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Category Archives: Ai

Apple is behind in AI and killed its self-driving car project. What’s next? – The Washington Post

SAN FRANCISCO Lines used to stretch around the block at Apples flagship Union Square retail store and others around the world, with hordes of eager customers camping out for days just to be among the first to lay hands on its newest products. A decade ago, the Apple hype was seemingly unstoppable as the company unveiled a steady stream of must-have gadgets.

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Apple is behind in AI and killed its self-driving car project. What's next? - The Washington Post

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Nick Bostrom Made the World Fear AI. Now He Asks: What if It Fixes Everything? – WIRED

Philosopher Nick Bostrom is surprisingly cheerful for someone who has spent so much time worrying about ways that humanity might destroy itself. In photographs he often looks deadly serious, perhaps appropriately haunted by the existential dangers roaming around his brain. When we talk over Zoom, he looks relaxed and is smiling.

Bostrom has made it his lifes work to ponder far-off technological advancement and existential risks to humanity. With the publication of his last book, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, in 2014, Bostrom drew public attention to what was then a fringe ideathat AI would advance to a point where it might turn against and delete humanity.

To many in and outside of AI research the idea seemed fanciful, but influential figures including Elon Musk cited Bostroms writing. The book set a strand of apocalyptic worry about AI smoldering that recently flared up following the arrival of ChatGPT. Concern about AI risk is not just mainstream but also a theme within government AI policy circles.

Bostroms new book takes a very different tack. Rather than play the doomy hits, Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World, considers a future in which humanity has successfully developed superintelligent machines but averted disaster. All disease has been ended and humans can live indefinitely in infinite abundance. Bostroms book examines what meaning there would be in life inside a techno-utopia, and asks if it might be rather hollow. He spoke with WIRED over Zoom, in a conversation that has been lightly edited for length and clarity.

Will Knight: Why switch from writing about superintelligent AI threatening humanity to considering a future in which its used to do good?

Nick Bostrom: The various things that could go wrong with the development of AI are now receiving a lot more attention. It's a big shift in the last 10 years. Now all the leading frontier AI labs have research groups trying to develop scalable alignment methods. And in the last couple of years also, we see political leaders starting to pay attention to AI.

There hasn't yet been a commensurate increase in depth and sophistication in terms of thinking of where things go if we don't fall into one of these pits. Thinking has been quite superficial on the topic.

When you wrote Superintelligence, few would have expected existential AI risks to become a mainstream debate so quickly. Will we need to worry about the problems in your new book sooner than people might think?

As we start to see automation roll out, assuming progress continues, then I think these conversations will start to happen and eventually deepen.

Social companion applications will become increasingly prominent. People will have all sorts of different views and its a great place to maybe have a little culture war. It could be great for people who couldn't find fulfillment in ordinary life but what if there is a segment of the population that takes pleasure in being abusive to them?

In the political and information spheres we could see the use of AI in political campaigns, marketing, automated propaganda systems. But if we have a sufficient level of wisdom these things could really amplify our ability to sort of be constructive democratic citizens, with individual advice explaining what policy proposals mean for you. There will be a whole bunch of dynamics for society.

Would a future in which AI has solved many problems, like climate change, disease, and the need to work, really be so bad?

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Nick Bostrom Made the World Fear AI. Now He Asks: What if It Fixes Everything? - WIRED

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Brad Parscale helped Trump win in 2016 using Facebook ads. Now he’s back, and an AI evangelist – Yahoo! Voices

FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. (AP) Donald Trumps former campaign manager looked squarely into the camera and promised his viewers they were about to witness a bold new era in politics.

Youre going to see some of the most amazing new technology in artificial intelligence thats going to replace polling in the future across the country, said Brad Parscale in a dimly lit promotional video accentuated by hypnotic beats.

Parscale, the digital campaign operative who helped engineer Trumps 2016 presidential victory, vows that his new, AI-powered platform will dramatically overhaul not just polling, but campaigning. His AI-powered tools, he has boasted, will outperform big tech companies and usher in a wave of conservative victories worldwide.

Its not the first time Parscale has proclaimed that new technologies will boost right-wing campaigns. He was the digital guru who teamed up with scandal-plagued Cambridge Analytica and helped propel Trump to the White House eight years ago. In 2020, he had a public blowup then a private falling out with his old boss after the Capitol riot. Now hes back, playing an under-the-radar role to help Trump, the presumptive GOP nominee, in his race against Democratic President Joe Biden.

