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Category Archives: Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence in the world of health Exaudi – Exaudi
The so-called artificial intelligence is having a great impact on public health in general due to its capacity for organization, communication and attention in the daily practice of Medicine.
Regarding terminology, Manuel Alfonseca Moreno, Dr. Telecommunications Engineer, graduate in Computer Science and Professor at the Autonomous University of Madrid, reminds us in his blog Dissemination of Science, some interesting issues that should be remembered. What is now called artificial intelligence is what had always been called computing, a name that has been displaced by the greater impact caused by the word intelligence. The term Artificial Intelligence began to be used in 1956, in a seminar on computers at Dartmouth College, a private university in New Hampshire, the USA, in which intelligent programs were discussed.
Since then, Artificial Intelligence has been defined as computer programs that process symbolic information through empirical or inquiry rules, not based on exact mathematical deductions, but on the accumulation of data and experiences. Of course, Manuel Alfonseca questions the appropriateness of the denomination adopted, since by calling it that way an underlying problem arises. If the goal is to achieve artificial intelligence, which even surpasses natural intelligence, we will have to start by knowing what nature it has, and what we want to imitate and even surpass. Do we know what natural intelligence is? That is the mind.
It does not seem appropriate to compare artificial intelligence with human intelligence, nor to think that our mind works like computer hardware. Simply put, thought, the mind, is not an epiphenomenon of the brain nor is it equivalent to the brain. It is not made up of matter, nor do the chips or their connections work like our neural networks. From neurophysiological and metaphysical dualism, in accordance with the Christian tradition on the concept of person, the body and soul, brain and mind, are different realities, although hypostatically united in each human being.
That said, traditionally we talk about weak artificial intelligence and strong artificial intelligence.
The so-called weak artificial intelligence is that of the computer media that is progressing and we use to solve in an effective, concrete, and automatic way, problems that obey routines adhered to logical algorithms that the human being himself has provided to the machines, training them to that resolve questions or address issues based on experiences for which the programs are trained (deep learning). It is not intelligence comparable to human intelligence, since machines do not think for themselves, but rather they react to what is asked of them, responding in a concrete, automatic way to orders previously provided by the person who designed them.
Among its many applications, there are great importance in Medicine for: organizing large volumes of data (creating databases); look for patterns and support personalized diagnosis; recognize images (radio-echo-mammograms, etc.); provide remote care (telemedicine); assist surgery (robot-assisted surgery); etc In addition to these more direct applications in Medicine, there are others of special interest in medical research, such as: analyzing data and solving problems; discover new drugs; translate texts; process texts; recognize sounds or the spoken word, sounds, etc.
All these applications represent great achievements and new resources, which have made it possible to facilitate human intellectual and manual work, with even greater precision. In any case, machines or computers do not work on their own, nor is their operation autonomous, but rather they depend on algorithms and previous experiences that their creators have provided them. Therefore, in a field as sensitive as health, in the end the decisions must be human, in applications in Medicine they must be made by the doctor.
As for strong artificial intelligence, which some think would be equated to natural human intelligence, it continues to be dependent on algorithms and prior information accumulated in the memory of computers. Machines do not think for themselves, like a human with all their abilities and feelings. Their intelligence is not abstract, like human intelligence, but concrete; they are capable of managing, recognizing and coordinating data in accordance with previously accumulated records and offering possible answers to the problems that arise. There are many computer scientists who deny that artificial intelligence will ever be comparable to natural human intelligence and at most grant it some differences, such as the great capacity to store and relate accumulated data more effectively.
However, followers of transhumanist and posthumanist currents think that there will come a time when what they call a point of singularity will be reached, a point of equality between artificial intelligence and natural intelligence. For those who hold these ideas, the battle is in full swing and while human intelligence remains in its natural state, with no advances other than the accumulation of knowledge, artificial intelligence progresses exponentially.
However, realistic computer scientists do not believe that the autonomy of thought of artificial intelligence will be achieved. For example, computer engineer Jeff Hawkins, one of the pioneers of mobile telephony, says that: scientists in the field of artificial intelligence have argued that computers will be intelligent when they become sufficiently powerful. I dont think so: brains and computers do fundamentally different things.
In a similar way, says Dr. Ramn Lpez Mantars, director of the Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the CSIC, who says that: the great challenge of artificial intelligence is to provide common sense to machines No matter how sophisticated they may be some artificial intelligences in the future, within 100,000 or 200,000 years, will be different from human ones.
The Spanish Bioethics Committee, shortly before its last renewal in June 2022, issued a report regarding the topic ofBioethical aspects of telemedicine in the context of the clinical relationship [1].
