Category Archives: Quantum Computing

It is true that adversaries are collecting our encrypted data today so they can decrypt it later. In essence anything sent using PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) today may very well be decrypted when quantum computing becomes available. Our recent report identifies the risk to account numbers and other long tail data (data that still has high value 5 years or more into the future). Data you send today using traditional PKI is the horse that left the barn.

But this article describes a scary scenario where an adversarys quantum computer hacks the US militarys communications and utilizes that advantage to sink the US Fleet but that is highly unlikely as long as government agencies follow orders. The US government specifies that AES-128 be used for secret (unclassified) information and AES-256 for top secret (classified) information. While AES-128 can be cracked using quantum computers, one estimate suggests that would take 6 months of computing time. That would be very expensive. Most estimates indicate that using AES-256 would take hundreds of years, but the military is already planning an even safer alternative it just isnt yet in production (that I am aware of):

Arthur Herman conducted two formidable studies on what a single, successful quantum computing attack would do to both our banking systems and a major cryptocurrency. A single attack on the banking system by a quantum computer would take down Fedwire and cause $2 trillion of damage in a very short period of time. A similar attack on a cryptocurrency like bitcoin would cause a 90 percent drop in price and would start a three-year recession in the United States. Both studies were backed up by econometric models using over 18,000 data points to predict these cascading failures.

Another disastrous effect could be that an attacker with a CRQC could take control of any systems that rely on standard PKI. So, by hacking communications, they would be able to disrupt data flows so that the attacker could take control of a device, crashing it into the ground or even using it against an enemy. Think of the number of autonomous vehicles that we are using both from a civilian and military standpoint. Any autonomous devices such as passenger cars, military drones, ships, planes, and robots could be hacked by a CRQC and shut down or controlled to perform activities not originally intended by the current users or owners.

Overview byTim Sloane,VP, Payments Innovation at Mercator Advisory Group

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Quantum Isnt Armageddon; But Your Horse Has Already Left the Barn - PaymentsJournal

April 26 (Reuters) - Computers using light rather than electric currents for processing, only years ago seen as research projects, are gaining traction and startups that have solved the engineering challenge of using photons in chips are getting big funding.

In the latest example, Ayar Labs, a startup developing this technology called silicon photonics, said on Tuesday it had raised $130 million from investors including chip giant Nvidia Corp (NVDA.O).

While the transistor-based silicon chip has increased computing power exponentially over past decades as transistors have reached the width of several atoms, shrinking them further is challenging. Not only is it hard to make something so miniscule, but as they get smaller, signals can bleed between them.

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So, Moore's law, which said every two years the density of the transistors on a chip would double and bring down costs, is slowing, pushing the industry to seek new solutions to handle increasingly heavy artificial intelligence computing needs.

According to data firm PitchBook, last year silicon photonics startups raised over $750 million, doubling from 2020. In 2016 that was about $18 million.

"A.I. is growing like crazy and taking over large parts of the data center," Ayar Labs CEO Charles Wuischpard told Reuters in an interview. "The data movement challenge and the energy consumption in that data movement is a big, big issue."

The challenge is that many large machine-learning algorithms can use hundreds or thousands of chips for computing, and there is a bottleneck on the speed of data transmission between chips or servers using current electrical methods.

Light has been used to transmit data through fiber-optic cables, including undersea cables, for decades, but bringing it to the chip level was hard as devices used for creating light or controlling it have not been as easy to shrink as transistors.

PitchBooks senior emerging technology analyst Brendan Burke expects silicon photonics to become common hardware in data centers by 2025 and estimates the market will reach $3 billion by then, similar to the market size of the A.I. graphic chips market in 2020.

Beyond connecting transistor chips, startups using silicon photonics for building quantum computers, supercomputers, and chips for self-driving vehicles are also raising big funds.

PsiQuantum raised about $665 million so far, although the promise of quantum computers changing the world is still years out.

Lightmatter, which builds processors using light to speed up AI workloads in the datacenter, raised a total of $113 million and will release its chips later this year and test with customers soon after.

Luminous Computing, a startup building an AI supercomputer using silicon photonics backed by Bill Gates, raised a total of $115 million.

It is not just the startups pushing this technology forward. Semiconductor manufacturers are also gearing up to use their silicon chip-making technology for photonics.

GlobalFoundries Head of Computing and Wired Infrastructure Amir Faintuch said collaboration with PsiQuantum, Ayar, and Lightmatter has helped build up a silicon photonics manufacturing platform for others to use. The platform was launched in March.