Parscale says his company, Campaign Nucleus, can use AI to help generate customized emails, parse oceans of data to gauge voter sentiment and find persuadable voters, then amplify the social media posts of anti-woke influencers, according to an Associated Press review of Parscales public statements, his company websites, slide decks, marketing materials and other documents not previously made public.

Since last year, Campaign Nucleus and other Parscale-linked companies have been paid more than $2.2 million by the Trump campaign, the Republican National Committee and their related political action and fundraising committees, campaign finance records show.

While his firms have received only a small piece of Trumps total digital spending, Parscale remains close to top Republicans, as well as senior officials at the campaign and at the RNC, according to a GOP operative familiar with Parscales role who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss internal dynamics.

Lara Trump, the RNCs new co-chair and Trumps daughter-in-law, once worked as a consultant to a company co-owned by Parscale. And U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson's campaign recently hired Campaign Nucleus, campaign finance records show.

Parscale, however, is not involved in day-to-day Trump campaign operations, the GOP operative said.

Parscales ability to use AI to micro target supporters and tap them for campaign cash could prove critical for Trumps campaign and other fundraising organizations. They have seen a falloff in contributions from smaller donors and a surge in spending at least $77 million so far on attorneys defending the former president in a slew of criminal and civil cases.

Beyond Trump, Parscale has said hes harnessed AI to supercharge conservative candidates and causes across the globe, including in Israel, the Balkans and Brazil.

NEW AI-POWERED CAMPAIGN TOOLS

Parscale is hardly alone in using machine learning to try to give candidates an edge by predicting, pinpointing and motivating likely supporters to vote and donate money. Politicians at all levels are experimenting with chatbots and other generative AI tools to write speeches, ad copy and fundraising appeals.

Some Democrats have voiced concern over being outmaneuvered by Republicans on AI, much like they were on social media advertising eight years ago. So far, the Biden campaign and other Democrats said they are using AI to help them find and motivate voters and to better identify and defeat disinformation.

Election experts say they are concerned about AIs potential to upend elections around the world through convincing deepfakes and other content that could mislead voters. Free and low-cost generative AI services have grown in sophistication, and officials worry they can be used to smear a candidate or steer voters to avoid the polls, eroding the publics trust in what they see and hear.

Parscale has the financial backing to experiment to see what works in ways that other AI evangelists may not. That is thanks, in part, to his association with an evangelical Texas billionaire who is among the states most influential political donors.

Parscale did not respond to multiple messages from AP seeking comment. The RNC declined comment as well.

AI IS SO SCARY

Trump has called artificial intelligence so scary " and "dangerous." His campaign, which has shied away from highlighting Parscale's role, said in an emailed statement that it did not engage or utilize tools supplied by any AI company.

The campaign uses a set of proprietary algorithmic tools, like many other campaigns across the country, to help deliver emails more efficiently and prevent sign up lists from being populated by false information, said campaign spokesman Steven Cheung.

While political consultants often hype their tactics to land new contracts, they can also be intensely secretive about the details of that work to avoid assisting rivals. That makes it difficult to precisely track how Parscale is deploying AI for the Trump campaign, or more broadly.

Parscale has said Campaign Nucleus can send voters customized emails and use data analytics to predict voters feelings. The platform can also amplify anti-woke influencers who have large followings on social media, according to his companys documents and videos.

Parscale said his company also can use artificial intelligence to create stunning web pages in seconds that produce content that looks like a media outlet, according to a presentation he gave last month at a political conference, where he was not advertised in advance as a speaker.

Empower your team to create their own news, said another slide, according to the presentation viewed by AP.

Soon, Parscale says, his company will deploy an app that harnesses AI to assist campaigns in collecting absentee ballots in the same way DoorDash or Grubhub drivers pick up dinners from restaurants and deliver them to customers.

Chris Wilson, a Republican strategist who recently worked for a SuperPAC backing Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis failed presidential bid, said he has seen Campaign Nucleus platform and was envious of its capabilities and simplicity.

Somebody could download Nucleus, start working with it and really begin to use it, said Wilson.