The current golden age of health sciences has made specific, effective and radical treatments possible with the proliferation of research and clinical trials, which have allowed the development of new technologies (chemotherapy, imaging techniques, genomics, genetic, etc.), although the traditional body of the medical profession continues to be the doctor-patient relationship in which principles such as compassion, listening, care, encouragement, respect for the decisions made, accompaniment in the disease process and emotional support.
In any case, in order to meet the increasingly complex health care needs, everything offered by the world of so-called ICTs, computer and communication technologies, is of great support. The World Economic Forum speaks of the fourth industrial revolution as the one generated by the fusion of the physical, biological and digital world, which is globally changing society at breakneck speed and which impacts all systems, including healthcare. Information and communication technologies have become useful tools in the context of health, focused on the best care for the patient, with the possibility of even transferring part of the health care to their home. AI is key to progress towards not only more efficient medicine, but especially more personalized, participatory, preventive and precision medicine. According to the CBE report, AI has a prominent role in the development of so-called personalized medicine, with solutions tailored to the health profile of each patient.
On the other hand, the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee issued a report on Big Data in relation to health, in September 2017, in which it pointed out three fundamental ethical problems to be resolved: autonomy, privacy and justice, this last in terms of accessibility and solidarity; and stressed the importance of establishing effective guarantees so that both the dignity and freedom of patients, especially the most vulnerable, are protected.
But if there is a chapter that is becoming increasingly important in the use of computing and communication technologies, it is that of telemedicine, which consists of the provision of health care services in which distance is a critical factor. The use of telemedicine first of all facilitates the doctor-patient relationship (telecare or teleconsultation), and its launch took place recently with the Covid-19 pandemic. In any case, the World Medical Association, in its 2018 Declaration, recalled that: face-to-face consultation is the golden rule in the doctor-patient relationship. Today, telematic consultation is accepted as a replacement for in-person consultation in certain circumstances, but both types of consultations must be governed by the same principles of medical ethics: preserving autonomy; respect the patients dignity by seeking her well-being and avoiding harm to her; guarantee the security of data, procedures and the right to privacy and facilitate access to all healthcare services (principle of justice).
In addition, telemedicine facilitates communication between doctors, or with other health professionals such as nursing staff, rehabilitators or pharmacists. Among its functions are those of facilitating the exchange of data to make diagnoses, recommend treatments and prevent diseases, and mobilize resources. It also constitutes a great resource to expand the ongoing training of health professionals, research and evaluation tasks, etc.
But, in the relationship with patients, what remains fundamental is the need to maintain trust in the doctor-patient relationship. Dr. Pedro Lan Entralgo (1908-2001) defined the clinical relationship as a particular and unique type of relationship between people whose axis is trust, which he based on three aspects: in the technique to cure, in the professional knowledge to apply it. , and in the values of the doctors person [2]. For this reason, we must fight so that the dehumanization that is permeating many sectors of society and in which artificial intelligence is involved to some extent does not affect the doctor-patient relationship. Trust is intrinsically linked to a close, human relationship. Dr. Warner Slack (1933-2018), a doctor who pioneered digital medical records, said that: if a doctor can be replaced by a computer, he deserves to be replaced by a computer.
According to this, the potential dehumanization associated with telemedicine becomes one of its main challenges to overcome and its potential enemy. Therefore, it is necessary to move forward in focusing telematic care on the patient, preserving humanization and their specific needs. We must flee from what is known as technological solutionism, a trap of a super-technical world, which offers us automatic and seamless solutions [3].
Telemedicine cannot become an element of convenience that puts patient safety at risk, but rather an ally of the doctor that helps him in his work to address safety, risks and possible adverse events.
Therefore, the report of the Spanish Bioethics Committee proposes the following recommendations:
A fundamental point of the use of artificial intelligence in Medicine is the protection of confidentiality, a duty of health ethics. With the incorporation of personal data about patients health into computer media, the risk of losing privacy and confidentiality increases. All technology and data storage used in telemedicine must meet security and certification criteria by health authorities, which prevent security breaches and improper access to information. According to the nature of the information that is recorded in the computer media, it may be necessary to use data traceability systems, where appropriate, the data duly anonymized for authorized access only to professionals, for use in institutions or research projects. . In any case, all of this requires establishing identity confirmation procedures for users, legal representatives and professionals with access to medical data, treatment results, medication, etc. but never to the identity data of the patients.