Peter Barrett, founder of venture capital firm Playground Global, an investor in Ayar Labs and PsiQuantum, believes in the long-term prospects for silicon photonics for speeding up computing, but says it is a long road ahead.

"What the Ayar Labs guys do so well ... is they solved the data interconnect problem for traditional high-performance (computing)," he said. "But it's going to be a while before we have pure digital photonic compute for non-quantum systems."

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Reporting by Jane Lanhee Lee; Editing by Stephen Coates

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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Chip startups using light instead of wires gaining speed and investments - Reuters

Can quantum computing hold the ultimate power to meet sustainable development?

Quantum computing has started gaining popularity with the integration of quantum mechanics through smart quantum computers. Yes, it can transform conventional computers with a highly complex nature. Meanwhile, quantum computing is ready to have the key to protecting the environment with technology. Lets celebrate Earth Day 2022 with sustainable development through quantum computing. Quantum computers hold the substantial potential to save the environment with technology and physics law. Thus, lets dig deeper into quantum computing to look out for ways how it holds the key to protecting the environment.

Earth Day 2022 is celebrated across the world to raise the awareness of environmental issues to human beings. It helps to come up with ideas to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption for effective sustainable development. Hence, quantum computing is determined to be the protector of the environment with technology to look out for sustainable development efficiently and effectively.

Quantum computers are a form of supercomputers with thousands of GPU and CPU cores with multiple high degrees of complex issues. It is used for performing multiple quantum calculations with Qubits for simulating the problems that human beings or classical computers cannot solve within a short period of time.

Now in the 21st century with the advancements in technologies, quantum computing can power sustainable development with smart functionalities. Quantum computers can protect the environment with technology by capturing carbon as well as fighting climate change for global warming.

Quantum computing can simulate large complicated molecules which can discover new catalysts for capturing sufficient carbon from the current environment. The room-temperature superconductors hold the key to decreasing the 10% of energy production that is lost in transmission. It will help in better processes to feed the increasing population as well as efficient batteries.

Quantum computing is set to address global challenges, raise awareness, generate solutions, and meet the sustainable development goals on Earth Day 2022. Quantum computers are transforming the illusion into reality with better climate models to protect the environment with technology. It is ready to provide sufficient in-depth insights into how the ways and activities of human beings are drastically affecting the environment and creating a barrier to sustainable development.

Multiple 200 Qubits quantum computers can help to find a catalyst to utilize the 3-5% of the worlds gas production as well as 1-2% of annual energy levels through multiple different tasks. It can be used to generate different catalysts for capturing carbon footprint from the air and decreasing carbon emissions by 80%-90%. Thus, quantum computing can control the rapid rise in temperature in the environment with technology.

That being said, lets celebrate Earth Day 2022 with quantum computing helping the world in ensuring carbon dioxide recycling and reducing harmful emissions of carbon monoxide.

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Earth Day 2022: Quantum Computing has the Key to Protect Environment! - Analytics Insight

The MarketandResearch.biz recent analysis on the Global Quantum Computing in Communication Market anticipates exponential growth from 2022 to 2028. The report presents a market proportion estimation in terms of volumes for the predicted period. The book focuses on market research from the past and present, which serves as a framework for evaluating the markets potential. The study is based on in-depth research of market dynamics, market size, problems, challenges, competition analysis, and the companies involved. The study takes a close look at a number of critical factors that drive the global Quantum Computing in Communication markets growth.

The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global Quantum Computing in Communication market, including market trends, market size, market value, and market growth over the forecast period, both on a compound and yearly basis. This document contains a comprehensive analysis of the companys future prospects. The research defines the market situation and forecast details of the main zones with a logical presentation of leading producers, product categories, and final associations.

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The product can be segmented into the following market segments based on its type:

Market segmentation by application, broken down into:

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A quantum computer is a machine that uses the laws of quantum theory to solve problems made harder by Moore's law (the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years). One example is factoring large numbers. Traditional computers are limited to logical circuits with several tens of transistors, while the number of transistors in a quantum processor may be on the order of one to twomillion. Meaning, these computers will have exponential power, solving problems that traditional computation can't even identify or create solutions for.

In the near future, quantum computers will be so advanced that they will have the capability to simulate very complicated systems. This could be used for simulations in physics, aerospace engineering, cybersecurityand much more. However, once this computer is built, it has the potential to unraveldata encryption protocols. It could also potentially compromise air gaps due to its ability to scan vast distances for nearby networked devices or applications that are open. This means that it can become even simpler for external hackers. Theymay already haveaccess to your computer or computer system via other avenues,like vulnerabilities in web browsers. Theycould find it much easier because you're not locking up all the doors.