Other political consultants, however, called Parscales AI-infused sales pitch largely a rehash of what campaigns already have mastered through data scraping, ad testing and modeling to predict voter behavior.

Some of this stuff is just simply not new, its been around for a long time. The only thing new is that were just calling it AI, said Amanda Elliott, a GOP digital strategist.

FROM UNKNOWN TO TRUMP CONFIDANT

Parscale, a relatively unknown web designer in San Antonio, got his start working for Trump when he was hired to build a web presence for the business moguls family business.

That led to a job on the future presidents 2016 campaign. He was one of its first hires and spearheaded an ambitious and unorthodox digital initiative that relied on an extensive database of social media accounts and content to target voters with Facebook ads.

I pretty much used Facebook to get Trump elected in 2016, Parscale said in a 2022 podcast interview.

To better target Facebook users, in particular, the campaign teamed up with Cambridge Analytica, a British datamining firm bankrolled by Robert Mercer, a wealthy and influential GOP donor. After the election, Cambridge Analytica dissolved, facing investigations over its role in a breach of 87 million Facebook accounts.

Following Trumps surprise win, Parscales influence grew. He was promoted to manage Trump's reelection bid and enjoyed celebrity status. A towering figure at 6 feet, 8 inches with a Viking-style beard, Parscale was frequently spotted at campaign rallies taking selfies with Trump supporters and signing autographs.

Parscale was replaced as campaign manager not long after a rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, drew an unexpectedly small crowd, enraging Trump.

His personal life unraveled, culminating in a standoff with police at his Florida home after his wife reported he had multiple firearms and was threatening to hurt himself. One of the responding officers reported he saw bruising on the arms of Parscales wife. Parscale complied with a court order to turn in his firearms and was not charged in connection with the incident.

Parscale briefly decided to quit politics and privately expressed regret for associating with Trump after the Jan. 6, 2021, Capitol riot. In a text to a former campaign colleague, he wrote he felt guilty for helping him win in 2016, according to the House committee that investigated the Capitol attack.

His disgust didnt last long. Campaign Nucleus set up Trumps website after Silicon Valley tech companies throttled his access to their platforms.

By the summer of 2022, Parscale had resumed complimenting his old boss on a podcast popular among GOP politicos.

With President Trump, he really was the guy driving the message. He was the chief strategist of his own political uprising and management, Parscale said. I think what the family recognized was: I had done everything that really the campaign needs to do.

PARSCALES PLATFORM

Trumps 2024 campaign website now links directly to Parscales company and displays that its Powered by Nucleus, as Parscale often refers to his new firm. The campaign and its related political action and campaign committees have paid Campaign Nucleus more than $800,000 since early 2023, according to Federal Election Commission filings.

Two other companies Dyspatchit Email and Text Services and BCVM Services are listed on campaign finance records as being located at the same Florida address used by Campaign Nucleus. The firms, which are registered in Delaware and whose ownership is unclear, have received $1.4 million from the Trump campaign and related entities, FEC records show.

When an AP reporter last month visited Campaign Nucleus small, unmarked office in a tony section of Fort Lauderdale, an employee said she did not know anything about Dyspatchit or BCVM.

We dont talk to reporters, the employee said.

The three companies have been paid to host websites, send emails, provide fundraising software and provide digital consulting, FEC records show.

Parscale markets Campaign Nucleus as a one-stop shop for conservative candidates who want to automate tasks usually done by campaign workers or volunteers.

The company says it has helped its clients raise $119 million and has sent nearly 14 billion emails on their behalf, according to a promotional video.

At his recent appearance at the political conference, Parscale presented a slide that said Campaign Nucleus had raised three times as much as tech giant Salesforce in head-to-head tests for email fundraising.

Campaign Nucleus specializes in mining information from a politicians supporters, according to a recent presentation slide.

For example, when someone signs up to attend an event, Nucleus uses AI to analyze reams of personal data to assign that person a numerical score. Attendees who have been to past events receive a high score, for example, ranking them as most likely to show up, according to a company video posted online.

Campaign Nucleus also can track where people who sign up live and can send them customized emails asking for donations or solicit their help on the campaign, the video shows.

Parscale said two years ago in a podcast that he had received more than 10,000 requests about Campaign Nucleus from nearly every country with a conservative party. More recently, he said his team has been active in multiple countries, including in India and Israel, where hes been helping over there a lot with the war with Hamas.