Nicols Jouve Member of the Bioethics Observatory Emeritus Professor of Genetics Former member of the Bioethics Committee of Spain
***
[2] Lan Entralgo P. The doctor-patient relationship. Madrid: Western Magazine; 1964
[3] Evgeny Morozov, The madness of technological solutionism, Katz, Madrid, 2017
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Pope Francis will attend G7 summit to speak about artificial intelligence – ROME REPORTS TV News Agency
In an unprecedented move, Pope Francis will attend the G7 Summita political and economic forum that brings together leaders from some of the world's most advanced countries. Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni says this is the first time in history that a Pope has attended the G7 meetings. GIORGIA MELONI Italian Prime Minister I am convinced that the presence of His Holiness will make a decisive contribution to defining a regulatory, ethical and cultural framework for artificial intelligence, because this field, the present and the future of this technology, will be another test of our ability, the ability of the international community, to do what another Pope, St. John Paul II, talked about in his famous speech to the United Nations on October 2, 1979. Political activity, whether national or international, comes from man, is exercised by man and is for man. The meetings will take place in the southern Italian region of Puglia from June 13 15 and will include leaders from the United States, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada and Britian. Pope Francis will join a session dedicated to artificial intelligence that is open to other countries, not just those in the G7. AT
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Artificial Intelligence Has Come for Our…Beauty Pageants? – Glamour
Hence the creation of the Miss AI pageant, in which AI-generated contestants will be judged on some of the classic aspects of pageantry and the the skill and implementation of AI tools used to create the contestants. Also being considered is the AI creators social media cloutmeaning theyre not just crowning the most beautiful avatar but also the most influential.
Sodo we think Amazon's Alexa will compete? (Sorry.)
All jokes aside, both Fanvue and the WAICAs are being met with criticism, especially since real beauty pageants are so problematic as is. Concern for the impact of beauty pageants on mental health has been well documented and includes poor self-esteem, negative body image, and disordered eating, says Ashley Moser, a licensed therapist and clinical education specialist at The Renfrew Center, and upping the ante by digitizing contestants perfection and beauty could set a dangerous precedent.
These issues arise from the literal crowning of the best version of what women should be, specifically, beautiful and thin, Moser adds. What's more, it feels regressiveand quite frankly, offensiveto combine something so superficial and archaic with what's an otherwise cutting-edge technological innovation.
Emily Pellegrini
I support the recognition and awarding of women in tech and would hope that those skills could be celebrated without having to include beauty and appearance as a qualifying factor, Moser says. Cant we celebrate women for their abilities without making it about looks?
WAICAs says its not like that, though. The WAICA awards aim to raise the standard of the industry, focusing on celebrating diversity and realism, the spokesperson says. This isnt about pushing unrealistic standards but realistic models that represent real people. We want to see AI models of all shapes, sizes, and backgrounds entering the awardsand that's what the judges will be looking for.
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iOS 18 could be loaded with AI, as Apple reveals 8 new artificial intelligence models that run on-device – TechRadar
Apple has released a set of several new AI models that are designed to run locally on-device rather than in the cloud, possibly paving the way for an AI-powered iOS 18 in the not-too-distant future.
The iPhone giant has been doubling down on AI in recent months, with a carefully split focus across cloud-based and on-device AI. We saw leaks earlier this week indicating that Apple plans to make its own AI server chips, so this reveal of new local large language models (LLMs) demonstrates that the company is committed to both breeds of AI software. Ill dig into the implications of that further down, but for now, lets explain exactly what these new models are.
The suite of AI tools contains eight distinct models, called OpenELMs (Open-source Efficient Language Models). As the name suggests, these models are fully open-source and available on the Hugging Face Hub, an online community for AI developers and enthusiasts. Apple also published a whitepaper outlining the new models. Four were pre-trained on CoreNet (previously CVNets), a massive library of data used for training AI language models, while the other four have been instruction-tuned by Apple; a process by which an AI models learning parameters are carefully honed to respond to specific prompts.
Releasing open-source software is a somewhat unusual move for Apple, which typically retains quite a close grip on its software ecosystem. The company claims to want to "empower and enrich" public AI research by releasing the OpenELMs to the wider AI community.
Apple has been seriously committed to AI recently, which is good to see as the competition is fierce in both the phone and laptop arenas, with stuff like the Google Pixel 8s AI-powered Tensor chip and Qualcomms latest AI chip coming to Surface devices.
By putting its new on-device AI models out to the world like this, Apple is likely hoping that some enterprising developers will help iron out the kinks and ultimately improve the software - something that could prove vital if it plans to implement new local AI tools in future versions of iOS and macOS.
Its worth bearing in mind that the average Apple device is already packed with AI capabilities, with the Apple Neural Engine found on the companys A- and M-series chips powering features such as Face ID and Animoji. The upcoming M4 chip for Mac systems also appears to sport new AI-related processing capabilities, something that's swiftly becoming a necessity as more-established professional software implements machine-learning tools (like Firefly in Adobe Photoshop).
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In other words, we can probably expect AI to be the hot-button topic for iOS 18 and macOS 15. I just hope its used for clever and unique new features, rather than Microsofts constant Copilot nagging.
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