Search Results for: film anatomy medical sex

Grey’s Anatomy season 19 episode 3: The path to Meredith’s exit? – CarterMatt

As we get ourselves prepared forGreys Anatomyseason 19 episode 3 on ABC next week, we recognize that Merediths exit is on the horizon. Ellen Pompeo will leave the show, at least as an on-screen presence, following the upcoming eighth episode.

So how is the character going to leave? One of the things weve heard already is that it involves one of her children, which makes a good bit of sense given that any parent should do what they can for their kid even if that means stepping away from a familiar, comfortable world.

Based on the full Greys Anatomyseason 19 episode 3 synopsis below, it could be Zola who gets the ball rolling for Merediths exit in some shape or form:

Lets Talk About Sex Bailey recruits the interns to create a series of social media videos informing teens about sexual health. The videos, filmed at Grey Sloan in front of a group of high schoolers, hit home as a student has medical complications during her visit. Elsewhere, Meredith and Maggie learn something new about Zola on an all-new episode ofGreys Anatomy airingTHURSDAY, OCT. 20(9:00-10:01 p.m. EDT), on ABC.Watch episodes on demand and onHuluthe day following their premieres.

Lets just go ahead and say that were ready to getallsorts of emotional over what happens when it comes to Meredith and Zola. The rest of the story in this episode may be devised largely as a way to get a break from some of that it will be lighthearted in nature, and also show us further whats going on when it comes to Miranda Bailey. Shes got a story this season that should be unique from what weve seen in the past, and lets just say were rather excited about that.

Related Get some other updates on the subject of Greys Anatomy right away!

Share your thoughts and theories below! Once you do just that, stick around there are other updates ahead we do not want you to miss. (Photo: ABC.)

Read the rest here:
Grey's Anatomy season 19 episode 3: The path to Meredith's exit? - CarterMatt

Posted in Anatomy | Comments Off on Grey’s Anatomy season 19 episode 3: The path to Meredith’s exit? – CarterMatt

Katherine Heigl struggled with ‘public shaming’ after ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Emmy drama – Yahoo News

Katherine Heigl has opened up on being labelled difficult.

Actress Katherine Heigl has opened up on her struggle with being publicly shamed and bullied over the fallout from her criticism of hit TV show Greys Anatomy.

Heigl starred in the medical drama from 2005 until 2010, but gained a reputation as difficult to work with after making public complaints about her role in that and in the Judd Apatow film Knocked Up.

In 2008, she gave an interview describing Knocked Up as a little sexist and later said she hadnt entered herself for the Emmys for Greys Anatomy that year as I did not feel I was given the material this season to warrant a nomination.

Although Heigl later apologised to Apatow and Greys Anatomy creator Shonda Rhimes, clarifying her comments were about her own performances, she said the throwaway remarks had had a huge effect on her personally.

She told The Telegraph: It was this giant snowball effect. The more conscious of it I was, the more afraid I was, and the more I would say something stupid. It was this vicious cycle.

It was a public shaming. Even a little public bullying. And I took it really, really personally.

It had me confused about my own worth because I put all my value in other peoples opinions and suddenly those opinions changed.

Saying that she felt afraid about peoples opinions of her, she explained that it made her react in a negative way but that she felt her attitude had changed in recent years.

After the controversy in 2008, Heigl said she began to worry about saying things that would offend people in every interview.

The actress said that she now felt less insecure and wasnt so concerned about saying the wrong thing, adding if somebody chose to take it that way, thats on them.

Watch: James Marsden defends Katherine Heigl over difficult label

See the original post:
Katherine Heigl struggled with 'public shaming' after 'Grey's Anatomy' Emmy drama - Yahoo News

Posted in Anatomy | Comments Off on Katherine Heigl struggled with ‘public shaming’ after ‘Grey’s Anatomy’ Emmy drama – Yahoo News

Grey’s Anatomy: 10 Relationships That Should Have Happened But Never Did – Screen Rant

There are many iconic and memorable romances on Grey's Anatomy. However, have fans ever thought that a character was better suited with someone else?

The popular primetime medical drama Grey's Anatomy has been around for what seems like an eternity now. The show has, over the years, given fansa gamut of human emotions with a barrageof relatable characters, navigating a complex range of relationships.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy Characters & Their Disney Counterparts

From couples that make no sense, like Jackson Avery and Maggie Pierce, to those that are absolutely adorable together such as Callie and Arizona, Jackson and April, and of course, Derek and Meredith, relationships on Grey'shave been an integral part of the show's astounding success and record run.

FHowever, do fans ever feel like there is often great chemistry between other characters that largely goes unexplored? Could these relationships have become the show's greatest romance ever? Here are some great contenders that unfortunately never happened.

Owen Hunt joined the hit medical drama early on and was introduced as Cristina Yang's love interest. Upon first impression, Owen seemed like the perfect match for Cristina as they both shared the same passion for medicine and their work.

However, over the years Owen's storyline went haywire, as he went from one woman to another, first cheating on Cristina, then hurriedly married Amelia, and getting Teddy pregnant by appearing at her door out of nowhere. Even at present, his relationship with Teddy is on the rocks with the latter having cheated on him. Owen might be a Grey's veteran but one wonders if, after Cristina, he might have beenbetter off alone. At least for a little while or until he figures things out.

Erica Hahn was the brilliant cardiothoracic surgeon who came like a gush of wind after Preston Burke left Seattle Grace and then left as hurriedly as she came.

However, in that brief period of time, she was shown to have developed a relationship with fan-favorite, Callie Torres. For both of them, a casual hook up turned out to be an eye-opener for the two women as Erica realized that she was happier dating women and Callie started exploring her bisexuality. Erica and Callie's story ended abruptly but it would have been interesting to watch them navigate their new-found sexuality together.

The 'Ortho god' Atticus Lincoln seems to be in a stable relationship with Amelia Shepherd at the moment although knowing Amelia, things could blow up at any moment.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: The 10 Hardest Hitting Break-Ups

But Link also sharesa pleasant, friendly equation with Jo Wilson, who he happened to know in the past. And seeing how things turned out between Jo and Alex, maybe Link would have been a better option, for he seems more anchored and understanding than Alex ever was. However, given that this is Grey's, there might be hope for Link and Jo still.

Another couple that seemed to be on the verge of happening but never culminated was Alex and Addison. For those who forgot, it was Addison who tried to mellow down the arrogant surgical intern in his early days and drew Alexinto pediatrics, which heultimately excelled.

The two were attracted to each other and sparks flew, which led to the couple hooking up. Of course, Alex was way too immature to be in a serious relationship with someone like Addison but that in itself would have been fun to watch. Addison'spartnership with Derek, although complicated, was never meant to be, so maybe she could have been in a quirky relationship with the smartmouth Alex Karev.

Mark and Callie were best friends with benefits and Callie even got pregnant with Mark's daughter. The two were very comfortable with each other and their camaraderie was mostly uncomplicated and fun.

As always, life and relationships are complex in Grey's Anatomy.So the two people who were best fit for each other don't end up together. Still, if Callie had decided she wanted to start a relationship with Mark, fans wouldn't have complained.

In season 4, young Lexie Grey encountered a patient with a giant tumor in his carotid artery, Nick Hanscom. Nick had a sense of humor, was flirtatious, and soon struck up a bond with Lexie who seemed to enjoy talking to him.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: 10 Couples That Shouldn't Have Worked, But Did

In fact, there were definite signs of chemistry between the two. After all, Lexie was soft by nature and Nick was the kind of guy who could make light of a very serious situation. Hewas also the first patient Lexie was entrusted with and his tragic death hit her hard. Had Nick survived, the writers might have considered giving the two a chance.

Grey's Anatomy is as much about the patients as it is about the doctors and staff at Grey Sloan Memorial. Meredith has saved numerous lives in the course of seventeen long seasons, but very few patients have dared to flirt with her.

One such patient was Nick Marsh in season 14, a handsome transplant doctor who had just undergone a kidney transplant himself. He might not have been 'McDreamy' but he was quite charming in his own way and was clearly hitting on Meredith, who didn't seem to mind the interest. Meredith and Nick would have made a really cute couple together, but that never happened.

Meredith went on a blind date in season 15 after her matchmaker patient, Cece, convinced her to start going out again. And who should she meet butHow I Met Your Motheralum, JoshRadnor, who appeared as software engineer Jon here.