The company says it has offices in Texas, Florida and North Carolina and has been on a recruiting tear. Recent job listings have included U.S. and Latin America-based intelligence analysts to use AI for framing messages and generating content, as well as a marketer to coordinate influencer campaigns.

Campaign Nucleus has also entered into partnerships with other companies with an AI focus. In 2022, the firm announced it was teaming up with Phunware, a Texas-based company that built a cellphone app for Trumps 2020 bid that allowed staff to monitor the movements of his millions of supporters and mobilize their social networks.

Since then, Phunware obtained a patent for what a company official described as experiential AI that can locate peoples cellphones geographically, predict their travel patterns and influence their consumer behavior.

Phunware did not answer specific questions about the partnership with Nucleus, saying the company's client engagements were confidential.

However, it is well-known that we developed the 2020 Trump campaign app in collaboration with Campaign Nucleus. We have had discussions with Trump campaign leadership about potentially developing their app for the 2024 election," said spokeswoman Christina Lockwood.

PARSCALES VISION

Last year, Parscale bought property in Midland, Texas, in the heart of the nations highest-producing oil and gas fields. It is also the hometown of Tim Dunn, a billionaire born-again evangelical who is among the states most influential political donors.

Over the years, the organizations and campaigns Dunn has funded have pushed Texas politics further to the right and driven successful challenges to unseat incumbent Republican officials deemed too centrist.

In April 2023, Dunn invested $5 million in a company called AiAdvertising that once bought one of Parscales firms under a previous corporate name. The San Antonio-based ad firm also announced that Parscale was joining as a strategic adviser, to be paid $120,000 in stock and a monthly salary of $10,000.

Boom! Parscale tweeted. (AiAdvertising) finally automated the full stack of technologies used in the 2016 election that changed the world.

In June, AiAdvertising added two key national figures to its board: Texas investor Thomas Hicks Jr. former co-chair of the RNC and longtime hunting buddy of Donald Trump Jr. -- and former GOP congressman Jim Renacci. In December, Dunn also gave $5 million to MAGA Inc., a pro-Trump super PAC and Campaign Nucleus client. And in January, SEC filings show Dunn provided AiAdvertising an additional $2.5 million via his investment company. A company press release said the cash infusion would help it generate more engaging, higher-impact campaigns.

Dunn declined to comment, although in an October episode of his podcast he elaborated on how his political work is driven by his faith.

Jesus wont be on the ballot, OK? Now, eventually, hes going to take over the government and we can look forward to that, Dunn told listeners. In the meanwhile, were going to have to settle.

In business filings, AiAdvertising said it has developed AI-created personas to determine what messages will resonate emotionally with its customers target audience. Parscale said last year in a promotional video that Campaign Nucleus was using AI models in a similar way.

We actually understand what the American people want to hear, Parscale said.

AiAdvertising did not respond to messages seeking comment.

Parscale occasionally offers glimpses of the AI future he envisions. Casting himself as an outsider to the Republican establishment, he has said he sees AI as a way to undercut elite Washington consultants, whom he described as political parasites.

In January, Parscale told a crowd assembled at a grassroots Christian event at a church in Pasadena, California, that their movement needed to have our own AI, from creative large language models and creative imagery, we need to reach our own audiences with our own distribution, our own email systems, our own texting systems, our own ability to place TV ads, and lastly we need to have our own influencers.

To make his point plain, he turned to a metaphor that relied on a decidedly 19th-century technology.

We must not rely on any of their rails, he said, referring to mainstream media and companies. This is building our own train tracks.

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Burke reported from San Francisco. AP National Political Writer Steve Peoples and Courtney Subramanian in Washington, and Associated Press researcher Rhonda Shafner in New York contributed to this report.

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This story is part of an Associated Press series, The AI Campaign, that explores the influence of artificial intelligence in the 2024 election cycle.

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Contact APs global investigative team at Investigative@ap.org or https://www.ap.org/tips/

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The Associated Press receives financial assistance from the Omidyar Network to support coverage of artificial intelligence and its impact on society. AP is solely responsible for all content. Find APs standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org

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Brad Parscale helped Trump win in 2016 using Facebook ads. Now he's back, and an AI evangelist - Yahoo! Voices

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Hands-on with the visual AI in Metas Ray-Ban smart glasses – The Verge

For the last several weeks, Ive been playing with Metas AI assistant in its Ray-Ban smart glasses. It works by responding to the voice command Hey Meta and can answer a question or examine what youre looking at. Its far from perfect. But when it does work, it feels like a glimpse into the future.

