Category Archives: Machine Learning

Neural networks that analyse electrocardiograms can be easily fooled, mistaking your normal heartbeat reading as irregular or vice versa, researchers warn in a paper published in Nature Medicine.

ECG sensors are becoming more widespread, embedded in wearable devices like smartwatches, while machine learning software is being increasingly developed to automatically monitor and process data to tell users about their heartbeats. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 23 algorithms for medical use in 2018 alone.

However, the technology isnt foolproof. Like all deep learning models, ECG ones are susceptible to adversarial attacks: miscreants can force algorithms to misclassify the data by manipulating it with noise.

A group of researchers led by New York University demonstrated this by tampering with a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). First, they obtained a dataset containing 8,528 ECG recordings labelled into four groups: Normal, atrial fibrillation - the most common type of an irregular heartbeat - other, or noise.

The majority of the dataset, some 5,076 samples were considered normal, 758 fell into the atrial fibrillation category, 2,415 classified as other, and 279 as noise. The researchers split the dataset and used 90 per cent of it to train the CNN, and the other 10 per cent to test the system.

Deep learning classifiers are susceptible to adversarial examples, which are created from raw data to fool the classifier such that it assigns the example to the wrong class, but which are undetectable to the human eye, the researchers explained in the paper (Here's the free preprint version of the paper on arXiv.)

To create these adversarial examples, the researchers added a small amount of noise to samples used in the test set. The uniform peaks and troughs in ECG reading may appear innocuous and normal to the human eye, but adding a small interference was enough to trick the CNN into classifying them as atrial fibrillation - an irregular heartbeat linked to heart palpitations and an increased risk of strokes.

Here are two adversarial examples. The first one shows how an irregular atrial fibrillation (AF) reading being misclassified as normal. The second one is a normal reading misclassified as irregular. Image Credit: Tian et al. and Nature Medicine.

When the researchers fed the adversarial examples to the CNN, 74 per cent of the readings that were originally correctly classified were subsequently wrong. In other words, the model mistook 74 per cent of the readings by assigning them to incorrect labels. What was originally a normal reading then seemed irregular, and vice versa.

Luckily, humans are much more difficult to trick. Two clinicians were given pairs of readings - an original, unperturbed sample and its corresponding adversarial example and asked if either of them looked like they belonged to a different class. They only thought 1.4 per cent of the readings should have been labelled differently.

The heartbeat patterns in original and adversarial samples looked similar to the human eye, and, therefore, itd be fairly easy to tell if a normal heartbeat had been incorrectly misclassified as irregular. In fact, both experts were able to tell the original reading from the adversarial one about 62 per cent of the time.

The ability to create adversarial examples is an important issue, with future implications including robustness to the environmental noise of medical devices that rely on ECG interpretation - for example, pacemakers and defibrillators - the skewing of data to alter insurance claims and the introduction of intentional bias into clinical trial, the paper said.

Its unclear how realistic these adversarial attacks truly are in the real world, however. In these experiments, the researchers had full access to the model making it easy to attack but its much more difficult for these types of attacks to work on, say, someones Apple Watch, for example.

The Register has contacted the researchers for comment. But what the research does prove, however, is that relying solely on machines may be unreliable and that specialists really ought to double check results when neural networks are used in clinical settings.

In conclusion, with this work, we do not intend to cast a shadow on the utility of deep learning for ECG analysis, which undoubtedly will be useful to handle the volumes of physiological signals requiring processing in the near future, the researchers wrote.

This work should, instead, serve as an additional reminder that machine learning systems deployed in the wild should be designed with safety and reliability in mind, with a particular focus on training data curation and provable guarantees on performance.

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Think your smartwatch is good for warning of a heart attack? Turns out it's surprisingly easy to fool its AI - The Register

Amazon SageMaker enables developers and data scientists to quickly and easily build, train, and deploy machine learning models at any scale. It removes the complexity that gets in the way of successfully implementing machine learning across use cases and industriesfrom running models for real-time fraud detection, to virtually analyzing biological impacts of potential drugs, to predicting stolen-base success in baseball.