The two connected instantly and Meredith even seemed okay with giving Jon a chance, canceling her afternoon to spend time with her date. However, once Jon mentioned that he wasn't comfortable with single moms, this ended her interest in him. Although the writers didn't take the narrative further, fans adored Jon with Meredith and wouldn't mind seeing him make a comeback.

Actor Martin Henderson appeared in season 14 as Nathan Riggs, an ex-colleague and former friend of Owen's and a potential love interest for Meredith Grey.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy 10 Famous Actors You Forgot Were In The Series

Nathan seemed like a fitting replacement for Derek Shepherd although Meredith didn't give him a chance at first. And by the time she did, Nathan's ex-fiance Megan was back in the picture. Meredith and Nathan only had a few moments together but it wouldhave been fun to see them as a couple.

Remember the adorable George O'Malley, who died a devastating death in season 5 after throwing himself in front of a bus to save a random stranger? For those who don't remember, Lexie Grey had a phase when she was infatuated by George right after she joined Seattle Grace as a surgical intern.

The two even became roommates for some time, with Lexie trying to draw George's attention with her kind and thoughtful ways. But George's storyline had already become chaotic by the time and for some reason, he never noticed Lexie. Could one have imagined how sweet this pairing would have been ifGeorge had recognized how great Lexiewas?Unfortunately, fans never got to see them together.

NEXT:10 Medical Dramas That Are Better Than Grey's Anatomy

Next Smallville: 10 Questions About Clark Kent's Powers, Answered

Surangama, or Sue, as she is called by many, has been writing on films, television, literature, social issues for over a decade now. A teacher, writer, and editor, she loves nothing better than to curl up on a lazy afternoon with her favorite book, or with a pen and a notebook (a laptop would have to do!) and a foaming cuppa tea on the side.

Continued here:
Grey's Anatomy: 10 Relationships That Should Have Happened But Never Did - Screen Rant

Posted in Anatomy | Comments Off on Grey’s Anatomy: 10 Relationships That Should Have Happened But Never Did – Screen Rant

Jake Borelli talks ‘Grey’s Anatomy,’ coming out and role in queer rom-com ‘The Thing About Harry’ – amNY

Sign up for our COVID-19 newsletter to stay up-to-date on the latest coronavirus news throughout New York City

For Jake Borelli, landing a role on Greys Anatomy wasnt something he ever pictured happening in his career.

Born and raised in Columbus, Ohio, the 29-year-old actor got his start at the Columbus Childrens Theatre. From ages 10 to 13 years old, Borelli says he participated in 17 plays and loved every second of it.

I absolutely loved it. I ended up getting introduced to local agents there, who started me with radio and commercial work, said Borelli. Thats when I thought, I could turn this into a career. I got on a plane to L.A. right after graduating high school.

Borelli started taking classes out in Los Angeles and began to audition. He landed a few small roles on some primetime television shows like NCIS, NCIS: Los Angeles and Suburgatory, and landed a recurring role on the Nickelodeon series The Thundermans. After eight years of auditions, Borelli ultimately decided to uproot his life and start over in New York.

I decided after auditioning for [Harry Potter and the Cursed Child] in New York to uproot everything, move there and work with acting coaches, Borelli recalled. I quit my job, sold my car and moved to New York.

While he was laying down roots in New York, Borellis agent sent him a tape audition for Greys Anatomy.

Greys felt so out of reach for me at the time, said Borelli. I didnt believe it was something I could do. I sort of forgot about it after I sent my tape in.

However, two weeks after submitting the audition, Borelli got word that he had landed a role on the beloved medical drama. After six weeks living in New York, Borelli was back on a plane headed back to Los Angeles to join the cast of Greys Anatomy.

Borelli plays Dr. Levi Schmitt aka Glasses, who joined the cast of characters as an intern in season 15. Borelli says playing Dr. Schmitt the first year was an absolute whirlwind for him, and ended up mirroring a lot of his real life as well.

I felt like I was literally in a dream for the entire first year. It felt like jumping on a moving train, said Borelli. Now here I am, this young actor who really wants to learn, getting to learn from these icons. To act along with Ellen Pompeo was nuts. It was also the idea of playing an intern, you have no idea how long you are going to be there. It mirrored the life of our characters; Im there as Levi, who is starting to work at a hospital with OG surgeons, while I, as a young actor, am working with OG actors.

Greys Anatomy started its 17th season this year. Borelli says that playing Dr. Schmitt has changed him drastically over the past couple of years, and even gave him the courage to come out as gay in his personal life.

[Playing Dr. Schmitt] changed me so drastically. Him coming out of the closet on the show helped me come out of the closet, said Borelli. Having him navigating his new identity for three seasons has helped me step more confidently in the queer community. the show has given me a lot of confidence and opportunities to speak with queer people around the world. Playing Levi has really widened me as a person.

Borelli recently starred in The Thing About Harry, Freeforms first gay rom-com. Borelli plays Sam, a young gay man starting his political career in Chicago. The film follows Sam as he and his old high-school bully Harry (played by Niko Terho) are forced to share a car ride to their Missouri hometown for a friends engagement party on Valentines Day. After learning that Harry has also come out of the closet as pansexual, things take a turn, and the two men begin to develop a deep friendship with neither of them admitting a potential romance may be brewing leaving them wondering if one road trip could change the rest of their lives.

The film was directed by Peter Paige and premiered on Freeform on Feb. 15, 2020. What Borelli didnt realize when he landed the role was that Paige, who was friends with Greys Anatomys showrunner Krista Vernoff, that the role of Sam was made especially for him.

I woke up to an email one day from Krista saying that her best friend was going to offer me the lead role in a new film and that she completely supported me, said Borelli. I got the script later that day. I read through it in one day and was obsessed.

Borelli says that there were a lot of moving parts for him to get cast in The Thing About Harry that he wasnt even aware of until after the fact.

Peter was talking to Krista about writing the film and what he was envisioning for the lead, and she responded, Like Jake Borelli? AndPeter agreed, Borelli recounted. He wrote the script with me in mind. He reached out to Krista and said he was ready to film, but at the time we were busy with Greys so she said he couldnt have me yet. Peter went back to Freeform and tried to get the film cast, but it didnt work out. Krista then said we could make it work all of this happened unbeknownst to me. I owe so much to Krista for being a champion of me for so long.

Borelli says that The Thing About Harry got an amazing reception from viewers the film currently has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes and an 88% audience score. Borelli says that he still gets messages from queer fans who he says are just as obsessed with the film as he is.

For Borelli, what sets The Thing About Harry apart from other films with queer topics is that it doesnt focus on the process of coming out it follows similar themes that you find in other rom-com films with straight characters, making it an important watch.

Whats so new and fresh is that its trying to reinvent the wheel. Its a classic rom-com but its queer, and thats not something weve seen before, said Borelli. There are young adult queer films out there, but this is special because it doesnt talk about coming out and doesnt sit in the shame of being queer. Its an adorable love story about two queer guys finding love. It was refreshing for me to read, and was the main reason why I signed on. It would have changed everything for me if I saw it when I was young it validates love stories as queers.

Stay up to date with Borelli by following him on Instagram @jake.borelli.

Read the rest here:
Jake Borelli talks 'Grey's Anatomy,' coming out and role in queer rom-com 'The Thing About Harry' - amNY

Posted in Anatomy | Comments Off on Jake Borelli talks ‘Grey’s Anatomy,’ coming out and role in queer rom-com ‘The Thing About Harry’ – amNY

Grey’s Anatomy: The 5 Most Annoying Things Izzie Ever Did (& 5 Sweetest) – Screen Rant

Izzie may no longer be a part of Grey's Anatomy, but all of the great and not-so-great things she did left an indelible mark.

The hit ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy has made fans laugh, cry, and share every joy and pain in the central protagonist Meredith Grey's life for sixteen long years.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: 5 Times Izzie Stevens Was An Overrated Character (& 5 She Was Underrated)

Izzie or Isobel Stevens was one of the primary characters in Meredith's gang for the first several seasons. She was one of the most compassionate and soft-hearted of the lot and some of the main storylines in the earlier seasons revolved around her. However, despite being the sweetest, there were also moments when Izzie could be exceptionally annoying.