Meta didnt expect generative AI to play such a large role in the glasses until very recently. When CEO Mark Zuckerberg first revealed that multimodal AI was coming to them in an interview with me last fall, he described it as a whole new angle on smart glasses that may end up being the killer feature before super high-quality holograms.

Given the billions Meta has poured into AR glasses over the last six years and the lackluster reception to the first generation of Meta Ray-Bans, version two needed to be a win. Early indications are good. Ive seen third-party estimates that over 1 million have been sold. During Metas last earnings call, Zuckerberg mentioned that many styles were sold out. Now, with multimodal AI enabled, Meta may have the best AI wearable on the market.

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Hands-on with the visual AI in Metas Ray-Ban smart glasses - The Verge

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China tops the U.S. on AI research in over half of the hottest fields: report – Axios

Data: Emerging Technology Observatory Map of Science; Chart: Axios Visuals

China leads the U.S. as a top producer of research in more than half of AI's hottest fields, according to new data from Georgetown University's Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET) shared first with Axios.

Why it matters: The findings reveal important nuances about the global race between the U.S. and China to lead AI advances and set crucial standards for the technology and how it is used around the world.

Key findings: CSET's Emerging Technology Observatory team found global AI research more than doubled between 2017 and 2022.

Research in robotics grew slower than in vision and natural language processing by just 54% and made up about 15% of all AI research.

What they're saying: "The fact that research is growing so quickly, in so many directions, underscores the need for federal investment in basic measurement evaluation on the scientific techniques we need to ensure that AI getting deployed in the real world is safe, secure and understandable," said Arnold. But appropriations for the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, which is tasked with identifying those measurements, were recently cut.

The big picture: The top five producers of sheer numbers of AI research papers in the world are Chinese institutions, led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Yes, but: At the country level, the U.S. had the top spot in producing highly cited articles.

"China is absolutely a world leader in AI research, and in many areas, likely the world leader," Arnold said, adding the country is active across a range of research areas, including increasingly fundamental research.

Caveat: The data only accounts for research papers published in English, and doesn't capture scientific work in other languages.

How it works: CSET's Map of Science groups together articles that cite each other often, because they have topics or concepts in common, into clusters of research. (It doesn't mean all papers on LLMs, for example, are in the top cluster. Some may appear in other clusters.)

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China tops the U.S. on AI research in over half of the hottest fields: report - Axios

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Writer Meghan O’Gieblyn on AI, Consciousness, and Creativity – Nautilus

These days, were inundated with speculation about the future of artificial intelligenceand specifically how AI might take away our jobs, or steal the creative work of writers and artists, or even destroy the human species. The American writer Meghan OGieblyn also wonders about these things, and her essays offer pointed inquiries into the philosophical and spiritual underpinnings of this technology. Shes steeped in the latest AI developments but is also well-versed in debates about linguistics and the nature of consciousness.

OGieblyn also writes about her own struggle to find deeper meaning in her life, which has led her down some unexpected rabbit holes. A former Christian fundamentalist, she later stumbled into transhumanism and, ultimately, plunged into the exploding world of AI. (She currently also writes an advice column for Wired magazine about tech and society.)

When I visited her at her home in Madison, Wisconsin, I was curious if I might see any traces of this unlikely personal odyssey.

I hadnt expected her to pull out a stash of old notebooks filled with her automatic writing, composed while working with a hypnotist. I asked OGieblyn if she would read from one of her notebooks, and she picked this passage: In all the times we came to bed, there was never any sleep. Dawn bells and doorbells and daffodils and the side of the road glaring with their faces undone And so it wentstrange, lyrical, and nonsensicaltapping into some part of herself that she didnt know was there.

That led us into a wide-ranging conversation about the unconscious, creativity, the quest for transcendence, and the differences between machine intelligence and the human mind.

Why did you go to a hypnotist and try automatic writing?

I was going through a period of writers block, which I had never really experienced before. It was during the pandemic. I was working on a book about technology, and I was reading about these new language models. GPT-3 had been just released to researchers, and the algorithmic text was just so wildly creative and poetic.