Amazon SageMaker Studio: Experience the first fully integrated development environment (IDE) for machine learning with Amazon SageMaker Studio, where you can perform all ML development steps. You can quickly upload data, create and share new notebooks, train and tune ML models, move back and forth between steps to adjust experiments, debug and compare results, and deploy and monitor ML models all in a single visual interface, making you much more productive.

Amazon SageMaker Autopilot: Automatically build, train, and tune models with full visibility and control, using Amazon SageMaker Autopilot. It is the industrys first automated machine learning capability that gives you complete control and visibility into how your models were created and what logic was used in creating these models.

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In the summer of 1955, while planning a now famous workshop at Dartmouth College, John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence to describe a new field of computer science. Rather than writing programs that tell a computer how to carry out a specific task, McCarthy pledged that he and his colleagues would instead pursue algorithms that could teach themselves how to do so. The goal was to create computers that could observe the world and then make decisions based on those observationsto demonstrate, that is, an innate intelligence.

The question was how to achieve that goal. Early efforts focused primarily on whats known as symbolic AI, which tried to teach computers how to reason abstractly. But today the dominant approach by far is machine learning, which relies on statistics instead. Although the approach dates back to the 1950sone of the attendees at Dartmouth, Arthur Samuels, was the first to describe his work as machine learningit wasnt until the past few decades that computers had enough storage and processing power for the approach to work well. The rise of cloud computing and customized chips has powered breakthrough after breakthrough, with research centers like OpenAI or DeepMind announcing stunning new advances seemingly every week.

Machine learning is now so popular that it has effectively become synonymous with artificial intelligence itself. As a result, its not possible to tease out the implications of AI without understanding how machine learning works.

The extraordinary success of machine learning has made it the default method of choice for AI researchers and experts. Indeed, machine learning is now so popular that it has effectively become synonymous with artificial intelligence itself. As a result, its not possible to tease out the implications of AI without understanding how machine learning worksas well as how it doesnt.

The core insight of machine learning is that much of what we recognize as intelligence hinges on probability rather than reason or logic.If you think about it long enough, this makes sense. When we look at a picture of someone, our brains unconsciously estimate how likely it is that we have seen their face before. When we drive to the store, we estimate which route is most likely to get us there the fastest. When we play a board game, we estimate which move is most likely to lead to victory. Recognizing someone, planning a trip, plotting a strategyeach of these tasks demonstrate intelligence. But rather than hinging primarily on our ability to reason abstractly or think grand thoughts, they depend first and foremost on our ability to accurately assess how likely something is. We just dont always realize that thats what were doing.

Back in the 1950s, though, McCarthy and his colleagues did realize it. And they understood something else too: Computers should be very good at computing probabilities. Transistors had only just been invented, and had yet to fully supplant vacuum tube technology. But it was clear even then that with enough data, digital computers would be ideal for estimating a given probability. Unfortunately for the first AI researchers, their timing was a bit off. But their intuition was spot onand much of what we now know as AI is owed to it. When Facebook recognizes your face in a photo, or Amazon Echo understands your question, theyre relying on an insight that is over sixty years old.

The core insight of machine learning is that much of what we recognize as intelligence hinges on probability rather than reason or logic.

The machine learning algorithm that Facebook, Google, and others all use is something called a deep neural network. Building on the prior work of Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts, Frank Rosenblatt coded one of the first working neural networks in the late 1950s. Although todays neural networks are a bit more complex, the main idea is still the same: The best way to estimate a given probability is to break the problem down into discrete, bite-sized chunks of information, or what McCullough and Pitts termed a neuron. Their hunch was that if you linked a bunch of neurons together in the right way, loosely akin to how neurons are linked in the brain, then you should be able to build models that can learn a variety of tasks.

To get a feel for how neural networks work, imagine you wanted to build an algorithm to detect whether an image contained a human face. A basic deep neural network would have several layers of thousands of neurons each. In the first layer, each neuron might learn to look for one basic shape, like a curve or a line. In the second layer, each neuron would look at the first layer, and learn to see whether the lines and curves it detects ever make up more advanced shapes, like a corner or a circle. In the third layer, neurons would look for even more advanced patterns, like a dark circle inside a white circle, as happens in the human eye. In the final layer, each neuron would learn to look for still more advanced shapes, such as two eyes and a nose. Based on what the neurons in the final layer say, the algorithm will then estimate how likely it is that an image contains a face. (For an illustration of how deep neural networks learn hierarchical feature representations, see here.)

