Introduction
With the development of the economy, peoples eating habits and lifestyles have changed.1 The intake of sugar has generally increased, while the consumption of high-fat food has significantly risen, resulting in a significant increase in average body fat.1 This has become an important factor in the notable growth in the incidence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, in recent years.13 However, the evaluation methods and evaluation indexes for fat mass in vivo have not improved, which seriously affects the options available for intervention and their effects. It also has an impact on the timing of any intervention and can even result in it being excessive as well.3 Therefore, this study aims to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the healthy population and the hypertensive population in the anthropometric indexes widely used at present. These include the BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and bioelectric impedance (body fat percentage and visceral fat area).
Between January 2016 and January 2017, a total of 895 people, who were all Han Chinese, were screened and selected as study subjects, according to certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. These subjects then visited the Physical Examination Center in Weifang, Shandong, China, for physical examinations and body composition analyses. According to the blood pressure and biochemical examination results, these study subjects were divided into four groups: a healthy male group, a hypertensive male group, a healthy female group, and a hypertensive female group.
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Weifang Peoples Hospital and informed consent was given by all the patients.
Subjects were 18 to 60 years of age, with a mean age of 43.12 9.34 years. Those from the healthy male group and the healthy female group received a biochemical examination after >6 hours of fasting. The results revealed that their fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, blood pressure, uric acid and other indexes were normal, and no fatty liver was reported. Subjects who met the criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension were divided into the male hypertensive group and the female hypertensive group. Transient elevated blood pressure was ruled out by their medical history.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: subjects who were <18 years old and >60 years old, and received a physical examination; subjects suffering from endocrine obesity and diabetes; pregnant women; subjects who were undergoing endocrine therapy; professional athletes; subjects who were losing weight with sizeable and rapid changes in body fat.
The criteria used for the diagnosis of hypertension were those recommended in the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension 2005, and were as follows: systolic blood pressure 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 90 mmHg.
On the day of the physical examination, the subjects were required to wear light clothing and have an empty stomach. Their height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured, and their blood pressure was taken after a five-minute rest. The right arm alone was measured with an Omron electronic sphygmomanometer, and the measurement was not repeated that day. The subjects of the experimental groups were those who were diagnosed with hypertension.
The body composition analyzer Inbody720 of Biospace was used to obtain the body fat percentage and visceral fat area of the subjects by importing 100 A and 500 A of constant current at five frequencies (5, 50, 250 and 500 kHz), in order to detect the electrical impedance of each part of the body, obtain the body fat mass, and automatically calculate the body fat percentage and visceral fat area data.
A comparison was made between the results of the healthy male group and the hypertensive male group, the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group, the healthy male group and the healthy female group, and the hypertensive male group and the hypertensive female group. The results were statistically analyzed using a t-test and SPSS 18.0 statistical software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
These subjects were divided into four groups, according to the blood pressure and biochemical examination results: healthy male group (n=273), hypertensive male group (n=254), healthy female group (n=308), and hypertensive female group (n=60). The healthy male group was 41.309.48 years old, the hypertensive male group was 45.487.99 years old, the healthy female group was 41.269.36 years old, and the hypertensive female group was 50.977.11 years old.
As presented in Tables 1 and 2, the study results showed that the difference in waist circumference between the healthy male group and the hypertensive male group was the only statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The difference in waist-to-hip ratio was statistically significant (P<0.05) between the healthy male group and the healthy female group, and the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group. The difference in BMI was only statistically significant (P<0.05) between the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group. The difference in body fat area was not statistically significant (P>0.05) between any of these groups. The difference in visceral fat area was statistically significant (P<0.05) between the healthy male group and the hypertensive male group, the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group, and the healthy male group and the healthy female group.