Izzie was shown to be best friends with George O' Malley, and his only confidante for a time. But their charming little friendship took a turn for the weird when Izzie started hating Callie, with whom George had a whirlwind relationship and marriage.

Not only did she hate Calliefor no apparent reason, but also started poisoning George against her. True, George might have got into a commitment without a lot of foresight, but Izzie's constant poking into something that was none of her business was literally annoying.

Izzie was the only one among Meredith'sgang of friends who never gave up on Alex Karev even though the latter was nothing but an insolent smartmouth to all and sundry.

Izzie had faith in Alex when no one else did and she was one of the reasons that Alex gradually became a more mellow, humane, and genial individual. It was unbelievably sweet of Izzie and of course, the two eventually fell in love.

One of the weirdest and most annoying storylines in the earlier seasons of Grey's Anatomy was the awkward relationship between Izzie and George. Although both were fan favorites, a sexual relationship between the two made absolutely no sense and was actually rather frustrating.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: 20 Things Wrong With Izzie Stevens We All Choose To Ignore

Moreover, Georgeand Izzie sleeping together, with George ending up cheating on Callie, went against the grain of both characters who were shown to be good people who would never hurt anyone intentionally. Thankfully, the writers probably realized that the couple made no sense as such and discarded that particular plot.

Izzie was always the most compassionate and human of the surgical interns and could be incredibly sweet at times.

She went out of her way to help a patient who didn't speak her language, and couldn't communicate with her. But she never gave up and went out in secret on a rainy evening to help her patient, who was an illegal immigrant and couldn't afford the treatment.

One of the primary storylines involvingIzzie Stevens in season 2 was when she tried to save her patient, and lover, Denny Duquette's life, by famously cutting the L-Vad wire so that Denny would be bumped to the top of the heart transplant list.

While the gesture resulted from absolute desperation and deep love, it was also extremely thoughtless and annoying since Izzie risked putting not only her own but also the careers of all her friends who had known that she had literally stolen a heart for Denny that wasn't supposed to go to him in the first place.

Denny died shockingly even after all the desperate measurestaken by Izzie and left her a whopping 8.7 million dollars.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: The 5 Best (& 5 Worst) Doctors On Call

Izzie caused a lot of panicamong her roommates like George and Meredith when she didn't deposit the check straight away. Finally though, instead of using the money for her own gain, Izzie, true to her compassionate self, gave it to Bailey to kick start the free clinic, the Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic, which was meant to offer medical services to patients for free. It was a lovely decision and the perfect way to commemorate Denny.

Another time Izzie nagged someone and brought on the fans' ire on her was when she suspected Ava of lying to Alex about her pregnancy, with the intention of getting rid of a rival.

The Alex-Ava storyline was definitely poorly conceived but Izzie's zealous interference, again, into something that didn't really concern her was annoying to watch.She clearly had feelings for Alex but could have let him figure out about Ava's mental condition on his own, instead of behaving like a bull in a china shop.

Izzie was soft-hearted, which extended not only to other people around her but also to animals in need.

When a young boy and his father showed up with an injured deer, it was Izzie who didn't give up in spite of all her interns making fun of her for wasting time on an animal. She even managed to save the deer in the end, proving she had both tenacity and goodness of heart.

After Izzie started recovering from her surgery, she and Alex got into a tiff, and Izzie eventually left, without so much as a word to anybody, let alone to Alex.

RELATED:Grey's Anatomy: Why Meredith and Izzie Aren't Real Friends

Other than the fact that actress Katherine Heigl who played Izzie was leaving the show, the exit was sudden and frustrating since Izzie had become a primary character on the show over the years. And for someone like her to leave her husband without a word seemed bizarre and abrupt.

In season 16, it was revealed that Izzie had gone on to recover completely from her cancer and had even had kids.She had undergone artificial insemination with Alex's sperms that the two had frozen years ago with a lot of foresight.

The fact that Izzie Stevens. Alex's one great love had had his twins who were happy and healthy did leave a lot of fans teary-eyed, even if that meant an abrupt departure for Alex Karev. Izzie, always a good, sweet soul, kept true to Alex after all.

NEXT:Grey's Anatomy: 10 Other Ways Alex Karev Could Have Left The Show

Next American Dad: 5 Character Deaths That Surprised Us (& 5 No One Cared About)

Surangama, or Sue, as she is called by many, has been writing on films, television, literature, social issues for over a decade now. A teacher, writer, and editor, she loves nothing better than to curl up on a lazy afternoon with her favorite book, or with a pen and a notebook (a laptop would have to do!) and a foaming cuppa tea on the side.

See the rest here:
Grey's Anatomy: The 5 Most Annoying Things Izzie Ever Did (& 5 Sweetest) - Screen Rant

Posted in Anatomy | Comments Off on Grey’s Anatomy: The 5 Most Annoying Things Izzie Ever Did (& 5 Sweetest) – Screen Rant

Human sexuality

This article is about human sexual anatomy, sexuality and perceptions. For information specifically about sexual activities, see Human sexual activity.

The way people experience and express themselves sexually

Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually.[1][2] This involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors.[3][4] Because it is a broad term, which has varied with historical contexts over time, it lacks a precise definition.[4] The biological and physical aspects of sexuality largely concern the human reproductive functions, including the human sexual response cycle.[3][4]

Someone's sexual orientation is their pattern of sexual interest in the opposite or same sex.[5] Physical and emotional aspects of sexuality include bonds between individuals that are expressed through profound feelings or physical manifestations of love, trust, and care. Social aspects deal with the effects of human society on one's sexuality, while spirituality concerns an individual's spiritual connection with others. Sexuality also affects and is affected by cultural, political, legal, philosophical, moral, ethical, and religious aspects of life.[3][4]

Interest in sexual activity typically increases when an individual reaches puberty.[6] Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, there is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males. Hypothesized social causes are supported by only weak evidence, distorted by numerous confounding factors.[7] This is further supported by cross-cultural evidence, because cultures that are very tolerant of homosexuality do not have significantly higher rates of it.[8][9]

Evolutionary perspectives on human coupling, reproduction and reproduction strategies, and social learning theory provide further views of sexuality.[10] Sociocultural aspects of sexuality include historical developments and religious beliefs. Some cultures have been described as sexually repressive. The study of sexuality also includes human identity within social groups, sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), and birth control methods.

There is considerably more evidence supporting innate causes of sexual orientation than learned ones, especially for males. This evidence includes the cross-cultural correlation of homosexuality and childhood gender nonconformity, moderate genetic influences found in twin studies, evidence for prenatal hormonal effects on brain organization, the fraternal birth order effect, and the finding that in rare cases where infant males were raised as girls due to physical deformity, they nevertheless turned out attracted to females. Hypothesized social causes are supported by only weak evidence, distorted by numerous confounding factors.[7]

Cross-cultural evidence also leans more toward non-social causes. Cultures that are very tolerant of homosexuality do not have significantly higher rates of it. Homosexual behavior is relatively common among boys in British single-sex boarding schools, but adult Britons who attended such schools are no more likely to engage in homosexual behavior than those who did not. In an extreme case, the Sambia people ritually require their boys to engage in homosexual behavior during adolescence before they have any access to females, yet most of these boys become heterosexual.[8][9]

It is not fully understood why genes causing homosexuality persist in the gene pool. One hypothesis involves kin selection, suggesting that homosexuals invest heavily enough in their relatives to offset the cost of not reproducing as much directly. This has not been supported by studies in Western cultures, but several studies in Samoa have found some support for this hypothesis. Another hypothesis involves sexually antagonistic genes, which cause homosexuality when expressed in males but increase reproduction when expressed in females. Studies in both Western and non-Western cultures have found support for this hypothesis.[7][11]

Psychological theories exist regarding the development and expression of gender differences in human sexuality. A number of them (including neo-analytic theories, sociobiological theories, social learning theory, social role theory, and script theory) agree in predicting that men should be more approving of casual sex (sex happening outside a stable, committed relationship such as marriage) and should also be more promiscuous (have a higher number of sexual partners) than women. These theories are mostly consistent with observed differences in males' and females' attitudes toward casual sex before marriage in the United States. Other aspects of human sexuality, such as sexual satisfaction, incidence of oral sex, and attitudes toward homosexuality and masturbation, show little to no observed difference between males and females. Observed gender differences regarding the number of sexual partners are modest, with males tending to have slightly more than females.[12]