The magic of deep learning is that the algorithm learns to do all this on its own. The only thing a researcher does is feed the algorithm a bunch of images and specify a few key parameters, like how many layers to use and how many neurons should be in each layer, and the algorithm does the rest. At each pass through the data, the algorithm makes an educated guess about what type of information each neuron should look for, and then updates each guess based on how well it works. As the algorithm does this over and over, eventually it learns what information to look for, and in what order, to best estimate, say, how likely an image is to contain a face.

Whats remarkable about deep learning is just how flexible it is. Although there are other prominent machine learning algorithms tooalbeit with clunkier names, like gradient boosting machinesnone are nearly so effective across nearly so many domains. With enough data, deep neural networks will almost always do the best job at estimating how likely something is. As a result, theyre often also the best at mimicking intelligence too.

Yet as with machine learning more generally, deep neural networks are not without limitations. To build their models, machine learning algorithms rely entirely on training data, which means both that they will reproduce the biases in that data, and that they will struggle with cases that are not found in that data. Further, machine learning algorithms can also be gamed. If an algorithm is reverse engineered, it can be deliberately tricked into thinking that, say, a stop sign is actually a person. Some of these limitations may be resolved with better data and algorithms, but others may be endemic to statistical modeling.

To glimpse how the strengths and weaknesses of AI will play out in the real-world, it is necessary to describe the current state of the art across a variety of intelligent tasks. Below, I look at the situation in regard to speech recognition, image recognition, robotics, and reasoning in general.

Ever since digital computers were invented, linguists and computer scientists have sought to use them to recognize speech and text. Known as natural language processing, or NLP, the field once focused on hardwiring syntax and grammar into code. However, over the past several decades, machine learning has largely surpassed rule-based systems, thanks to everything from support vector machines to hidden markov models to, most recently, deep learning. Apples Siri, Amazons Alexa, and Googles Duplex all rely heavily on deep learning to recognize speech or text, and represent the cutting-edge of the field.

When several leading researchers recently set a deep learning algorithm loose on Amazon reviews, they were surprised to learn that the algorithm had not only taught itself grammar and syntax, but a sentiment classifier too.

The specific deep learning algorithms at play have varied somewhat. Recurrent neural networks powered many of the initial deep learning breakthroughs, while hierarchical attention networks are responsible for more recent ones. What they all share in common, though, is that the higher levels of a deep learning network effectively learn grammar and syntax on their own. In fact, when several leading researchers recently set a deep learning algorithm loose on Amazon reviews, they were surprised to learn that the algorithm had not only taught itself grammar and syntax, but a sentiment classifier too.

Yet for all the success of deep learning at speech recognition, key limitations remain. The most important is that because deep neural networks only ever build probabilistic models, they dont understand language in the way humans do; they can recognize that the sequence of letters k-i-n-g and q-u-e-e-n are statistically related, but they have no innate understanding of what either word means, much less the broader concepts of royalty and gender. As a result, there is likely to be a ceiling to how intelligent speech recognition systems based on deep learning and other probabilistic models can ever be. If we ever build an AI like the one in the movie Her, which was capable of genuine human relationships, it will almost certainly take a breakthrough well beyond what a deep neural network can deliver.

When Rosenblatt first implemented his neural network in 1958, he initially set it loose onimages of dogs and cats. AI researchers have been focused on tackling image recognition ever since. By necessity, much of that time was spent devising algorithms that could detect pre-specified shapes in an image, like edges and polyhedrons, using the limited processing power of early computers. Thanks to modern hardware, however, the field of computer vision is now dominated by deep learning instead. When a Tesla drives safely in autopilot mode, or when Googles new augmented-reality microscope detects cancer in real-time, its because of a deep learning algorithm.

A few stickers on a stop sign can be enough to prevent a deep learning model from recognizing it as such. For image recognition algorithms to reach their full potential, theyll need to become much more robust.

