PCR, Real time PCR, Northern blot, Southern blot and in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry during the differentiation, Cell cycle regulation studies during differentiation of hES cells into hematopoietic and neural cells. Use of siRNA for blocking a specific cell cycle. FACS analysis of differentiated cells and cell shorting. ES cell transfection.

In vivo studies with ES cells Created a mouse model for study the effect of ES cells on damaged brain. Injection of ES cells into mouse brain, tail vein injection, in vivo tracking of ES cell migration. Used the ES cells for repair of damaged brain. Gene and protein regulation during neural cell differentiation. Studies on transcription factors. Histochemical analysis of transplanted ES cells using fluorescent, confocal microscopy and deconvolution microscopy. Created a mouse model for Crohns disease. In vivo migration of ES cells into diseased portion of intestine. Studies on inflammatory cytokines during the repair of Crohns disease with ES cell. Gene regulation studies during this process. Elisa assays for the cytokines. Stem cell niche interaction.

Created in utero mouse model for ES cells transplantation. Used this model to make chimeric animals. Distribution and differentiation of ES cells into developing mouse embryo. FACS and magnetic shorting of ES cells derived CD31+, CD34+, CD45+ cells from the transplanted animal tissues. Gene and protein regulation of in vivo differentiating cells.

Created immunocompromised mouse model to study the effect of in vivo immune component on T7 phage virus. In vivo selection of tissue specific receptor binding peptide using in vivo biopanning method. Tissue targeted gene delivery to correct the blood related genetic diseases. Gene cloning, gene sequencing, synthesis of RNA probes. Protein and enzyme biochemistry Protein assay, peptide structure and amino acid sequencing, Enzyme assay, Ultra centrifugation, Ion exchange chromatography, column chromatography, HPLC, Protein and gene regulation during the development. Enzyme kinetics, Enzyme inhibition, SDS gel electrophoresis, Protein characterization.

Selection of cell receptor binding peptide and Phage display technology

- Selection of tissue receptor binding peptides using T7 phage display system. - In vivo and in vitro biopanning for selection of receptor binding peptides sequences. - Characterization of targeted cells and tissues using histochemistry and gene expression analyses. - In vivo delivery of drugs and genes to targeted tissues using microinjection.

Cancer Research

- Studying the role of pharmaceutical agent curcumin as an anti-lung cancer drug and develop it as a non-toxic cancer drug. - Role of apoptotic genes on the lung cancer cell lines. - Development of tissue targeted delivery protocol of pharmaceuticals agents for cancer and genetic diseases

Fluorescence techniques for nucleic acid sequence detection: Clinical and diagnostic applications

- Fluorescent labeling of DNA and RNA probes. - Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) protocols for DNA and RNA sequence. detection in real time (Sequence Detection System 7700, ABI, Perkin Elmer) - FRET protocols for monitoring ribozyme reactions and kinetics in real time (TaqMan, SDS 7700, ABI, Perkin Elmer). - Accessibility studies for DNA and RNA target sequences using FRET. - Fluorescence polarization protocols for monitoring ribozyme reactions (POLARstar, BMG, GmbH) and for DNA and RNA sequence detection. - Sequence detection with Syber green dye in real time quantitative PCR by Light Cycler (Roche Diagnostics, USA). - Single nucleotide polymorphism detection in real time with LightCycler hybridization probes (Roche Diagnostics, USA).

Gene detection technology: Research and Clinical applications

- Preparation of radio labeled & fluorescent labeled RNAs (ribozymes and target substrates). - In vitro transcription of RNA. - Expression of ribozymes in yeast. - Isolation and purification of cellular RNA. - RNase Protection Assay. - Kinetic characterization of ribozymes & binding kinetics using fluorescence methods. - Designing, synthesis and characterization of allosteric ribozymes induced by small drug ligands (such as theophylline & caffeine).