Quantum computers point to a radically new understanding of computing. An understandingthat could eventually be used to unlock problems now thought completely intractable. For now, the field seems ripe with potential. Scientists working on quantum computing call it one of the most interesting theoretical toolsin artificial intelligence. Think of it as an incredibly powerful calculator programmed with deep domain expertise. Quantum computers promise answers to all sorts of mathematical, scientificand medical questions humans would never have the guts to tackle otherwise. They promise profound breakthroughs in imaging that will rival even experimental intracellular MRI scans; they may help crack wide-ranging databases that are currently unbreakable orthey might pick up scant details like geological signatures warning us about tsunamis long before they happen.

Quantum computers can theoretically be programmed to solve any complex computational problem. But, the act of programming the computer is so expensive and inflexible that someone would need to program it with all possible solutions. Quantum computers threaten everything. The worst part is that security experts can't ever say for sure what you can do to protect against their programming capabilities. They do know, however, that it's possible to reprogram them just as we would with a normal computer. It's just that the task is so complex and difficult that programming would be such a high-level security risk, it might as well never exist.

What does this all mean? It means we need to develop some sort of encryption technology on our smaller devices so not even those who hold all the worlds data can see or access it. Quantum computers work differently than traditional computers. That gives the maker of a quantum computer more control than with a conventional computer. They can do things like reverse time and process large data with greater speed. The manufacturer will program the machine before release, which also comes with certain risks. Ifthey change their mind and reprogramit per client needs, they put themselves at risk for security breaches. The catch is that the cryptography keys are only secure if you keep them secret. The slightest leak say a pinhole camera across the table from something like a quantum computeror a phone call or email intercepted while being decrypted would enable an adversary to not just unscramble your message but steal your keys. The threat made by quantum computing has been speculated since before it was even technologically feasible to build a quantum computer. But now that were nearly there, the situation might be even more direthan you can imagine.

Related:How Will The World Look Like In 2025 And TheFutureOf ...

As quantum computers allow for more efficient algorithms, the dangers of hacking increase. Such security risks have been a top priority at Google. They havehigh expectations for what approach they will take to create their future quantum machine. In the meantime, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has set out grand challengesfor computer science with a hefty $2 million prize. DARPA's goal is to keep U.S. cyber strength relevant amid the rapid decline in Moore's Law and potential loss of global technological leadership. If quantum computers proliferate, they will threaten everything not just bank records and medical documents, but everything. They represent a security leak so fundamental that it could be worse than the apocalypse. The quantum computer poses a possible threat to the infrastructure of the United States. Yet the American authorities do not have enough measures in place to stop this type of danger. One way that they can defend themselves is by inventing new safety standards that work with the current technologies.

Whenever quantum computing matures, however, it will present a vigorous challenge. Computer scientists will need to develop the protocols and protections necessary to ensure security for this emerging technology. If these precautions are not taken, quantum computing could lead to disastrous outcomes in cyber security. There needs to be a protocol developed to provide security for quantum computers. Hackers will be able to access and disrupt live systems, which calls for an urgent need of advancements in cyber security. These new systems can't just implement existing protection protocols because they're not fully developed yet. The cost of research and development is high and the profits once the product is finished are relatively low.

Quantum computing is a hot topic at this moment in time that will impact society in a way we can't even predict if we don't acknowledge its significance now. Most computers today work in accordance with digital signals. If someone tries to hack the computer, it will change that digital signal into another form or cancel it out, which can be easily noticed. However, quantum computers use quantum bits forcalculations. Theyare tied together in a way that makes them so sensitive to changes in information that they are exponentially more vulnerable to hacks than digital computers. If someone manages to hack a quantum computer though not yet possible it would have serious implications for maintaining our safety standards.

Related:Thanks to Blockchain, Decentralization -- and Data Security -- Are ...

If the leaked NSA documents are to be believed, then we may be in for a rude awakening when quantum computers become technologically feasible. These machines will be able to perform calculations in far less time than any conventional computerand render our currentencryptions ineffectual. The leaks claim that in 30 years, two medium-sized quantum computers would be able to even break the security of RSA (cryptosystem) which is currently set at 2048 bits.

Any business that relies on modern cryptography is at risk of being hacked in the near future. But what can companies do to protect themselves? As it turns out, there are some pretty straightforward solutions which firms can preserve (or improve) security amid all this hullabaloo with quantum computing. The authors recommend investing in encryption techniques like Bitcoin, the blockchainand the TLS (Transport Layer Security).