Convolutional neural networks, or CNNs, are the variant of deep learning most responsible for recent advances in computer vision. Developed by Yann LeCun and others, CNNs dont try to understand an entire image all at once, but instead scan it in localized regions, much the way a visual cortex does. LeCuns early CNNs were used to recognize handwritten numbers, but today the most advanced CNNs, such as capsule networks, can recognize complex three-dimensional objects from multiple angles, even those not represented in training data. Meanwhile, generative adversarial networks, the algorithm behind deep fake videos, typically use CNNs not to recognize specific objects in an image, but instead to generate them.

As with speech recognition, cutting-edge image recognition algorithms are not without drawbacks. Most importantly, just as all that NLP algorithms learn are statistical relationships between words, all that computer vision algorithms learn are statistical relationships between pixels. As a result, they can be relatively brittle. A few stickers on a stop sign can be enough to prevent a deep learning model from recognizing it as such. For image recognition algorithms to reach their full potential, theyll need to become much more robust.

What makes our intelligence so powerful is not just that we can understand the world, but that we can interact with it. The same will be true for machines. Computers that can learn to recognize sights and sounds are one thing; those that can learn to identify an object as well as how to manipulate it are another altogether. Yet if image and speech recognition are difficult challenges, touch and motor control are far more so. For all their processing power, computers are still remarkably poor at something as simple as picking up a shirt.

The reason: Picking up an object like a shirt isnt just one task, but several. First you need to recognize a shirt as a shirt. Then you need to estimate how heavy it is, how its mass is distributed, and how much friction its surface has. Based on those guesses, then you need to estimate where to grasp the shirt and how much force to apply at each point of your grip, a task made all the more challenging because the shirts shape and distribution of mass will change as you lift it up. A human does this trivially and easily. But for a computer, the uncertainty in any of those calculations compounds across all of them, making it an exceedingly difficult task.

Initially, programmers tried to solve the problem by writing programs that instructed robotic arms how to carry out each task step by step. However, just as rule-based NLP cant account for all possible permutations of language, there also is no way for rule-based robotics to run through all the possible permutations of how an object might be grasped. By the 1980s, it became increasingly clear that robots would need to learn about the world on their own and develop their own intuitions about how to interact with it. Otherwise, there was no way they would be able to reliably complete basic maneuvers like identifying an object, moving toward it, and picking it up.

The current state of the art is something called deep reinforcement learning. As a crude shorthand, you can think of reinforcement learning as trial and error. If a robotic arm tries a new way of picking up an object and succeeds, it rewards itself; if it drops the object, it punishes itself. The more the arm attempts its task, the better it gets at learning good rules of thumb for how to complete it. Coupled with modern computing, deep reinforcement learning has shown enormous promise. For instance, by simulating a variety of robotic hands across thousands of servers, OpenAI recently taught a real robotic hand how to manipulate a cube marked with letters.

For all their processing power, computers are still remarkably poor at something as simple as picking up a shirt.

Compared with prior research, OpenAIs breakthrough is tremendously impressive. Yet it also shows the limitations of the field. The hand OpenAI built didnt actually feel the cube at all, but instead relied on a camera. For an object like a cube, which doesnt change shape and can be easily simulated in virtual environments, such an approach can work well. But ultimately, robots will need to rely on more than just eyes. Machines with the dexterity and fine motor skills of a human are still a ways away.

When Arthur Samuels coined the term machine learning, he wasnt researching image or speech recognition, nor was he working on robots. Instead, Samuels was tackling one of his favorite pastimes: checkers. Since the game had far too many potential board moves for a rule-based algorithm to encode them all, Samuels devised an algorithm that could teach itself to efficiently look several moves ahead. The algorithm was noteworthy for working at all, much less being competitive with other humans. But it also anticipated the astonishing breakthroughs of more recent algorithms like AlphaGo and AlphaGo Zero, which have surpassed all human players at Go, widely regarded as the most intellectually demanding board game in the world.

As with robotics, the best strategic AI relies on deep reinforcement learning. In fact, the algorithm that OpenAI used to power its robotic hand also formed the core of its algorithm for playing Dota 2, a multi-player video game. Although motor control and gameplay may seem very different, both involve the same process: making a sequence of moves over time, and then evaluating whether they led to success or failure. Trial and error, it turns out, is as useful for learning to reason about a game as it is for manipulating a cube.

Since the algorithm works only by learning from outcome data, it needs a human to define what the outcome should be. As a result, reinforcement learning is of little use in the many strategic contexts in which the outcome is not always clear.