Like other mammals, humans are primarily grouped into either the male or female sex,[13] with a small proportion (around 1% or 0.018%[14]) of intersex individuals, for whom sexual classification may not be as clear.[15]

The biological aspects of humans' sexuality deal with the reproductive system, the sexual response cycle, and the factors that affect these aspects. They also deal with the influence of biological factors on other aspects of sexuality, such as organic and neurological responses,[16] heredity, hormonal issues, gender issues, and sexual dysfunction.[17][pageneeded]

Males and females are anatomically similar; this extends to some degree to the development of the reproductive system. As adults, they have different reproductive mechanisms that enable them to perform sexual acts and to reproduce. Men and women react to sexual stimuli in a similar fashion with minor differences. Women have a monthly reproductive cycle, whereas the male sperm production cycle is more continuous.[18][19][20]

The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This is a small area at the base of the brain consisting of several groups of nerve cell bodies that receives input from the limbic system. Studies have shown that within lab animals, destruction of certain areas of the hypothalamus causes the elimination of sexual behavior.[citation needed] The hypothalamus is important because of its relationship to the pituitary gland, which lies beneath it. The pituitary gland secretes hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus and itself. The four important sexual hormones are oxytocin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.[18][pageneeded]

Oxytocin, sometimes referred to as the "love hormone,"[citation needed] is released in both sexes during sexual intercourse when an orgasm is achieved.[citation needed] Oxytocin has been suggested as critical to the thoughts and behaviors required to maintain close relationships.[21][22][verification needed] The hormone is also released in women when they give birth or are breastfeeding.[23] Both prolactin and oxytocin stimulate milk production in women.[citation needed] Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is responsible for ovulation in women, which acts by triggering egg maturity; in men it stimulates sperm production.[24] Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg.[18][pageneeded]

Males also have both internal and external genitalia that are responsible for procreation and sexual intercourse. Production of spermatozoa (sperm) is also cyclic, but unlike the female ovulation cycle, the sperm production cycle is constantly producing millions of sperm daily.[18][pageneeded]

The male genitalia are the penis and the scrotum. The penis provides a passageway for sperm and urine. An average-sized flaccid penis is about 334 inches (9.5cm) in length and 115 inches (3.0cm) in diameter. When erect, the average penis is between 412 inches (11cm) to 6 inches (15cm) in length and 112 inches (3.8cm) in diameter. The penis's internal structures consist of the shaft, glans, and the root.[18][pageneeded]

The shaft of the penis consists of three cylindrical bodies of spongy tissue filled with blood vessels along its length. Two of these bodies lie side-by-side in the upper portion of the penis called corpora cavernosa. The third, called the corpus spongiosum, is a tube that lies centrally beneath the others and expands at the end to form the tip of the penis (glans).[25]

The raised rim at the border of the shaft and glans is called the corona. The urethra runs through the shaft, providing an exit for sperm and urine. The root consists of the expanded ends of the cavernous bodies, which fan out to form the crura and attach to the pubic bone and the expanded end of the spongy body (bulb). The root is surrounded by two muscles; the bulbocavernosus muscle and the ischiocavernosus muscle, which aid urination and ejaculation. The penis has a foreskin that typically covers the glans; this is sometimes removed by circumcision for medical, religious or cultural reasons.[18][pageneeded] In the scrotum, the testicles are held away from the body, one possible reason for this is so sperm can be produced in an environment slightly lower than normal body temperature.[26][27]

Male internal reproductive structures are the testicles, the duct system, the prostate and seminal vesicles, and the Cowper's gland.[18][pageneeded]

The testicles (male gonads), are where sperm and male hormones are produced. Millions of sperm are produced daily in several hundred seminiferous tubules. Cells called the Leydig cells lie between the tubules; these produce hormones called androgens; these consist of testosterone and inhibin. The testicles are held by the spermatic cord, which is a tubelike structure containing blood vessels, nerves, the vas deferens, and a muscle that helps to raise and lower the testicles in response to temperature changes and sexual arousal, in which the testicles are drawn closer to the body.[18][pageneeded]

Sperm gets transported through a four-part duct system. The first part of this system is the epididymis. The testicles converge to form the seminiferous tubules, coiled tubes at the top and back of each testicle. The second part of the duct system is the vas deferens, a muscular tube that begins at the lower end of the epididymis.[18][pageneeded] The vas deferens passes upward along the side of the testicles to become part of the spermatic cord.[25] The expanded end is the ampulla, which stores sperm before ejaculation. The third part of the duct system is the ejaculatory ducts, which are 1-inch (2.5cm)-long paired tubes that pass through the prostate gland, where semen is produced.[18][pageneeded] The prostate gland is a solid, chestnut-shaped organ that surrounds the first part of the urethra, which carries urine and semen.[18][pageneeded][25] Similar to the female G-spot, the prostate provides sexual stimulation and can lead to orgasm through anal sex.[29]

The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles produce seminal fluid that is mixed with sperm to create semen.[18][pageneeded] The prostate gland lies under the bladder and in front of the rectum. It consists of two main zones: the inner zone that produces secretions to keep the lining of the male urethra moist and the outer zone that produces seminal fluids to facilitate the passage of semen.[25] The seminal vesicles secrete fructose for sperm activation and mobilization, prostaglandins to cause uterine contractions that aid movement through the uterus, and bases that help neutralize the acidity of the vagina. The Cowper's glands, or bulbourethral glands, are two pea sized structures beneath the prostate.

The mons veneris, also known as the Mound of Venus, is a soft layer of fatty tissue overlaying the pubic bone.[30] Following puberty, this area grows in size. It has many nerve endings and is sensitive to stimulation.[18][pageneeded]

The labia minora and labia majora are collectively known as the lips. The labia majora are two elongated folds of skin extending from the mons to the perineum. Its outer surface becomes covered with hair after puberty. In between the labia majora are the labia minora, two hairless folds of skin that meet above the clitoris to form the clitoral hood, which is highly sensitive to touch. The labia minora become engorged with blood during sexual stimulation, causing them to swell and turn red.[18][pageneeded]

The labia minora are composed of connective tissues that are richly supplied with blood vessels which cause the pinkish appearance. Near the anus, the labia minora merge with the labia majora.[31] In a sexually unstimulated state, the labia minora protects the vaginal and urethral opening by covering them.[32] At the base of the labia minora are the Bartholin's glands, which add a few drops of an alkaline fluid to the vagina via ducts; this fluid helps to counteract the acidity of the outer vagina since sperm cannot live in an acidic environment.[18][pageneeded]

The clitoris is developed from the same embryonic tissue as the penis; it or its glans alone consists of as many (or more in some cases) nerve endings as the human penis or glans penis, making it extremely sensitive to touch.[33][34][35] The clitoral glans, which is a small, elongated erectile structure, has only one known functionsexual sensations. It is the main source of orgasm in women.[36][37][38][39] Thick secretions called smegma collect in the clitoris.[18][pageneeded]

The vaginal opening and the urethral opening are only visible when the labia minora are parted. These opening have many nerve endings that make them sensitive to touch. They are surrounded by a ring of sphincter muscles called the bulbocavernosus muscle. Underneath this muscle and on opposite sides of the vaginal opening are the vestibular bulbs, which help the vagina grip the penis by swelling with blood during arousal. Within the vaginal opening is the hymen, a thin membrane that partially covers the opening in many virgins. Rupture of the hymen has been historically considered the loss of one's virginity, though by modern standards, loss of virginity is considered to be the first sexual intercourse. The hymen can be ruptured by activities other than sexual intercourse. The urethral opening connects to the bladder with the urethra; it expels urine from the bladder. This is located below the clitoris and above the vaginal opening.[18][pageneeded]

The breasts are the subcutaneous tissues on the front thorax of the female body.[31] Though they are not technically part of a woman's sexual anatomy, they do have roles in both sexual pleasure and reproduction.[40] Breasts are modified sweat glands made up of fibrous tissues and fat that provide support and contain nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.[31] Their main purpose is to provide milk to a developing infant. Breasts develop during puberty in response to an increase in estrogen. Each adult breast consists of 15 to 20 milk-producing mammary glands, irregularly shaped lobes that include alveolar glands and a lactiferous duct leading to the nipple. The lobes are separated by dense connective tissues that support the glands and attach them to the tissues on the underlying pectoral muscles.[31] Other connective tissue, which forms dense strands called suspensory ligaments, extends inward from the skin of the breast to the pectoral tissue to support the weight of the breast.[31] Heredity and the quantity of fatty tissue determine the size of the breasts.[18][pageneeded]

