Category Archives: Biotechnology

For more than 20 years, the main choice for breast implants has been some form of silicone rubber. Recent cancer research suggests nanotechnology may make breast implants safer as an alternative to silicone. Approximately 75 percent of post-mastectomy patients choose some form of breast reconstruction. While no medical device is free of risks, silicone breast implants still present a relatively high level of risk. This makes nanotechnology a promising alternative.

Similarly, nanotechnology may speed up recovery after breast reduction. Recovery from plastic surgery of any type has its risks. A University of Akron study suggests that nanotechnology produces additional properties that offer additional medical benefits patients cannot get from silicone or other traditional procedures. Some of the potential dangers of silicone materials include a greater instance of various forms of cancer, systemic diseases and psychological diseases. Dr. Judit E. Puskas, who led the study at the University of Akron, believes that nanostructured material may eliminate such risks and present a safer alternative to silicone-based breast implants.

Dr. Laura Kruper of the City of Hope Medical Center in Duarte, California is among doctors pointing out the psychological benefits of reconstruction following a mastectomy. While expense is a concern for some women, another factor is safety. This adds to the appeal of materials constructed using nanotechnology. The idea of using nanotechnology in breast implants is to alter the characteristics of the silicone. The manipulation would take place in the atoms of the silicone. Implants with the capability of delivering chemicals may speed up the recovery process and reduce side effects following surgery and initial treatment.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States. It is the leading cause of death among women of all races. While breast cancer rates have been decreasing by about 2 percent since 2005, it is still estimated that 1 in 8 women will develop some form of breast cancer during their lifetime. This makes exploration of nanotechnology a worthwhile effort, according to Dr. Puskas and other doing similar research. The primary goal is to ensure that such technology is safe. Early research has shown promise. Some researchers have gone beyond Dr. Puskas’ early optimism and suggest that nanotechnology may result in materials that are not only safer, but materials that have the ability to deliver cancer medications more directly.

Nanostructured materials, by nature, are smaller. This includes smaller components within the material that minimizes complications. The new material will also have the ability to deliver certain cancer drugs more locally. The ability to deliver cancer drugs in this manner could help patients who have a breast reduction or have to have a mastectomy or double mastectomy due to breast cancer. Delivering cancer drugs this way could further minimize risks and side effects associated with chemotherapy. Right now, such technology is in the testing phase. The goal of nanotechnology research is to create alternatives to silicone implants that sharply reduce side effects and potential risks at the time of the implants and in the future. According to Breastcancer.org, there are about 3 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. A common concern among survivors, especially those who had some form of mastectomy or lumpectomy, is finding a way to restore the natural appearance of the breast.

Some women express a hesitation to get breast implants following breast cancer due to a fear that the implants themselves will cause additional medical problems. According to a study of breast cancer patients in California, fewer women are electing to have breast implants following mastectomy. On a nationwide level, however, statistics show that about 90 percent of women who have had a mastectomy following breast cancer choose some form of reconstruction. Nanotechnology is showing promise among all fields of science, but still must receive FDA approval to be used in breast implants. Early studies, however, are highlighting the potential of nanotechnology.

Source:
http://www.biotechblog.org/rss.xml

This is the main question that is lurking the minds of biologists for quite some time now because many possibilities for the occurrence of a homosexuality gene exist. During the 1990s many researcher were studying the topic but by the end of the 20th century all such research work was slowed down as many people are shy when they are asked on topics related to sex and specially homosexuality. Scientists Sergey Gavrilets and William Rice have developed some guidelines for explaining the causes of homosexuality. During the past decade the scientists have discovered some patterns that might point to genetic causes of homosexuality. Among the discoveries the main finding was that in case of male homosexuality it seems to be inherited more from the mother than the father and the female maternal relatives of gay men have higher that average reproduction capacity. Another shocking discovery was that the chances of homosexuality increases in males with the number of older brothers he has even if the child has grown up away from his brothers. The reason for this is that the with each male fetus the mother develops an increased immunization to an antigen that is produced by male fetuses and this antigen plays an important role in masculinizing the brain. All the studies have strong evidences that homosexuality is caused by a gene but no research has pointed to any specific gene and the idea to which each research points is towards a polymorphic gene. Rice commented that, ‘We know that homosexuality (gay or lesbian) can be caused by simple genetic changes in fruit flies, and since so many reproductive and neurological genes are shared by flies and humans, it seems highly likely that there are major genes influencing homosexuality in humans, However, we also have firm evidence for a birth-order effect on male homosexuality, and discordance in the expression of homosexuality of identical twins, so clearly there is also an environmental influence on the trait.’ This research is the most guiding research on the topic, though it also has not pointed out any particular gene but this will be the backbone of all future researchers that can one day tell us the exact cause of Homosexuality.