From Samuels on, the success of computers at board games has posed a puzzle to AI optimists and pessimists alike. If a computer can beat a human at a strategic game like chess, how much can we infer about its ability to reason strategically in other environments? For a long time, the answer was, very little. After all, most board games involve a single player on each side, each with full information about the game, and a clearly preferred outcome. Yet most strategic thinking involves cases where there are multiple players on each side, most or all players have only limited information about what is happening, and the preferred outcome is not clear. For all of AlphaGos brilliance, youll note that Google didnt then promote it to CEO, a role that is inherently collaborative and requires a knack for making decisions with incomplete information.

Fortunately, reinforcement learning researchers have recently made progress on both of those fronts. One team outperformed human players at Texas Hold Em, a poker game where making the most of limited information is key. Meanwhile, OpenAIs Dota 2 player, which coupled reinforcement learning with whats called a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm, has made headlines for learning how to coordinate the behavior of five separate bots so well that they were able to beat a team of professional Dota 2 players. As the algorithms improve, humans will likely have a lot to learn about optimal strategies for cooperation, especially in information-poor environments.This kind of information would be especially valuable for commanders in military settings, who sometimes have to make decisions without having comprehensive information.

Yet theres still one challenge no reinforcement learning algorithm can ever solve. Since the algorithm works only by learning from outcome data, it needs a human to define what the outcome should be. As a result, reinforcement learning is of little use in the many strategic contexts in which the outcome is not always clear. Should corporate strategy prioritize growth or sustainability? Should U.S. foreign policy prioritize security or economic development? No AI will ever be able to answer higher-order strategic reasoning, because, ultimately, those are moral or political questions rather than empirical ones. The Pentagon may lean more heavily on AI in the years to come, but it wont be taking over the situation room and automating complex tradeoffs any time soon.

From autonomous cars to multiplayer games, machine learning algorithms can now approach or exceed human intelligence across a remarkable number of tasks. The breakout success of deep learning in particular has led to breathless speculation about both the imminent doom of humanity and its impending techno-liberation. Not surprisingly, all the hype has led several luminaries in the field, such as Gary Marcus or Judea Pearl, to caution that machine learning is nowhere near as intelligent as it is being presented, or that perhaps we should defer our deepest hopes and fears about AI until it is based on more than mere statistical correlations. Even Geoffrey Hinton, a researcher at Google and one of the godfathers of modern neural networks, has suggested that deep learning alone is unlikely to deliver the level of competence many AI evangelists envision.

Where the long-term implications of AI are concerned, the key question about machine learning is this: How much of human intelligence can be approximated with statistics? If all of it can be, then machine learning may well be all we need to get to a true artificial general intelligence. But its very unclear whether thats the case. As far back as 1969, when Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert famously argued that neural networks had fundamental limitations, even leading experts in AI have expressed skepticism that machine learning would be enough. Modern skeptics like Marcus and Pearl are only writing the latest chapter in a much older book. And its hard not to find their doubts at least somewhat compelling. The path forward from the deep learning of today, which can mistake a rifle for a helicopter, is by no means obvious.

Where the long-term implications of AI are concerned, the key question about machine learning is this: How much of human intelligence can be approximated with statistics?

Yet the debate over machine learnings long-term ceiling is to some extent beside the point. Even if all research on machine learning were to cease, the state-of-the-art algorithms of today would still have an unprecedented impact. The advances that have already been made in computer vision, speech recognition, robotics, and reasoning will be enough to dramatically reshape our world. Just as happened in the so-called Cambrian explosion, when animals simultaneously evolved the ability to see, hear, and move, the coming decade will see an explosion in applications that combine the ability to recognize what is happening in the world with the ability to move and interact with it. Those applications will transform the global economy and politics in ways we can scarcely imagine today. Policymakers need not wring their hands just yet about how intelligent machine learning may one day become. They will have their hands full responding to how intelligent it already is.

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What is machine learning? - Brookings

As the fuel that powers their ongoing digital transformation efforts, businesses everywhere are looking for ways to derive as much insight as possible from their data. The accompanying increased demand for advanced predictive and prescriptive analytics has, in turn, led to a call for more data scientists proficient with the latest artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools.