Men typically find female breasts attractive[41] and this holds true for a variety of cultures.[42][43][44] In women, stimulation of the nipple seems to result in activation of the brain's genital sensory cortex (the same region of the brain activated by stimulation of the clitoris, vagina, and cervix).[45] This may be why many women find nipple stimulation arousing and why some women are able to orgasm by nipple stimulation alone.[40]

The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The vagina is a sheath-like canal that extends from the vulva to the cervix. It receives the penis during intercourse and serves as a depository for sperm. The vagina is also the birth canal; it can expand to 10cm (3.9in) during labor and delivery. The vagina is located between the bladder and the rectum. The vagina is normally collapsed, but during sexual arousal it opens, lengthens, and produces lubrication to allow the insertion of the penis. The vagina has three layered walls; it is a self-cleaning organ with natural bacteria that suppress the production of yeast.[18][pageneeded] The G-spot, named after the Ernst Grfenberg who first reported it in 1950, may be located in the front wall of the vagina and may cause orgasms. This area may vary in size and location between women; in some it may be absent. Various researchers dispute its structure or existence, or regard it as an extension of the clitoris.[47][48][49]

The uterus or womb is a hollow, muscular organ where a fertilized egg (ovum) will implant itself and grow into a fetus.[18][pageneeded] The uterus lies in the pelvic cavity between the bladder and the bowel, and above the vagina. It is usually positioned in a 90-degree angle tilting forward, although in about 20% of women it tilts backwards.[31] The uterus has three layers; the innermost layer is the endometrium, where the egg is implanted. During ovulation, this thickens for implantation. If implantation does not occur, it is sloughed off during menstruation. The cervix is the narrow end of the uterus. The broad part of the uterus is the fundus.[18][pageneeded]

During ovulation, the ovum travels down the Fallopian tubes to the uterus. These extend about four inches (10cm) from both sides of the uterus. Finger-like projections at the ends of the tubes brush the ovaries and receive the ovum once it is released. The ovum then travels for three to four days to the uterus.[18][pageneeded] After sexual intercourse, sperm swim up this funnel from the uterus. The lining of the tube and its secretions sustain the egg and the sperm, encouraging fertilization and nourishing the ovum until it reaches the uterus. If the ovum divides after fertilization, identical twins are produced. If separate eggs are fertilized by different sperm, the mother gives birth to non-identical or fraternal twins.[31]

The ovaries (female gonads), develop from the same embryonic tissue as the testicles. The ovaries are suspended by ligaments and are the source where ova are stored and developed before ovulation. The ovaries also produce female hormones progesterone and estrogen. Within the ovaries, each ovum is surrounded by other cells and contained within a capsule called a primary follicle. At puberty, one or more of these follicles are stimulated to mature on a monthly basis. Once matured, these are called Graafian follicles.[18][pageneeded] The female reproductive system does not produce the ova; about 60,000 ova are present at birth, only 400 of which will mature during the woman's lifetime.[31]

Ovulation is based on a monthly cycle; the 14th day is the most fertile. On days one to four, menstruation and production of estrogen and progesterone decreases, and the endometrium starts thinning. The endometrium is sloughed off for the next three to six days. Once menstruation ends, the cycle begins again with an FSH surge from the pituitary gland. Days five to thirteen are known as the pre-ovulatory stage. During this stage, the pituitary gland secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A negative feedback loop is enacted when estrogen is secreted to inhibit the release of FSH. Estrogen thickens the endometrium of the uterus. A surge of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) triggers ovulation.

On day 14, the LH surge causes a Graafian follicle to surface the ovary. The follicle ruptures and the ripe ovum is expelled into the abdominal cavity. The fallopian tubes pick up the ovum with the fimbria. The cervical mucus changes to aid the movement of sperm. On days 15 to 28the post-ovulatory stage, the Graafian folliclenow called the corpus luteumsecretes estrogen. Production of progesterone increases, inhibiting LH release. The endometrium thickens to prepare for implantation, and the ovum travels down the Fallopian tubes to the uterus. If the ovum is not fertilized and does not implant, menstruation begins.[18][pageneeded]

The sexual response cycle is a model that describes the physiological responses that occur during sexual activity. This model was created by William Masters and Virginia Johnson. According to Masters and Johnson, the human sexual response cycle consists of four phases; excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution, also called the EPOR model. During the excitement phase of the EPOR model, one attains the intrinsic motivation to have sex. The plateau phase is the precursor to orgasm, which may be mostly biological for men and mostly psychological for women. Orgasm is the release of tension, and the resolution period is the unaroused state before the cycle begins again.[18][pageneeded]

The male sexual response cycle starts in the excitement phase; two centers in the spine are responsible for erections. Vasoconstriction in the penis begins, the heart rate increases, the scrotum thickens, the spermatic cord shortens, and the testicles become engorged with blood. In the plateau phase, the penis increases in diameter, the testicles become more engorged, and the Cowper's glands secrete pre-seminal fluid. The orgasm phase, during which rhythmic contractions occur every 0.8 seconds[verification needed], consists of two phases; the emission phase, in which contractions of the vas deferens, prostate, and seminal vesicles encourage ejaculation, which is the second phase of orgasm. Ejaculation is called the expulsion phase; it cannot be reached without an orgasm. In the resolution phase, the male is now in an unaroused state consisting of a refactory (rest) period before the cycle can begin. This rest period may increase with age.[18][pageneeded]

The female sexual response begins with the excitement phase, which can last from several minutes to several hours. Characteristics of this phase include increased heart and respiratory rate, and an elevation of blood pressure. Flushed skin or blotches of redness may occur on the chest and back; breasts increase slightly in size and nipples may become hardened and erect. The onset of vasocongestion results in swelling of the clitoris, labia minora, and vagina. The muscle that surrounds the vaginal opening tightens and the uterus elevates and grows in size. The vaginal walls begin to produce a lubricating liquid. The second phase, called the plateau phase, is characterized primarily by the intensification of the changes begun during the excitement phase. The plateau phase extends to the brink of orgasm, which initiates the resolution stage; the reversal of the changes begun during the excitement phase. During the orgasm stage the heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and breathing rates peak. The pelvic muscle near the vagina, the anal sphincter, and the uterus contract. Muscle contractions in the vaginal area create a high level of pleasure, though all orgasms are centered in the clitoris.[18][pageneeded][50][51][52]

Sexual disorders, according to the DSM-IV-TR, are disturbances in sexual desire and psycho-physiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. The sexual dysfunctions is a result of physical or psychological disorders. The physical causes include hormonal imbalance, diabetes, heart disease and more. The psychological causes includes but are not limited to stress, anxiety, and depression.[53] The sexual dysfunction affects men and women. There are four major categories of sexual problems for women: desire disorders, arousal disorders, orgasmic disorders, and sexual pain disorders.[18][pageneeded] The sexual desire disorder occurs when an individual lacks the sexual desire because of hormonal changes, depression, and pregnancy.The arousal disorder is a female sexual dysfunction. Arousal disorder means lack of vaginal lubrication. In addition, blood flow problems may affect arousal disorder. Lack of orgasm, also known as, anorgasmia is another sexual dysfunction in women. The anorgasmia occurs in women with psychological disorders such as guilt and anxiety that was caused by sexual assault. The last sexual disorder is the painful intercourse. The sexual disorder can be result of pelvic mass, scar tissue, sexually transmitted disease and more.[54]

There are also three common sexual disorders for men including, sexual desire, ejaculation disorder, and erectile dysfunction. The lack of sexual desire in men is because of loss of libido, low testosterone. There are also psychological factors such as anxiety, and depression.[55]The ejaculation disorder has three types: retrograde ejaculation, retarded ejaculation, premature ejaculation. The erectile dysfunction is a disability to have and maintain an erection during intercourse.[56]

