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Category Archives: Neurology
Aspirin 75 mg daily reduces incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer
High-dose aspirin (?500 mg daily) reduces long-term incidence of colorectal cancer, but adverse effects (bleeding) might limit its potential for long-term prevention. The long-term effectiveness of lower doses (75-300 mg daily) is unknown. This study in The Lancet assessed the effects of aspirin on incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer over 20 years.
In the four trials of aspirin versus control (mean duration of treatment 6 years), 2·8% of 14,000 patients had colorectal cancer during a follow-up of 18 years.
Aspirin reduced the 20-year risk of colon cancer (incidence hazard ratio [HR] 0·76, but not rectal cancer (0·90).
Where subsite data were available, aspirin reduced risk of cancer of the proximal colon (0·45), but not the distal colon (1·10). Benefit increased with duration of treatment - aspirin taken for 5 years or longer reduced risk of proximal colon cancer by 70% and also reduced risk of rectal cancer (0·58).
There was no increase in benefit at doses of aspirin greater than 75 mg daily. However, risk of fatal colorectal cancer was higher on 30 mg versus 283 mg daily.
Aspirin taken for several years at doses of at least 75 mg daily reduced long-term incidence and mortality due to colorectal cancer. Benefit was greatest for cancers of the proximal colon, which are not otherwise prevented effectively by screening with sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
References:
Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. The Lancet, Volume 376, Issue 9754, Pages 1741 - 1750, 20 November 2010.
Image source: Colon (anatomy), Wikipedia, public domain.
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Decompression illness – Lancet review
Decompression illness is caused by intravascular or extravascular bubbles that are formed as a result of reduction in environmental pressure (decompression).
Types of decompression illness
The term decompression illness covers 2 entities:
- arterial gas embolism, in which alveolar gas or venous gas emboli (via cardiac shunts or via pulmonary vessels) are introduced into the arterial circulation
- decompression sickness, which is caused by in-situ bubble formation from dissolved inert gas
Both syndromes can occur in divers, compressed air workers, aviators, and astronauts, but arterial gas embolism also arises from iatrogenic causes unrelated to decompression.
Risk of decompression illness is affected by immersion, exercise, and heat or cold.
Clinical features of decompression illness
Manifestations of this condition include a wide range of symptoms and signs:
- itching and minor pain
- neurological symptoms
- cardiac collapse
- death
Treatment of decompression illness
First-aid treatment is 100% oxygen. Definitive treatment is recompression to increased pressure, breathing 100% oxygen.
Adjunctive treatments include fluid administration and prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in paralysed patients.
Prognosis of decompression illness
Treatment is effective in most cases although residual deficits can remain in serious cases, even after several recompressions.
References:
Decompression illness. The Lancet, Volume 377, Issue 9760, Pages 153 - 164, 8 January 2011.
Image source: OpenClipArt.org, public domain.
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Gout update: New drugs for an old disease
Febuxostat is a non-purine-analogue inhibitor of xanthine oxidase that opened a new era in the treatment of gout.
Modified uricases
The use of modified uricases to rapidly reduce serum urate concentrations in patients with otherwise untreatable gout is progressing. Pegloticase, a pegylated uricase, is in development.
Drugs in development
Transport of uric acid in the renal proximal tubule and the inflammatory response to monosodium urate crystals (shown above) are targets for potential new treatments.
Several pipeline drugs for gout related to the targets above include:
- selective uricosuric drug RDEA594
- various interleukin-1 inhibitors
References:
Gout therapeutics: new drugs for an old disease. The Lancet, Volume 377, Issue 9760, Pages 165 - 177, 8 January 2011.
Image source: Spiked rods of uric acid (MSU) crystals from a synovial fluid sample photographed under a microscope with polarized light. Wikipedia, public domain.
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10 Ways to Increase Your Physical Activity
Some helpful tips from one of the PLoS blogs, Obesity Panacea:
1. Take the stairs as often as possible.
2. Drink plenty of water.
3. Park as far from the front door as possible.
4. Clean your home regularly.
5. Gardening and yardwork.
6. Disconnect your cable for the summer.
7. Buy a pedometer.
8. Use active transportation and public transit.
9. Have “walk-meetings”.
10. Go for a family walk after dinner.
"Health Promotion" video: Benefits of exercise:
Telomeres are the chromosome tips which shorten each time a cell divides, making them a possible marker of aging. Exercise delays telomere shortening, and potentially slows the aging process in humans. A study of 2400 twins showed that physically active people had longer telomeres than sedentary people. According to the authors, this provides a powerful message that could be used by clinicians to promote the potentially antiaging effect of regular exercise.
Human chromosomes (grey) capped by telomeres (white). Image source: Wikipedia, public
domain.
References:
Image source: OpenClipArt.org, public domain.
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What to look for when buying sunglasses?
From the NYTimes:
Unprotected exposure to sunlight can cause significant damage to the eyes
Sunlight can burn the surface of the eye, causing a temporary and painful condition known as photokeratitis. Over time, unprotected exposure can contribute to cataracts, as well as cancer of the eyelids and the skin around the eyes.
UV exposure also may increase the risk of macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in people over age 65.
What to look for when buying sunglasses?
Look for labels indicating at least “98 percent UV protection” or that it “blocks 98 percent of UVA and UVB rays.” If there is no label, or it says something vague like “UV absorbing” or “blocks most UV light,” don’t buy them.
For the best defense, look for sunglasses that “block all UV radiation up to 400 nanometers,” which is equivalent to blocking 100 percent of UV rays
Sunglasses should cover the sides of your eyes to prevent stray light from entering. Wraparound lenses are best. Look for close-fitting glasses with wide lenses. Avoid models with small lenses, such as "John Lennon-style" sunglasses.
UV protection is not related to how dark the lens is. Sunglasses tinted green, amber, red and gray may offer the same protection as dark lenses.
Polarized lenses block the horizontal light waves that create glare. But remember, polarization in itself will not block UV light.
You should be able to find a pair of drugstore sunglasses for $10 to $20 that provide all the protection you need.
References:
Let the Sunshine in, but Not the Harmful Rays. NYTimes, 2011.
Image source: OpenClipArt.org, public domain.
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Average time patients spend waiting to see a health-care provider is 22 minutes
The average time patients spend waiting to see a health-care provider is 22 minutes. Orthopedists have the longest waits, at 29 minutes; dermatologists the shortest, at 20.
Patient satisfaction dropped significantly with each 5 minutes of waiting time. Even the term "waiting room" has a bad connotation. Many offices prefer "reception area" instead.
"I live my life in seven-minute intervals," says Laurie Green, a obstetrician-gynecologist in San Francisco who delivers 400 to 500 babies a year and says she needs to bring in $70 every 15 minutes just to meet her office overhead.
Measures the health-care industry is trying to minimize waiting time include:
- "Open-access" scheduling
- Minimize office visits
- Advance preparation
- Huddling up: "Mr. Jones is in a 15-minute slot, but we know he's a 45-minute guy"
- Teamwork
- Cutting "cycle time"
- Keep patients informed
- Survey patients
References:
Image source: OpenClipArt.org, public domain.
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