But such highly-skilled data scientists are expensive and in short supply. In fact, theyre such a precious resource that the phenomenon of the citizen data scientist has recently arisen to help close the skills gap. A complementary role, rather than a direct replacement, citizen data scientists lack specific advanced data science expertise. However, they are capable of generating models using state-of-the-art diagnostic and predictive analytics. And this capability is partly due to the advent of accessible new technologies such as automated machine learning (AutoML) that now automate many of the tasks once performed by data scientists.

Algorithms and automation

According to a recent Harvard Business Review article, Organisations have shifted towards amplifying predictive power by coupling big data with complex automated machine learning. AutoML, which uses machine learning to generate better machine learning, is advertised as affording opportunities to democratise machine learning by allowing firms with limited data science expertise to develop analytical pipelines capable of solving sophisticated business problems.

Comprising a set of algorithms that automate the writing of other ML algorithms, AutoML automates the end-to-end process of applying ML to real-world problems. By way of illustration, a standard ML pipeline is made up of the following: data pre-processing, feature extraction, feature selection, feature engineering, algorithm selection, and hyper-parameter tuning. But the considerable expertise and time it takes to implement these steps means theres a high barrier to entry.

AutoML removes some of these constraints. Not only does it significantly reduce the time it would typically take to implement an ML process under human supervision, it can also often improve the accuracy of the model in comparison to hand-crafted models, trained and deployed by humans. In doing so, it offers organisations a gateway into ML, as well as freeing up the time of ML engineers and data practitioners, allowing them to focus on higher-order challenges.

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Overcoming scalability problems

The trend for combining ML with Big Data for advanced data analytics began back in 2012, when deep learning became the dominant approach to solving ML problems. This approach heralded the generation of a wealth of new software, tooling, and techniques that altered both the workload and the workflow associated with ML on a large scale. Entirely new ML toolsets, such as TensorFlow and PyTorch were created, and people increasingly began to engage more with graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate their work.

Until this point, companies efforts had been hindered by the scalability problems associated with running ML algorithms on huge datasets. Now, though, they were able to overcome these issues. By quickly developing sophisticated internal tooling capable of building world-class AI applications, the BigTech powerhouses soon overtook their Fortune 500 peers when it came to realising the benefits of smarter data-driven decision-making and applications.

Insight, innovation and data-driven decisions

AutoML represents the next stage in MLs evolution, promising to help non-tech companies access the capabilities they need to quickly and cheaply build ML applications.

In 2018, for example, Google launched its Cloud AutoML. Based on Neural Architecture Search (NAS) and transfer learning, it was described by Google executives as having the potential to make AI experts even more productive, advance new fields in AI, and help less-skilled engineers build powerful AI systems they previously only dreamed of.

The one downside to Googles AutoML is that its a proprietary algorithm. There are, however, a number of alternative open-source AutoML libraries such as AutoKeras, developed by researchers at Texas University and used to power the NAS algorithm.

Technological breakthroughs such as these have given companies the capability to easily build production-ready models without the need for expensive human resources. By leveraging AI, ML, and deep learning capabilities, AutoML gives businesses across all industries the opportunity to benefit from data-driven applications powered by statistical models - even when advanced data science expertise is scarce.

With organisations increasingly reliant on civilian data scientists, 2020 is likely to be the year that enterprise adoption of AutoML will start to become mainstream. Its ease of access will compel business leaders to finally open the black box of ML, thereby elevating their knowledge of its processes and capabilities. AI and ML tools and practices will become ever more ingrained in businesses everyday thinking and operations as they become more empowered to identify those projects whose invaluable insight will drive better decision-making and innovation.

By Senthil Ravindran, EVP and global head of cloud transformation and digital innovation, Virtusa

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Why 2020 will be the Year of Automated Machine Learning - Gigabit Magazine - Technology News, Magazine and Website

SAN JOSE, Calif., Feb. 21, 2020 Recently, the international evaluation agency Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) has finalized the election of new Open System Steering Committee (OSSC) executive members, which include Inspur, Intel, AMD, IBM, Oracle and other three companies.

It is worth noting that Inspur, a re-elected OSSC member, was also re-elected as the chair of the SPEC Machine Learning (SPEC ML) working group. The development plan of ML test benchmark proposed by Inspur has been approved by members which aims to provide users with standard on evaluating machine learning computing performance.