In utero transplantation: Clinical Research to cure the fetal genetic diseases

- Developed in utero microinjection techniques to transplant the bone marrow and stem cells to cure blood related genetic disease. - Harvest the fetal liver, bone marrow and mouse embryonic stem cells for transplantation. - Culture mouse embryonic stem cell and in vitro differentiation into the blood cells. - Fractionation of cells using flow cytometry techniques.

Standard Molecular biology techniques - Standard and site directed mutagenesis polymerase chain reaction (PCR). - Preparation and purification of plasmids. - Transformations and Transfection of DNA. - Cloning of DNA. - Solid phase synthesis of DNA (Gene Assembler, Pharmacia). - DNA sequencing & fragment analyses (ABI 310 Gene Sequencer, Perkin Elmer). - Quantitation of DNA, RNA and proteins. - Mammalian cell culture and yeast culture. - Gel electrophoresis (polyacrylamide and agarose). - Capillary gel electrophoresis (ABI 310 Gene Sequencer, Perkin Elmer). - Column/ gel/ thin layer chromatography. - Autoradiography by phosphorimager (Storm, Molecular Dynamics, USA). - High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). - Preparation and purification of chemical reagents & solvents. - Enzyme/ Protein/ purification and characterization. - Isolation of Genomic DNA, Genomic library Construction. - Radioimmunoassay.

General molecular and biochemical techniques

mRNA preparation and purification, Primer designing, Real-time PCR, RT-PCR, DNA cloning, DNA sequencing, Isolation of Genomic DNA, Genomic library Construction, Transformation, Transfection, Cell culture, Plasmid purification, RNA probe making, Different kinds of microscopy, In situ hybridization, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Western blotting, Spectrophotometery, In utero-microinjection, Column chromatography, HPLC, PAGE, Agarose gel-electrophoresis, Enzyme assay, Protein assay, Enzyme/ Protein/ DNA purification, Histology, Phage display for tissue targeting, Radio-immunoassay,

INVITED SPEAKER AND PRESENTATIONS OF DR. SRIVASTAVAS SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES:

1. Srivastava A.S. Invited Speaker, STEM 2013, 9 Th Annual Conference on Biotechnology - Focusing On Latest Trend in Stem Cells, Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Mumbai, India, January 2013.

2. Srivastava A.S. "International Conference on Regenerative and Functional Medicine" (Regenerative Medicine-2012), San Antonio, USA. November 2012.

3. Sriavstava A.S. 2nd International Congress on Neurology & Epidemiology; "Impact of drugs on the natural history of neurological diseases". Nice, France. November 2012.

4. Srivastava A.S. Invited Speaker, International Expo and Conference on Analytrix & HPLC, Chicago, USA. October 2012.

5. Srivastava A.S. Invited Speaker at "International Conference on Emerging Cell Therapies" (Cell Therapy-2012) Chicago, USA. October 2012.

6. Srivastava A.S. Invited Speaker, 6th Neurodegenerative Conditions Research and Development Conference San Francisco, CA, USA. September 2012.

7. Srivastava A.S. 8th International Congress on Mental Dysfunction & Other Non-Motor Features In Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Berlin, Germany. May 2012.

8. Srivastava A.S. International Conference and Exhibition on Neurology & Therapeutics Las Vegas, USA. May 2012.

9. Srivastava A.S. Montreal International Biotechnology Forum, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. May 2012.

10. Srivastava A.S. Invited Speaker, International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR) V and 9th Global College Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration (GCNN) conference with the 4th International Spinal Cord Injury Treatment & Trial Symposium (ISCITT) Xian City, China. May 2012.

11. Srivastava A.S. International Forum on the Mediterranean Diet, Ravello - Amalfi Coast, Italy. March 2012

12. Srivastava A.S. Hong Kong international Stem Cell Forum 2012, Hong Kong. February 2012.

13. Srivastava A.S. 4th International Conference on Drug Discovery and Therapy" (4th ICDDT 2012) Dubai, UAE, February 2012.