Table 1 The Means of the Indexes and the 95% Confidence Intervals of the Different Gender Groups
Table 2 The Means of the Indexes and the 95% Confidence Intervals of the Different Healthy Groups
With the development of the social economy and the improvement of living standards, peoples diets and lifestyles have changed a great deal, and their body fat mass has sharply increased, followed by a significant increase in the incidence of various chronic diseases represented by hypertension. Therefore, the early detection of excessive body fat and the use of effective intervention can significantly reduce the incidence of chronic diseases, such as hypertension. This is why in clinical practice medical staff often ask patients to reduce their body fat. However, to make a difference it is necessary to have appropriate methods to assess body fat levels and changes. Whilst the total body fat mass of the population has risen, the evaluation methods and evaluation indexes for fat mass in vivo still remain in the past, which seriously affects the options for intervention, the timing of intervention, and the evaluation of intervention effects. Therefore, this study is investigating the anthropometric indexes widely used at present, the BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and bioelectric impedance (body fat percentage and visceral fat area), in order to provide some basis for the application of relevant indexes in the future.
The waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and visceral fat area mainly reflect the distribution of fat in the abdomen. In the present study, the difference in waist circumference was statistically significant (P<0.05) only between the healthy male group and the hypertensive male group. The difference in waist-to-hip ratio was statistically significant (P<0.05) between the healthy male group and the healthy female group, and the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group. This indicates that waist circumference has considerable significance in the evaluation of male abdominal fat, while the waist-to-hip ratio has great significance in the evaluation of female abdominal fat. Previous studies have suggested that abdominal obesity is more likely to lead to chronic diseases, such as hypertension,47 and the results of the present study also support this point of view. However, it has also been found that the evaluation results for waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio are not consistent. Further studies are also needed to determine the critical values of waist circumference, in order to differentiate them according to gender.
BMI is the most commonly used index to judge overweight or obesity. However, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) only between the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group, which indicates that BMI has a weak significance in assessing body fat in different populations.810 In addition, it has been noted that BMI cannot distinguish muscle from fat, which may lead to misjudging subjects with well-developed muscles as obese, or with muscle-reducing obesity as normal.1113 Other indicators need to be used in combination to avoid misjudgment. The present study has also revealed that most of the study subjects with hypertension had a BMI within 2428 kg/m2. Determining whether the differentiation of available BMI as being overweight or obese would affect the education and prevention of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, is worthy of further discussion.
The body fat percentage measured by the proportion of body fat, and the difference of the index was not statistically significant (P>0.05) between the groups in the present study, which is not completely consistent with previous studies.14,15 Furthermore, the difference in gender was not statistically significant in the present study. This may be because the sample size of the present study is not large enough, or because the previous study data were slightly different from the actual physical condition of these subjects at the present stage. Thus, the significance of body fat percentage in the evaluation of body fat in different populations needs to be further studied.
The fat condition of abdominal organs was assessed by measuring the visceral fat area, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) between the healthy male group and the hypertensive male group, the healthy female group and the hypertensive female group, and the healthy male group and the healthy female group. This is basically consistent with previous studies,16 indicating its usefulness in assessing fat conditions in different populations. In addition, the present study showed that there were differences in the visceral fat area between healthy men and healthy women, indicating that it may be necessary to distinguish a separate critical value for each gender.
The present study has a number of limitations. The ages of the subjects in the present study ranged from 18 to 60 years so further studies are needed to determine whether the conclusions are also applicable to the young (<18 years old) and the elderly (>60 years old). In addition, local diet and customs may have some impact on these research results. Therefore, a multi-center study in different regions should be considered to further determine whether these five indexes can be used to evaluate the difference in body fat, and reconfirm the normal range and gender differentiation.
The analysis of the results of the present study shows a number of findings. First, the visceral fat area and waist circumference were not exactly the same, indicating that waist circumference cannot replace visceral fat area for evaluation. Second, the visceral fat area of men was consistent with the result for waist circumference, while that of women was inconsistent, indicating that the waist circumference of men may be more affected by the visceral fat condition than the waist circumference of women. In addition, the difference in fat distribution among men is greater than the total fat. It would also seem that evaluating the fat condition of the population using a single index showed less significance, and therefore the combined use of two or more indexes is preferable. Lastly, the available normal range and gender differentiation of the five indicators may no longer apply to the actual situation of the population under present socio-economic conditions.
We are particularly grateful to all the people who have given us help on our article.
There is no funding to report.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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