SPEC is a global and authoritative third-party application performance testing organization established in 1988, which aims to establish and maintain a series of performance, function, and energy consumption benchmarks, and provides important reference standards for users to evaluate the performance and energy efficiency of computing systems. The organization consists of 138 well-known technology companies, universities and research institutions in the industry such as Intel, Oracle, NVIDIA, Apple, Microsoft, Inspur, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, etc., and its test standard has become an important indicator for many users to evaluate overall computing performance.

The OSSC executive committee is the permanent body of the SPEC OSG (short for Open System Group, the earliest and largest committee established by SPEC) and is responsible for supervising and reviewing the daily work of major technical groups of OSG, major issues, additions and deletions of members, development direction of research and decision of testing standards, etc. Meanwhile, OSSC executive committee uniformly manages the development and maintenance of SPEC CPU, SPEC Power, SPEC Java, SPEC Virt and other benchmarks.

Machine Learning is an important direction in AI development. Different computing accelerator technologies such as GPU, FPGA, ASIC, and different AI frameworks such as TensorFlow and Pytorch provide customers with a rich marketplace of options. However, the next important thing for the customer to consider is how to evaluate the computing efficiency of various AI computing platforms. Both enterprises and research institutions require a set of benchmarks and methods to effectively measure performance to find the right solution for their needs.

In the past year, Inspur has done much to advance the SPEC ML standard specific component development, contributing test models, architectures, use cases, methods and so on, which have been duly acknowledged by SPEC organization and its members.

Joe Qiao, General Manager of Inspur Solution and Evaluation Department, believes that SPEC ML can provide an objective comparison standard for AI / ML applications, which will help users choose a computing system that best meet their application needs. Meanwhile, it also provides a unified measurement standard for manufacturers to improve their technologies and solution capabilities, advancing the development of the AI industry.

About Inspur

Inspur is a leading provider of data center infrastructure, cloud computing, and AI solutions, ranking among the worlds top 3 server manufacturers. Through engineering and innovation, Inspur delivers cutting-edge computing hardware design and extensive product offerings to address important technology arenas like open computing, cloud data center, AI and deep learning. Performance-optimized and purpose-built, our world-class solutions empower customers to tackle specific workloads and real-world challenges. To learn more, please go towww.inspursystems.com.

Source: Inspur

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Inspur Re-Elected as Member of SPEC OSSC and Chair of SPEC Machine Learning - HPCwire

Cisco on Friday announced advancements to its IoT portfolio that enable service provider partners to offer optimized management of cellular IoT environments and new 5G use-cases.

Cisco IoT Control Center(formerly Jasper Control Center) is introducing new innovations to improve management and reduce deployment complexity. These include:

Using Machine Learning (ML) to improve management: With visibility into 3 billion events every day, Cisco IoT Control Center uses the industry's broadest visibility to enable machine learning models to quickly identify anomalies and address issues before they impact a customer. Service providers can also identify and alert customers of errant devices, allowing for greater endpoint security and control.

Smart billing to optimize rate plans:Service providers can improve customer satisfaction by enabling Smart billing to automatically optimize rate plans. Policies can also be created to proactively send customer notifications should usage changes or rate plans need to be updated to help save enterprises money.

Support for global supply chains: SIM portability is an enterprise requirement to support complex supply chains spanning multiple service providers and geographies. It is time-consuming and requires integrations between many different service providers and vendors, driving up costs for both. Cisco IoT Control Center now provides eSIM as a service, enabling a true turnkey SIM portability solution to deliver fast, reliable, cost-effective SIM handoffs between service providers.

Cisco IoT Control Center has taken steps towards 5G readiness to incubate and promote high value 5G business use cases that customers can easily adopt.

Vikas Butaney, VP Product Management IoT, CiscoCellular IoT deployments are accelerating across connected cars, utilities and transportation industries and with 5G and Wi-Fi 6 on the horizon IoT adoption will grow even faster. Cisco is investing in connectivity management, IoT networking, IoT security, and edge computing to accelerate the adoption of IoT use-cases.

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Cisco Enhances IoT Platform with 5G Readiness and Machine Learning - The Fast Mode