As one form of behavior, the psychological aspects of sexual expression have been studied in the context of emotional involvement, gender identity, intersubjective intimacy, and Darwinian reproductive efficacy. Sexuality in humans generates profound emotional and psychological responses. Some theorists identify sexuality as the central source of human personality.[57] Psychological studies of sexuality focus on psychological influences that affect sexual behavior and experiences.[17][pageneeded] Early psychological analyses were carried out by Sigmund Freud, who believed in a psychoanalytic approach. He also proposed the concepts of psychosexual development and the Oedipus complex, among other theories.[58]

Gender identity is a person's sense of their own gender, whether male, female, or non-binary.[59] Gender identity can correlate with assigned sex at birth or can differ from it.[60] All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a person's social identity in relation to other members of society.[61]

Sexual behavior and intimate relationships are strongly influenced by a person's sexual orientation.[62]

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes.[62] Heterosexual people are romantically/sexually attracted to the members of the opposite sex, gay and lesbian people are romantically/sexually attracted to people of the same sex, and those who are bisexual are romantically/sexually attracted to both sexes.[5]

The idea that homosexuality results from reversed gender roles is reinforced by the media's portrayal of male homosexuals as effeminate and female homosexuals as masculine.[63][pageneeded] However, a person's conformity or non-conformity to gender stereotypes does not always predict sexual orientation. Society believes that if a man is masculine he is heterosexual, and if a man is feminine he is homosexual. There is no strong evidence that a homosexual or bisexual orientation must be associated with atypical gender roles. By the early 21st century, homosexuality was no longer considered to be a pathology. Theories have linked many factors, including genetic, anatomical, birth order, and hormones in the prenatal environment, to homosexuality.[63][pageneeded]

Other than the need to procreate, there are many other reasons people have sex. According to one study conducted on college students (Meston & Buss, 2007), the four main reasons for sexual activities are; physical attraction, as a means to an end, to increase emotional connection, and to alleviate insecurity.[64]

Until Sigmund Freud published his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1905, children were often regarded as asexual, having no sexuality until later development. Sigmund Freud was one of the first researchers to take child sexuality seriously. His ideas, such as psychosexual development and the Oedipus conflict, have been much debated but acknowledging the existence of child sexuality was an important development.[65]

Freud gave sexual drives an importance and centrality in human life, actions, and behavior; he said sexual drives exist and can be discerned in children from birth. He explains this in his theory of infantile sexuality, and says sexual energy (libido) is the most important motivating force in adult life. Freud wrote about the importance of interpersonal relationships to one's sexual and emotional development. From birth, the mother's connection to the infant affects the infant's later capacity for pleasure and attachment.[66] Freud described two currents of emotional life; an affectionate current, including our bonds with the important people in our lives; and a sensual current, including our wish to gratify sexual impulses. During adolescence, a young person tries to integrate these two emotional currents.[67]

Alfred Kinsey also examined child sexuality in his Kinsey Reports. Children are naturally curious about their bodies and sexual functions. For example, they wonder where babies come from, they notice the differences between males and females, and many engage in genital play, which is often mistaken for masturbation. Child sex play, also known as playing doctor, includes exhibiting or inspecting the genitals. Many children take part in some sex play, typically with siblings or friends.[65] Sex play with others usually decreases as children grow, but they may later possess romantic interest in their peers. Curiosity levels remain high during these years, but the main surge in sexual interest occurs in adolescence.[65]

Adult sexuality originates in childhood. However, like many other human capacities, sexuality is not fixed, but matures and develops. A common stereotype associated with old people is that they tend to lose interest and the ability to engage in sexual acts once they reach late adulthood. This misconception is reinforced by Western popular culture, which often ridicules older adults who try to engage in sexual activities. Age does not necessarily change the need or desire to be sexually expressive or active. A couple in a long-term relationship may find that the frequency of their sexual activity decreases over time and the type of sexual expression may change, but many couples experience increased intimacy and love.[68]

Human sexuality can be understood as part of the social life of humans, which is governed by implied rules of behavior and the status quo. This narrows the view to groups within a society.[17][pageneeded] The socio-cultural context of society, including the effects of politics and the mass media, influences and forms social norms. Throughout history, social norms have been changing and continue to change as a result of movements such as the sexual revolution and the rise of feminism.[71][72]

The age and manner in which children are informed of issues of sexuality is a matter of sex education. The school systems in almost all developed countries have some form of sex education, but the nature of the issues covered varies widely. In some countries, such as Australia and much of Europe, age-appropriate sex education often begins in pre-school, whereas other countries leave sex education to the pre-teenage and teenage years.[73] Sex education covers a range of topics, including the physical, mental, and social aspects of sexual behavior. Geographic location also plays a role in society's opinion of the appropriate age for children to learn about sexuality. According to TIME magazine and CNN,[full citation needed] 74% of teenagers in the United States reported that their major sources of sexual information were their peers and the media, compared to 10% who named their parents or a sex education course.[18][pageneeded]

In the United States, most sex education programs encourage abstinence, the choice to restrain oneself from sexual activity. In contrast, comprehensive sex education aims to encourage students to take charge of their own sexuality and know how to have safe, healthy, and pleasurable sex if and when they choose to do so.[74]

Proponents for an abstinence-only education believe that teaching a comprehensive curriculum would encourage teenagers to have sex, while proponents for comprehensive sex education argue that many teenagers will have sex regardless and should be equipped with knowledge of how to have sex responsibly. According to data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, many teens who intend to be abstinent fail to do so, and when these teenagers do have sex, many do not use safe sex practices such as contraceptives.[75]

Sexuality has been an important, vital part of human existence throughout history.[76][pageneeded] All civilizations have managed sexuality through sexual standards, representations, and behavior.[76][pageneeded]

Before the rise of agriculture, groups of hunter/gatherers (H/G) and nomads inhabited the world. Within these groups, some implications of male dominance existed, but there were signs that women were active participants in sexuality, with bargaining power of their own. These hunter/gatherers had less restrictive sexual standards that emphasized sexual pleasure and enjoyment, but with definite rules and constraints. Some underlying continuities or key regulatory standards contended with the tension between recognition of pleasure, interest, and the need to procreate for the sake of social order and economic survival. H/G groups also placed high value on certain types of sexual symbolism.

Two common tensions in H/G societies are expressed in their art, which emphasizes male sexuality and prowess, with equally common tendencies to blur gender lines in sexual matters. One example of these male-dominated portrayals is the Egyptian creation myth, in which the sun god Atum masturbates in the water, creating the Nile River. In Sumerian myth, the Gods' semen filled the Tigris.[76][pageneeded]

Once agricultural societies emerged, the sexual framework shifted in ways that persisted for many millennia in much of Asia, Africa, Europe, and parts of the Americas. One common characteristic new to these societies was the collective supervision of sexual behavior due to urbanization, and the growth of population and population density. Children would commonly witness parents having sex because many families shared the same sleeping quarters. Due to landownership, determination of children's paternity became important, and society and family life became patriarchal.[citation needed] These changes in sexual ideology were used to control female sexuality and to differentiate standards by gender. With these ideologies, sexual possessiveness and increases in jealousy emerged. With the domestication of animals, new opportunities for bestiality arose.

Males mostly performed these types of sexual acts and many societies acquired firm rules against it. These acts also explain the many depictions of half-human, half-animal mythical creatures, and the sports of gods and goddesses with animals.[76] While retaining the precedents of earlier civilizations, each classical civilization established a somewhat distinctive approach to gender, artistic expression of sexual beauty, and to behaviors such as homosexuality. Some of these distinctions are portrayed in sex manuals, which were also common among civilizations in China, Greece, Rome, Persia, and India; each has its own sexual history.[76][pageneeded]

Before the High Middle Ages, homosexual acts appear to have been ignored or tolerated by the Christian church.[77] During the 12th century, hostility toward homosexuality began to spread throughout religious and secular institutions. By the end of the 19th century, it was viewed as a pathology.[77]

During the beginning of the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries, many changes in sexual standards occurred. New, dramatic, artificial birth control devices such as the condom and diaphragm were introduced. Doctors started claiming a new role in sexual matters, urging that their advice was crucial to sexual morality and health. New pornographic industries grew and Japan adopted its first laws against homosexuality. In Western societies, the definition of homosexuality was constantly changing; Western influence on other cultures became more prevalent. New contacts created serious issues around sexuality and sexual traditions. There were also major shifts in sexual behavior. During this period, puberty began occurring at younger ages, so a new focus on adolescence as a time of sexual confusion and danger emerged. There was a new focus on the purpose of marriage; it was increasing regarded as being for love rather than only for economics and reproduction.[76][pageneeded]