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http://www.biotechblog.org/rss.xml

Background:
The recent discovery of accessory proteins that boost cellulose hydrolysis has increased the economical and technical efficiency of processing cellulose to bioethanol. Oxidative enzymes (e.g. GH61) present in new commercial enzyme preparations have shown to increase cellulose conversion yields. When using pure cellulose substrates it has been determined that both oxidized and unoxidized cellodextrin products are formed. We report the effect of oxidative activity in a commercial enzyme mix (Cellic CTec2) upon overall hydrolysis, formation of oxidized products and impact on beta-glucosidase activity. The experiments were done at high solids loadings using a lignocellulosic substrate simulating commercially relevant conditions.
Results:
The Cellic CTec2 contained oxidative enzymes which produce gluconic acid from lignocellulose. Both gluconic and cellobionic acid were produced during hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw at 30% WIS. Up to 4% of released glucose was oxidized into gluconic acid using Cellic CTec2, whereas no oxidized products were detected when using an earlier cellulase preparation Celluclast/Novozym188. However, the cellulose conversion yield was 25% lower using Celluclast/Novozym188 compared to Cellic CTec2. Despite the advantage of the oxidative enzymes, it was shown that aldonic acids could be problematic to the hydrolytic enzymes. Hydrolysis experiments revealed that cellobionic acid was hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase at a rate almost 10-fold lower than for cellobiose, and the formed gluconic acid was an inhibitor of the beta-glucosidase.Interestingly, the level of gluconic acid varied significantly with temperature. At 50C (SHF conditions) 35% less gluconic acid was produced compared to at 33C (SSF conditions). We also found that in the presence of lignin, no reducing agent is needed for the function of the oxidative enzymes.
Conclusions:
The presence of oxidative enzymes in Cellic CTec2 led to the formation of cellobionic and gluconic acid during hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw and filter paper. Gluconic acid was a stronger inhibitor of beta-glucosidase than glucose. The formation of oxidized products decreased as the hydrolysis temperature was increased from 33C to 50C. Despite end-product inhibition, the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose chains has a synergistic effect upon the overall hydrolysis of cellulose as the sugar yield increased compared to using an enzyme preparation without oxidative activity.Source:
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/rss/

Background:
A major challenge in the identification and development of superior feedstocks for the production of second generation biofuels is the rapid assessment of biomass composition in a large number of samples. Currently, highly accurate and precise robotic analysis systems are available for the evaluation of biomass composition, on a large number of samples, with a variety of pretreatments. However, the lack of an inexpensive and high-throughput process for large scale sampling of biomass resources is still an important limiting factor. Our goal was to develop a simple mechanical maize stalk core sampling device that can be utilized to collect uniform samples of a dimension compatible with robotic processing and analysis, while allowing the collection of hundreds to thousands of samples per day.
Results:
We have developed a core sampling device (CSD) to collect maize stalk samples compatible with robotic processing and analysis. The CSD facilitates the collection of thousands of uniform tissue cores consistent with high-throughput analysis required for breeding, genetics, and production studies. With a single CSD operated by one person with minimal training, more than 1,000 biomass samples were obtained in an eight-hour period. One of the main advantages of using cores is the high level of homogeneity of the samples obtained and the minimal opportunity for sample contamination. In addition, the samples obtained with the CSD can be placed directly into a bath of ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen maintaining the composition of the biomass sample for relatively long periods of time.
Conclusions:
The CSD has been demonstrated to successfully produce homogeneous stalk core samples in a repeatable manner with a throughput substantially superior to the currently available sampling methods. Given the variety of maize developmental stages and the diversity of stalk diameter evaluated, it is expected that the CSD will have utility for other bioenergy crops as well.Source:
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/rss/