14. Srivastava A.S. Evolving Strategies in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation- San Diego, USA. February 2012.

15. Srivastava A.S. Hebei International Biotechnology Forum; Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. November 2011

16. Srivastava A.S. 3rd International Conference on Drug Discovery and Therapy. Regenerative Medicine. Dubai, UAE. February 2011.

17. Srivastava A.S. 3rd Annual Congress of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell-2010, Shanghai, China. December 2010.

18. Srivastava A.S. 1st Annual Tetra-Congress of MolMed-Personal Medicine Congress 2010, Shanghai, China. November 2010.

19. Srivastava A.S. International Association of Neurorestoratology(IANR), American Journal of Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Beijing, China. October 2010.

20. Srivastava A.S. EPS Global International Neuroscience Forum. Nha Trang, Vietnam. October 2010.

21. Srivastava A.S. EPS Global International Neuroscience Forum, Guangzhou, China. September 2010.

22. Srivastava A.S. 4th Academic Congress of International Chinese Neurosurgical Sciences. Chengdu, China. June 2010.

23. Srivastava A.S. 1st Annual World Congress of Immunodiseases and Therapy (WCIT 2010). Beijing, China. May 2010.

24. Srivastava A.S. 3rd PepCon-2010 - Protein Misfolding and Neurodegeneration. Beijing, China. March 2010

25. Srivastava A.S. Potential use of ES cells in hematopoietic and neural diseases. City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA. January, 2009.

26. Srivastava A.S. Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem cell into erythrocyte and neural precursor cells: Its potential application. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, December, 2008.

27. Srivastava A.S. Potential of ES cell in repair of Hematopoietic and neural diseases. International Conference in Stem cell, Kerala, India, August, 2008.

28. Srivastava A. S., Singh U. and Carrier E. Embryonic stem cell improve colitis and decrease IL- 12 levels in the colitis mice. BMRP Fourth Annual Investigator Meeting, Los Angeles, USA. 2006

29. Carrier E., Shermila Kausal and Srivastava A. S. Gene Regulation During the Erythrocytic Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Blood (ASH Meeting), 2005.

30. Carrier E., Shermila Kausal and Srivastava A. S. Differentiation of Human ES cell into the Hemangioblast. Blood (AHS Meeting), 2005.

31. Srivastava A.S., Zhongling F., Victor A., Kim H.S. and Carrier E. Repair of Crohns disease with embryonic stem cells. Broad Medical Research Program, Third Annual Investigator Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2005.

32. Srivastava A.S., Shenouda S. and Carrier E. Damaged murine brain induces ES cells into migration and proliferation. Blood:104, 779a, 2004.

33. Srivastava A.S., Shenouda S. and Carrier E. Increased expression of OCT4,SOX2 and FGF4 genes following injection of embryonic stem cell into damaged murine brain. American Society of Gene Therapy, 2004.

34. Srivastava A.S. and Carrier E.; Distribution and stability of T7 phage in mouse blood and tissues. Molecular Therapy:7, 230, 2003.

35. Moustafa M., Srivastava A.S., Nedelcu E., Minev B., Carrier E.; Chimerism and tolerance post in utero transplantation with ontogenically different sources of stem cells. 32nd annual meeting of the international society for Experimental Hematology, 31, 274, 2003 (Paris, France).

36. Steve S., Srivastava A.S. Carrier E.; In vivo survival of hematopoietic stem cell in mouse brain.11th international symposium on recent advances in Stem cell transplantation, 89-90, 2003 (San Diego, USA).

37. Srivastava A.S., Carrier E.; Distribution and stability of T7 phage in mouse. 11th international symposium on recent advances in Stem cell transplantation, 93, 2003 (San Diego, USA).

38. Elena N., Srivastava A.S., Varki N.M., Assatourian G. and E. Carrier; Embryonic stem cells survive and proliferate after intraperitoneal In utero transplantation and produce teratocarcinomas. Blood:160b, 2002.