Havelock Ellis and Sigmund Freud adopted more accepting stances toward homosexuality; Ellis said homosexuality was inborn and therefore not immoral, not a disease, and that many homosexuals made significant contributions to society.[77] Freud wrote that all human beings as capable of becoming either heterosexual or homosexual; neither orientation was assumed to be innate.[63][pageneeded] According to Freud, a person's orientation depended on the resolution of the Oedipus complex. He said male homosexuality resulted when a young boy had an authoritarian, rejecting mother and turned to his father for love and affection, and later to men in general. He said female homosexuality developed when a girl loved her mother and identified with her father, and became fixated at that stage.[63][pageneeded]

Alfred Kinsey initiated the modern era of sex research. He collected data from questionnaires given to his students at Indiana University, but then switched to personal interviews about sexual behaviors. Kinsey and his colleagues sampled 5,300 men and 5,940 women. He found that most people masturbated, that many engaged in oral sex, that women are capable of having multiple orgasms, and that many men had had some type of homosexual experience in their lifetimes. Many[who?]believe he was the major influence in changing 20th century attitudes about sex. Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University continues to be a major center for the study of human sexuality.[18][pageneeded]

Before William Masters, a physician, and Virginia Johnson, a behavioral scientist, the study of anatomy and physiological studies of sex was still limited to experiments with laboratory animals. Masters and Johnson started to directly observe and record the physical responses in humans that are engaged in sexual activity under laboratory settings. They observed 10,000 episodes of sexual acts between 312 men and 382 women. This led to methods of treating clinical problems and abnormalities. Masters and Johnson opened the first sex therapy clinic in 1965. In 1970, they described their therapeutic techniques in their book, Human Sexual Inadequacy.[full citation needed][18][pageneeded]

In the first edition of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental illness, and more specifically, a "sociopathic personality disturbance".[78] This definition remained the professional understanding of homosexuality until 1973 when the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from their list of diagnoses for mental disorders.[78] Through her research of heterosexual and homosexual men, Evelyn Hooker revealed that there was no correlation between homosexuality and psychological maladjustment,[79] and her findings played a pivotal role in shifting the scientific community away from the perspective that homosexuality was something that needed to be treated or cured.[citation needed]

European conquerors/colonists found sexuality out of their norm about 1516 when Vasco Nunez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, discovered indigenous people in Central America with different sexual practices. Balboa found some indigenous men dressed up as women,[clarification needed] resulting in him feeding forty of these men to his dogs for having different sexual practices. In North America and the United States, Europeans have used claims of sexual immorality to justify discrimination against racial and ethnic minorities.[80][full citation needed]

Scholars also study the ways in which colonialism has affected sexuality today and argue that due to racism and slavery it has been dramatically changed from the way it had previously been understood.[81]

In her book, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia, Laura Stoler investigates how the Dutch used sexual control and gender-specific sexual sanctions to distinguish between the rulers from the ruled and enforce colonial domination onto the people of Indonesia.[82]

In America, there are 155 native tribes that are recorded to have embraced two-spirit people within their tribes, but the total number of tribes could be greater than what is documented.[83] Two-spirit people were and still are members of communities who do not fall under Western gender categories of male and female, but rather under a "third gender" category.[84] This system of gender contradicts both the gender binary and the assertion that sex and gender are the same.[85] Instead of conforming to traditional roles of men and women, two-spirit fill a special niche in their communities.

For example, two-spirited people are commonly revered for possessing special wisdom and spiritual powers.[85] Two-spirited people also can take part in marriages, either monogamous and polygamous ones.[86] Historically, European colonizers perceived relationships involving two-spirited people as homosexuality, and therefore believed in the moral inferiority of native people.[85] In reaction, colonizers began to impose their own religious and social norms on indigenous communities, diminishing the role of two-spirit people in native cultures.[87] Within reservations, the Religious Crime Code of the 1880s explicitly aimed to "aggressively attack Native sexual and marriage practices".[85] The goal of colonizers was for native peoples to assimilate into Euro-American ideals of family, sexuality, gender expression, and more.[85]

The link between constructed sexual meanings and racial ideologies has been studied. According to Joane Nagel, sexual meanings are constructed to maintain racial-ethnic-national boundaries by the denigration of "others" and regulation of sexual behavior within the group. She writes, "both adherence to and deviation from such approved behaviors, define and reinforce racial, ethnic, and nationalist regimes".[88][89] In the United States people of color face the effects of colonialism in different ways with stereotypes such as the Mammy, and Jezebel for Black women; lotus blossom, and dragon lady for Asian women; and the "spicy" Latina.[90] These stereotypes contrast with standards of sexual conservatism, creating a dichotomy that dehumanizes and demonizes the stereotyped groups. An example of a stereotype that lies at the intersection of racism, classism, and misogyny is the archetype of the welfare queen. Cathy Cohen describes how the "welfare queen" stereotype demonizes poor black single mothers for deviating from conventions surrounding family structure.[91]

Reproductive and sexual rights encompass the concept of applying human rights to issues related to reproduction and sexuality.[92] This concept is a modern one, and remains controversial since it deals, directly and indirectly, with issues such as contraception, LGBT rights, abortion, sex education, freedom to choose a partner, freedom to decide whether to be sexually active or not, right to bodily integrity, freedom to decide whether or not, and when, to have children.[93][94] These are all global issues that exist in all cultures to some extent, but manifest differently depending on the specific contexts.

According to the Swedish government, "sexual rights include the right of all people to decide over their own bodies and sexuality" and "reproductive rights comprise the right of individuals to decide on the number of children they have and the intervals at which they are born."[95] Such rights are not accepted in all cultures, with practices such criminalization of consensual sexual activities (such as those related to homosexual acts and sexual acts outside marriage), acceptance of forced marriage and child marriage, failure to criminalize all non-consensual sexual encounters (such as marital rape), female genital mutilation, or restricted availability of contraception, being common around the world.[96][97]

In 1915, Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger,[98] leaders of the birth control movement, began to spread information regarding contraception in opposition to the laws, such as the Comstock Law,[99] that demonized it. One of their main purposes was to assert that the birth control movement was about empowering women with personal reproductive and economic freedom for those who could not afford to parent a child or simply did not want one. Goldman and Sanger saw it necessary to educate people as contraceptives were quickly being stigmatized as a population control tactic due to being a policy limiting births, disregarding that this limitation did not target ecological, political, or large economic conditions.[100] This stigma targeted lower-class women who had the most need of access to contraception.

Birth control finally began to lose stigma in 1936 when the ruling of U.S. v. One Package[101] declared that prescribing contraception to save a person's life or well-being was no longer illegal under the Comstock Law. Although opinions varied on when birth control should be available to women, by 1938, there were 347 birth control clinics in the United States but advertising their services remained illegal.

The stigma continued to lose credibility as First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt publicly showed her support for birth control through the four terms her husband served (19331945). However, it was not until 1966 that the Federal Government began to fund family planning and subsidized birth control services for lower-class women and families at the order of President Lyndon B. Johnson. This funding continued after 1970 under the Family Planning Services and Population Research Act.[102] Today, all Health Insurance Marketplace plans are required to cover all forms of contraception, including sterilization procedures, as a result of The Affordable Care Act signed by President Barack Obama in 2010.[103]

In 1981, doctors diagnosed the first reported cases of AIDS in America. The disease disproportionately affected and continues to affect gay and bisexual men, especially black and Latino men.[104] The Reagan administration is criticized for its apathy towards the AIDS epidemic, and audio recordings reveal that Ronald Reagan's press secretary Larry Speakes viewed the epidemic as a joke, mocking AIDS by calling it the "gay plague".[105] The epidemic also carried stigma coming from religious influences. For example, Cardinal Krol voiced that AIDS was "an act of vengeance against the sin of homosexuality", which clarifies the specific meaning behind the pope's mention of "the moral source of AIDS."[106]