So you wanted to see if you could do this, without using an AI model?

Yeah, I became really curious about what it means to produce language without consciousness. As my own critical faculty was getting in the way of my creativity, it seemed really appealing to see what it would be like to just write without overthinking everything. I was thinking a lot about the Surrealists and different avant-garde traditions where writers or artists would do exercises either through hypnosis or some sort of random collaborative game. The point was to try to unlock some unconscious creative capacity within you. And it seemed like that was, in a way, what the large language models were doing.

You have an unusual background for a writer about technology. You grew up in a Christian fundamentalist family.

My parents were evangelical Christians. My whole extended family are born again Christians. Everybody I knew growing up believed what we did. I was homeschooled along with all my siblings, so most of our social life revolved around church. When I was 18, I went to Moody Bible Institute in Chicago to study theology. I was planning to go into full-time ministry.

But then you left your faith.

I had a faith crisis when I was in Bible school, which metastasized into a series of doubts about the validity of the Bible and the Christian God. I dropped out of Bible school after two years and pretty much left the faith. I began identifying as agnostic almost right away.

But my sense is youre still extremely interested in questions of transcendence and the spiritual life.

Absolutely.I dont think anyone who grew up in that world ever totally leaves it behind. And my interest in technology grew out of those larger questions. What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to have a soul?

A couple of years after I left Bible school, I read The Age of Spiritual Machines, Ray Kurzweils book about the singularity and transhumanism. He had this idea that humans could use technology to further our evolution into a new species, what he called post-humanity. It was this incredible vision of transcendence. We were essentially going to become immortal.

The algorithmic text was just so wildly creative and poetic.

There are some similarities to your Christian upbringing.

As a 25-year-old who was just starting to believe that I wasnt going to live forever in heaven, this was incredibly appealing to think that maybe science and technology could bring about a similar transformation. It was a secular form of transcendence. I started wondering: What does it mean to be a self or a thinking mind? Kurzweil was saying our selfhood is basically just a pattern of mental activity that you could upload into digital form.

So Kurzweils argument was that machines could do anything that the human mind can doand more.

Essentially. But there was a question that was always elided: Is there going to be some sort of first-person experience? And this comes into play with mind-uploading. If I transform my mind into digital form, am I still going to be me or is it just going to be an empty replica that talks and acts like me, with no subjective experience?

Nobody has a good answer for that because nobody knows what consciousness is. Thats what got me really interested in AI, because thats the area in which were playing out these questions now. What is first-person experience? How is that related to intelligence?

Isnt the assumption that AI has no consciousness or first-person experience? Isnt that the fundamental difference between artificial intelligence and the human mind?

That is definitely the consensus, but how can you prove it? We really dont know whats happening inside these models because theyre black box models. Theyre neural networks that have many hidden layers. Its a kind of alchemy.

A sophisticated large language model like Chat GPT has accumulated a vast reservoir of language by scraping the internet, but does it have any sense of meaning?

It depends on how you define meaning. Thats tricky because meaning is a concept we invented, and the definition is contested. For the past hundred years or so, linguists have determined that meaning depends on embodied reference in the real world. To know what the word dog means, you have to have seen a dog and belong to a linguistic community where that has some collective meaning.

Language models dont have access to the real world, so theyre using language in a very different way. Theyre drawing on statistical probabilities to create outputs that sound convincingly human and often appear very intelligent. And some computational linguists say, Well, that is meaning. You dont need any real-world experience to have meaning.

What does it mean to be human? What does it mean to have a soul?

These language models are constructing sentences that make a lot of sense, but is it just algorithmic wordplay?

Emily Bender and some engineers at Google came up with the term stochastic parrots. Stochastic is a statistical set of probabilities, using a certain amount of randomness, and theyre parrots because theyre mimicking human speech. These models were trained on an enormous amount of real-world human texts, and theyre able to predict what the next word is going to be in a certain context.

To me, that feels very different than how humans use language. We typically use language when were trying to create meaning with other people.

In that interpretation, the human mind is fundamentally different than AI.

I think it is. But there are people like Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, who famously tweeted, I am a stochastic parrot, and so r u. There are people creating this technology who believe theres really no difference between how these models use language and how humans use language.