39. Srivastava A.S and E. Carrier; In utero targeting the fetal liver by using T7 phage display system. Blood:489b, 2002.

40. Srivastava A.S. and E. Carrier; Factor responsible for in vivo neutralization of T7 phage display vector in the blood of mice. Blood:489b, 2002.

41. Srivastava A.S. and E. Carrier; Distribution and stability of T7 phage in the mouse after intravenous administration. ICCC, Kyoto, Japan. (October 2002).

42. Srivastava A.S., T. Kaido and E. Carrier; Immunological factors that affect the in vivo fate of T7 phage in the mouse. Molecular Therapy:5, 713, 2002.

43. Srivastava A.S., E. Nedelcu and E. Carrier; Engraftment of murine embryonic stem cells after in utero transplantation. Molecular Therapy:5, 1132, 2003.

44. M. Rizzi, T. Kaido, M.Gerloni, K.Schuler, A. S. Srivastava, E.Carrier and M. Zanetti; Neonatal T cell immunity by in utero immunization. AAI 2002 annual meeting, April 20 - 24, New Orleans, Experimental Biology 2002 sponsored by 7 FASEB societies.

45. Srivastava A.S., T. Kaido and E. Carrier; Kinetics of T7 phage neutralization in the blood of normal and immunodeficient mice. Blood:407, 2001.

46. Hassan S., Jody D., Srivastava A.S., T.H. Lee, M.P. Busch, Carrier E.; Immunity without microchimerism after in utero transplantation of Hematopoietic stem cell. Blood:320, 2001.

47. Srivastava A.S., Felix Tinkov, T. Friedmann and E. Carrier; Detection of T7 phage in the fetus after Systemic administration to pregnant mice. Molecular Therapy:4, 760, 2001.

48. Pillai G.R., Srivastava A.S., Hassan S., Carrier E. Differential sensitivity of human lung cancer cell lines to curcumin. 9th Annual International Symposium on Recent Advances in Hematopoietic Stem cell Transplantation. USA. 2001.

49. Hassan S., Jody D., Srivastava A.S., Carrier E.; The role of I-E molecule on survival rate and tolerance after in utero transplantation. The 42 ASH meeting, San Francisco, USA. 2000.

50. Suzuki T., Srivastava A.S., Kurokawa T.; Identification of cDNA encoding two subtypes of vitamin D receptor in flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Meeting of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, April 2 - 4, 2000, Tokyo, JAPAN.

51. Srivastava A.S., Suzuki T., Kurokawa T., Kamimoto M., Nakatsuji T.; GFP expression in pancreas of developing fish embryo under control of Carboxypeptidase A promoter. Plant and Animal Genome-VIII (PAG-VIII), Conference, San Diego, California, USA. January 9th to 12th, 2000.

52. Srivastava A.S., Suzuki T., Kurokawa T.; Molecular cloning of serine protease cDNAs from pancreas of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Meeting of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science, Tokyo, JAPAN. 1999.

53. Suzuki T., Srivastava A.S., Kurokawa T.; Cloning of FGFRs from Flounder embryos, and their expression during axial skeletal development. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists. JAPAN. 1999.

54. Suzuki T., Srivastava A.S., Kurokawa T.; Expression of Signal molecules during axial skeleton development in Japanese flounder. Meeting of the Japanese Society of Zoological Science. JAPAN. 1999.

55. Suzuki N., Suzuki T., Srivastava A.S., Kurokawa T.; cDNA cloning and expression analysis of receptor for calcitonin and calcitonin related peptide from Japanese flounder. Meeting of the Japanese Society of Zoological Science. JAPAN. 1999.

56. Srivastava A.S., Trigun S.K., Singh S.N.; Purification and kinetics of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase from liver of air-breathing and non air-breathing fish. National Symposium on Comparative Physiology & Endocrinology, Raipur, INDIA. 1997.

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