In simple terms, quantum computers process information differently from today's digital computers. This is because of their ability to have bits which sit in more than one state simultaneously, meaning they can perform many calculations at a time. In a future dominated by quantum computing, all regular computing will be made virtually obsolete. Hackers will be able to access the deepest secrets of companies without needing a password. To avoid this fate, companies need to embrace encryption techniques that guard against quantum technology, but they cannot afford to stop innovating too drastically.

The looming potential threat of quantum computing should be taken seriously, but this doesn't mean you should panic. The best way to protect yourself is to plan ahead and think about possible solutions. Incorporating elements of quantum cryptography may not always be possible for every client because of the cost. But, it could help secure an important client who cannot risk future interference in their sensitive operations.

Related:How Companies Can Utilize AI andQuantumTechnologies to ...

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Quantum Computing Threatens Everything Could it be Worse Than the Apocalypse? - Entrepreneur

Atom Computing

Atom Computing, a quantum computing company headquartered in Berkeley, California, seems to be on the fast track for funding.

This week Atom announced it had secured$60MSeries B round of financing led by Third Point Ventures. The round also included Prime Movers Lab and insiders Innovation Endeavors, Venrock, and Prelude Ventures.

Atom was founded in 2018 with $5M in seed funds by Benjamin Bloom and Jonathan King. Over two years, the duo used those funds to secretly staff and build a quantum computer with a unique technology. What set Atoms computer apart from other quantum machines was that it was the first quantum computer to use nuclear-spin qubits created from optically-trapped neutral atoms.

First-Generation Quantum Computer, Phoenix

In July 2021, Atom Computingreceived an additional $15M in Series A funding from investorsVenrock, Innovation Endeavors, and Prelude Ventures, plus three grants from the National Science Foundation.

According to a statement on Atom's press release by Rob Hays, Atom Computing's president and CEO, there was no shortage of investment interest. "We've seen a tremendous amount ofinvestor interest in what many are starting to believe is a more promising way to scale quantum computers neutral atoms, he said. Our technology advancements and this investment give us the runway to continue our focus on delivering the most scalable and reliable quantum computers."

Whats different about its technology

Most of todays quantum computers use two types of qubits, either superconducting (IBM & Google) or trapped-ion (Quantinum or IonQ). Amazon doesnt yet have a quantum computer, but it plans to build one using superconducting hardware. In contrast, Psi Quantum and Xanadu use photons of light that act as qubits.

Atom computing chose to use a different technology -nuclear-spin qubits made from neutral atoms.Phoenix, the name of Atoms first-generation, gate-based quantum computer platform, uses 100 optically trapped qubits.

These qubits are created from an isotope of Strontium, a naturally occurring element considered to be a neutral atom. Goingdeeper, neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, isotopes of Strontium have varying numbers of neutrons. These differences in neutrons produce different energy levels in the atom that allow spin qubits to be created. Atom Computing uses the isotope Strontium-87 and takes advantage of its unique energy levels to create spin qubits.

It is important for qubits to remain in a quantum state long enough to complete running the quantum circuits. The time that a qubit retains its quantum state is called its coherence time. Neutral atom qubits have a longer coherence time than most other qubit technologies.

Lasers instead of wires are used for precision control of the strontium-87 qubits. Lasers eliminates wiring, which can create radiation and noise that negatively affects coherence.

There are many other technical reasons for using neutral atom spin qubits but beyond the scope of this article.

Second generation plans

Artist rendering of Atom Computings second-generation quantum

With its latest $60M Series B funding, Atom Computing plans to build a larger, second-generation neutral-atom quantum computer. Many additional qubits will give the system increased computational ability. Atom Computing is currently likely to have undisclosed customer trials and use cases in progress. However, we expect new and more significant use cases to be publicly announced once the new quantum system is operational.

Patrick Moorhead, president and chief analyst of Moor Insights and Strategy, said, Qubit coherence, fidelity, and scalability are essential factors for achieving quantum advantage. Atom Computing has already demonstrated that Phoenix, its first-generation 100+ nuclear-spin qubit quantum processor, has the potential to check all those boxes. With the additional $60M Series B funding, I believe Atom could build a large qubit, second-generation quantum system that either brings it to the edge of quantum advantage or possibly even achieves it.

Analyst notes:

Note: Moor Insights & Strategy writers and editors may have contributed to this article.

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Atom Computing Plans To Build A Bigger And Better High-Tech Quantum Computer With Its Latest $60 Million Series B Funding - Forbes