Background:
Pretreatment is an essential step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass for bio-ethanol production. The dominant concern in this step is how to decrease the high cost of pretreatment while achieving a high sugar yield. Fungal pretreatment of biomass was previously reported to be effective, with the advantage of having a low energy requirement and requiring no application of additional chemicals. In this work, Gloeophyllum trabeum KU-41 was chosen for corn stover pretreatment through screening with 40 strains of wood-rot fungi. The objective of the current work is to find out which characteristics of corn stover pretreated with G. trabeum KU-41 determine the pretreatment method to be successful and worthwhile to apply. This will be done by determining the lignin content, structural carbohydrate, cellulose crystallinity, initial adsorption capacity of cellulase and specific surface area of pretreated corn stover.
Results:
The content of xylan in pretreated corn stover was decreased by 43% in comparison to the untreated corn stover. The initial cellulase adsorption capacity and the specific surface area of corn stover pretreated with G. trabeum were increased by 7.0- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Also there was little increase in the cellulose crystallinity of pretreated corn stover.
Conclusion:
G. trabeum has an efficient degradation system, and the results indicated that the conversion of cellulose to glucose increases as the accessibility of cellulose increases due to the partial removal of xylan and the structure breakage of the cell wall. This pretreatment method can be further explored as an alternative to the thermochemical pretreatment method.Source:
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/rss/

GUANGZHOU, China, May 3, 2012 /PRNewswire-Asia/ -- Johnson & Johnson (China) Investment Ltd. today announced it has acquired Guangzhou Bioseal Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Bioseal) a privately held biopharmaceutical company specializing in the design, development and commercialization of a porcine plasma-derived biologic product for controlling bleeding during surgery. The acquisition was completed after obtaining all necessary Chinese Government approvals. Financial terms of the transaction are not being disclosed.

"This transaction reinforces our commitment to China and delivering innovative medical device solutions to the Chinese market," said Xie Wen Jian President of Johnson & Johnson Medical China. "We are very pleased to add the BIOSEAL brand to our growing portfolio of hemostasis products in China and we look forward to working with our new Bioseal colleagues to bring their innovative products to more physicians and patients."

Bioseal manufactures a porcine-derived fibrin sealant, BIOSEAL, currently the only porcine plasma-derived fibrin sealant approved for use in China. Fibrin sealants are used by surgeons as an adjunct to hemostasis for use in patients undergoing surgery, when control of bleeding by standard surgical techniques is ineffective or impractical.

Bioseal will work closely with Ethicon, Inc., a Johnson & Johnson Company, which offers the world's most complete line of absorbable hemostats with a commitment to advancing the future of biosurgery beyond hemostasis, to seal leaks, join structures and enhance healing. Ethicon biosurgery brands already on the market in China include SURGICEL and SURGIFLO.

"By adding Bioseal to the existing line of Ethicon hemostasis products sold in China, we aspire to shape the broader biosurgery market in Asia by providing physicians and their patients with an even greater variety of innovative and clinical-based solutions to address bleeding, sealing and leaking challenges," said Michael del Prado, Company Group Chairman, Johnson & Johnson Medical Asia Pacific.

This is the first acquisition in the medical device industry for Johnson & Johnson (China). The corporation has been doing business in China for more than 25 years, including establishing a new innovation center in China last year to design and develop medical devices and diagnostic products specifically for Asia's emerging markets. This acquisition reinforces our long-standing commitment to providing medical solutions in Asia that help to improve the standard of health care for millions of people in the region.

The acquisition of Bioseal will complement Ethicon's existing biosurgery portfolio and will allow the business to immediately enter the fibrin sealant market in China, broaden product offerings and create an opportunity to increase global reach by introducing advanced biologic solutions that meet the various needs of more physicians and patients, throughout Asia and around the world.

About Johnson & Johnson (China) Investment Ltd.

Johnson & Johnson (China) Investment Ltd. is a foreign investment entity established in China by Johnson & Johnson in 1998. For more information about Johnson & Johnson and its operating units in China, please visit http://www.jnj.com.cn.

About Ethicon, Inc.

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Johnson & Johnson (China) Investment Ltd. Acquires Guangzhou Bioseal Biotechnology Co., Ltd.