We think we have all these original ideas, but are we just rearranging the chairs on the deck?

I recently asked a computer scientist, What do you think creativity is? And he said, Oh, thats easy. Its just randomness. And if you know how these models work, there is a certain amount of correlation between randomness and creativity. A lot of the models have whats called a temperature gauge. If you turn up the temperature, the output becomes more random and it seems much more creative. My feeling is that theres a certain amount of randomness in human creativity, but I dont think thats all there is.

As a writer, how do you think about creativity and originality?

I think about modernist writers like James Joyce or Virginia Woolf, who completely changed literature. They created a form of a consciousness on the page that felt nothing like what had come before in the history of the novel. Thats not just because they randomly recombined everything they had read. The nature of human experience was changing during that time, and they found a way to capture what that felt like. I think creativity has to have that inner subjective quality. It comes back to the idea of meaning, which is created between two minds.

Its commonly assumed that AI has no thinking mind or subjective experience, but how would we even know if these AI models are conscious?

I have no idea. My intuition is that if it said something that was convincing enough to show that it has experience, which includes emotion but also self-awareness. But weve already had instances where the models have spoken in very convincing terms about having an inner life. There was a Google engineer, Blake Lemoine, who was convinced that the chatbot he was working on was sentient. This is going to be fiercely debated.

Artificial general intelligence is creating something thats essentially going to be like a god.

A lot of these chatbots do seem to have self-awareness.

Theyre designed to appear that way. Theres been so much money poured into emotional AI. This is a whole subfield of AIcreating chatbots that can convincingly emote and respond to human emotion. Its about maximizing engagement with the technology.

Do you think a very advanced AI would have godlike capacities? Will machines become so sophisticated that we cant distinguish between them and more conventional religious ideas of God?

Thats certainly the goal for a lot of people developing this technology. Sam Altman, Elon Musktheyve all absorbed the Kurzweil idea of the singularity. They are essentially trying to create a god with AGIartificial general intelligence. Its AI that can do everything we can and surpass human intelligence.

But isnt intelligence, no matter how advanced, different than God?

The thinking is that once it gets to the level of human intelligence, it can start doing what were doing, modifying and improving itself. At that point it becomes a recursive process where theres going to be some sort of intelligence explosion. This is the belief.

But theres another question: What are we trying to design? If you want to create a tool that helps people solve cancer or find solutions to climate change, you can do that with a very narrowly trained AI. But the fact that we are now working toward artificial general intelligence is different. Thats creating something thats essentially going to be like a god.

Why do you think Elon Musk and Sam Altman want to create this?

I think they read a lot of sci-fi as kids. [Laughs] I mean, I dont know. Theres something very deeply human in this idea of, Well, we have this capacity, so were going to do it. Its scary, though. Thats why its called the singularity. You cant see beyond it. Its an event horizon. Once you create something like that, theres really no way to tell what it will look like until its in the world.

I do feel like people are trying to create a system thats going to give answers that are difficult to come by through ordinary human thought. Thats the main appeal of creating artificial general intelligence. Its some sort of godlike figure that can give us the answers to persistent political conflicts and moral debates.

If its smart enough, can AI solve the problems that we imperfect humans cannot?

I dont think so. Its similar to what I was looking for in automatic writing, which is a source of meaning thats external to my experience. Life is infinitely complex, and every situation is different. That requires a constant process of meaning-making.

Hannah Arendt talks about thinking and then thinking again. Youre constantly making and unmaking thought as you experience the world. Machines are rigid. Theyre trained on the whole corpus of human history. Theyre like a mirror, reflecting back to us a lot of our own beliefs. But I dont think they can give us that sense of meaning that were looking for as humans. Thats something that we ultimately have to create for ourselves.

This interview originally aired on Wisconsin Public Radios nationally syndicated showTo the Best of Our Knowledge. You can listen to the full interview with Meghan OGieblynhere.

Lead image: lohloh / Shutterstock

Posted on May 2, 2024

Steve Paulson is the executive producer of Wisconsin Public Radios nationally-syndicated show To the Best of Our Knowledge. Hes the author of Atoms and Eden: Conversations on Religion and Science. You can find his podcast about psychedelics, Luminous, here.

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Writer Meghan O'Gieblyn on AI, Consciousness, and Creativity - Nautilus

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