Activism during the AIDS crisis focused on promoting safe sex practices to raise awareness that the disease could be prevented. The "Safe Sex is Hot Sex" campaign, for example, aimed to promote the use of condoms.[107] Campaigns by the U.S. government, however, diverged from advocacy of safe sex. In 1987, Congress even denied federal funding from awareness campaigns that "[promoted] or [encouraged], directly or indirectly, homosexual activities".[107] Instead, campaigns by the government primarily relied on scare tactics in order to instill fear in men who had sex with other men.[107]

In addition to prevention campaigns, activists also sought to counteract narratives that led to the "social death" for people living with AIDS.[108] Gay men from San Francisco and New York City created the Denver Principles, a foundational document that demanded the rights, agency, and dignity of people living with AIDS.[108]

In his article "Emergence of Gay Identity and Gay Social Movements in Developing Countries", Matthew Roberts discusses how international AIDS prevention campaigns created opportunities for gay men to interact with other openly gay men from other countries.[109] These interactions allowed western gay "culture" to be introduced to gay men in countries where homosexuality wasn't an important identifier. Thus, group organizers self-identified as gay more and more, creating the basis for further development of gay consciousness in different countries.[109]

In humans, sexual intercourse and sexual activity in general have been shown to have health benefits, such as an improved sense of smell,[citation needed] reduction in stress and blood pressure,[110][111] increased immunity,[112] and decreased risk of prostate cancer.[113][114][115] Sexual intimacy and orgasms increase levels of oxytocin, which helps people bond and build trust.[116][117][118]

A long-term study of 3,500 people between ages 30 and 101 by clinical neuropsychologist David Weeks, MD, head of old-age psychology at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Scotland, said he found that "sex helps you look between four and seven years younger", according to impartial ratings of the subjects' photographs. Exclusive causation, however, is unclear, and the benefits may be indirectly related to sex and directly related to significant reductions in stress, greater contentment, and better sleep that sex promotes.[119][120][121]

Sexual intercourse can also be a disease vector.[122] There are 19 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) every year in the U.S.,[123] and worldwide there are over 340 million STD infections each year.[124] More than half of these occur in adolescents and young adults aged 1524 years.[125] At least one in four U.S. teenage girls has a sexually transmitted disease.[123][126] In the U.S., about 30% of 15- to 17-year-olds have had sexual intercourse, but only about 80% of 15- to 19-year-olds report using condoms for their first sexual intercourse.[127] In one study, more than 75% of young women age 1825 years felt they were at low risk of acquiring an STD.[128]

People both consciously and subconsciously seek to attract others with whom they can form deep relationships. This may be for companionship, procreation, or an intimate relationship. This involves interactive processes whereby people find and attract potential partners and maintain a relationship. These processes, which involve attracting one or more partners and maintaining sexual interest, can include:

Sexual attraction is attraction on the basis of sexual desire or the quality of arousing such interest.[135][136] Sexual attractiveness or sex appeal is an individual's ability to attract the sexual or erotic interest of another person, and is a factor in sexual selection or mate choice. The attraction can be to the physical or other qualities or traits of a person, or to such qualities in the context in which they appear. The attraction may be to a person's aesthetics or movements or to their voice or smell, besides other factors. The attraction may be enhanced by a person's adornments, clothing, perfume, hair length and style, and anything else which can attract the sexual interest of another person. It can also be influenced by individual genetic, psychological, or cultural factors, or to other, more amorphous qualities of the person. Sexual attraction is also a response to another person that depends on a combination of the person possessing the traits and also on the criteria of the person who is attracted.

Though attempts have been made to devise objective criteria of sexual attractiveness, and measure it as one of several bodily forms of capital asset (see erotic capital), a person's sexual attractiveness is to a large extent a subjective measure dependent on another person's interest, perception, and sexual orientation. For example, a gay or lesbian person would typically find a person of the same sex to be more attractive than one of the other sex. A bisexual person would find either sex to be attractive.

In addition, there are asexual people, who usually do not experience sexual attraction for either sex, though they may have romantic attraction (homoromantic, biromantic or heteroromantic). Interpersonal attraction includes factors such as physical or psychological similarity, familiarity or possessing a preponderance of common or familiar features, similarity, complementarity, reciprocal liking, and reinforcement.[137]

The ability of a person's physical and other qualities to create a sexual interest in others is the basis of their use in advertising, music video, pornography, film, and other visual media, as well as in modeling, sex work and other occupations.

Globally, laws regulate human sexuality in several ways, including criminalizing particular sexual behaviors, granting individuals the privacy or autonomy to make their own sexual decisions, protecting individuals with regard to equality and non-discrimination, recognizing and protecting other individual rights, as well as legislating matters regarding marriage and the family, and creating laws protecting individuals from violence, harassment, and persecution.[138]

In the United States, there are two fundamentally different approaches, applied in different states, regarding the way the law is used to attempt to govern a person's sexuality. The "black letter" approach to law focuses on the study of pre-existing legal precedent, and attempts to offer a clear framework of rules within which lawyers and others can work.[138] In contrast, the socio-legal approach focuses more broadly on the relationship between the law and society, and offers a more contextualized view of the relationship between legal and social change.[138]

Issues regarding human sexuality and human sexual orientation have come to the forefront in Western law in the latter half of the twentieth century, as part of the gay liberation movement's encouragement of LGBT individuals to "come out of the closet" and engaging with the legal system, primarily through courts. Therefore, many issues regarding human sexuality and the law are found in the opinions of the courts.[139]

While the issue of privacy has been useful to sexual rights claims, some scholars have criticized its usefulness, saying that this perspective is too narrow and restrictive. The law is often slow to intervene in certain forms of coercive behavior that can limit individuals' control over their own sexuality (such as female genital mutilation, forced marriages or lack of access to reproductive health care). Many of these injustices are often perpetuated wholly or in part by private individuals rather than state agents, and as a result, there is an ongoing debate about the extent of state responsibility to prevent harmful practices and to investigate such practices when they do occur.[138]

State intervention with regards to sexuality also occurs, and is considered acceptable by some, in certain instances (e.g. same-sex sexual activity or prostitution).[138]

The legal systems surrounding prostitution are a topic of debate. Proponents for criminalization argue that sex work is an immoral practice that should not be tolerated, while proponents for decriminalization point out how criminalization does more harm than good. Within the feminist movement, there is also a debate over whether sex work is inherently objectifying and exploitative or whether sex workers have the agency to sell sex as a service.[140]

When sex work is criminalized, sex workers do not have support from law enforcement when they fall victim to violence. In a 2003 survey of street-based sex workers in NYC, 80% said they had been threatened with or experienced violence, and many said the police were no help. 27% said they had experienced violence from police officers themselves.[141] Different identities such as being black, transgender, or poor can result in a person being more likely to be criminally profiled by the police. For example, in New York, there is a law against "loitering for the purpose of engaging in prostitution", which has been nicknamed the "walking while trans" law because of how often transgender women are assumed to be sex workers and arrested for simply walking out in public.[142]

In some religions, sexual behavior is regarded as primarily spiritual. In others it is treated as primarily physical. Some hold that sexual behavior is only spiritual within certain kinds of relationships, when used for specific purposes, or when incorporated into religious ritual. In some religions there are no distinctions between the physical and the spiritual, whereas some religions view human sexuality as a way of completing the gap that exists between the spiritual and the physical.[143]

Many religious conservatives, especially those of Abrahamic religions and Christianity in particular, tend to view sexuality in terms of behavior (i.e. homosexuality or heterosexuality is what someone does) and certain sexualities such as bisexuality tend to be ignored as a result of this.[citation needed] These conservatives tend to promote celibacy for gay people, and may also tend to believe that sexuality can be changed through conversion therapy[144] or prayer to become an ex-gay. They may also see homosexuality as a form of mental illness, something that ought to be criminalised, an immoral abomination, caused by ineffective parenting, and view same-sex marriage as a threat to society.[145]

On the other hand, most religious liberals define sexuality-related labels in terms of sexual attraction and self-identification.[144] They may also view same-sex activity as morally neutral and as legally acceptable as opposite-sex activity, unrelated to mental illness, genetically or environmentally caused (but not as the result of bad parenting), and fixed. They also tend to be more in favor of same-sex marriage.[145]

According to Judaism, sex between man and woman within marriage is sacred and should be enjoyed; celibacy is considered sinful.[18][pageneeded]

View original post here:
Human sexuality

Posted in Human Reproduction | Comments Off on Human sexuality