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Category Archives: Genetic Medicine

Master of Science Genetic Counseling Program

The Genetic Counseling Graduate Program is pleased to have welcomed students from both the Hoosier state as well as from across the country to the crossroads of America to complete their genetic counseling graduate training. Students typically comprise a relatively even mix of individuals who join the program immediately after earning their undergraduate degrees and those who have either taken a gap year or who are pursuing genetic counseling as a second career. Most students have completed undergraduate degrees in biology, genetics, neuroscience, medical sciences, psychology or related subjects.

Integrity, self-motivation, collaboration and determination are among a few of the characteristics that are valued in students. It is believed that these traits contribute to the programs high graduation rate, 97% over 30 graduating classes. Over the past three graduating classes, 26 of 28 students who matriculated have successfully completed the program for a 7.1% attrition rate. Our students' dedication to genetic counseling extends beyond graduation, and most alumni enjoy much longevity in their professional genetic counseling careers.

The Genetic Counseling Graduate Program is proud to have a strong network of alumni across the country working in a wide variety of clinical and non-clinical genetic counseling roles in academic and private medical centers, clinical research facilities and industry. Many students begin their job search early in their second year of study, with the majority (91% of the past three graduating classes) accepting job offers prior to graduation, some as early as December of their second year. Typically those who do not accept a job prior to graduation accept a genetic counseling position over the summer following graduation, with variability depending on their preferences of location and specialty. Nearly all graduates have elected to begin their careers as clinical genetic counselors, although nearly 20% of alumni from the classes of 2013 to 2019 transitioned to non-clinical genetic counseling positions after gaining experience in a clinical role. Many alumni continue their involvement in genetic counseling education by supervising graduate students in diverse specialty areas. Most alumni take the American Board of Genetic Counseling board exam in their first year following graduation. Among program graduates, 95.8% of first time test takers from the classes of 2019-2021 passed the American Board of Genetic Counseling; board exam, and across all graduating classes, the alumni pass rate is >98%.

The Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics also offers several options for students age 18 or older who are interested in shadowing a genetic counselor.

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Master of Science Genetic Counseling Program

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Masters Program in Genetic Counseling – Perelman School of Medicine at …

The Warren Alpert Foundation funding becomes the most significant award to support genetic counseling education nationwide

PHILADELPHIA Penn Medicine has been awarded a $9.5 million grant from the Warren Alpert Foundation to continue its efforts to increase diversity in genetic counseling, a field that, despite impressive leaps forward in genetic knowledge, lacks a diverse workforce. The Alliance to Increase Diversity in Genetic Counseling grant will support 40 underrepresented students in five genetic counseling programs in the Northeastern U.S. over five years to expand all dimensions of diversity. PI Kathleen Valverde, PhD, LCGC, the Director of the Master of Science in Genetic Counseling Program at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, will lead this effort, joined by a consortium of participating Genetic Counseling masters programs from Boston University, Rutgers University, Sarah Lawrence College, and the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Ten students will be selected yearly, two from each program, to receive full tuition support and a cost of living stipend. Click here for more information on the Alliance to Increase Diversity Scholarships at the University of Pennsylvania.

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The Genetic Link to Parkinson’s Disease – Hopkins Medicine

If you have family members with Parkinsons disease, or if you yourself have the disease and are concerned about your childrens chances of developing it, youve probably already wondered: Is there a gene that causes Parkinsons disease? How direct is the link?

About 15 percent of people with Parkinsons disease have a family history of the condition, and family-linked cases can result from genetic mutations in a group of genes LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1 or the SNCA gene (see below). However, the interaction between genetic changes, or mutations, and an individuals risk of developing the disease is not fully understood, says Ted Dawson, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Institute for Cell Engineering at Johns Hopkins.

Heres what you need to know:

Theres a long list of genes known to contribute to Parkinsons, and there may be many more yet to be discovered. Here are some of the main players:

SNCA: SNCA makes the protein alpha-synuclein. In brain cells of individuals with Parkinsons disease, this protein gathers in clumps called Lewy bodies. Mutations in the SNCA gene occur in early-onset Parkinsons disease.

PARK2: The PARK2 gene makes the protein parkin, which normally helps cells break down and recycle proteins.

PARK7: Mutations in this gene cause a rare form of early-onset Parkinsons disease. The PARK7 gene makes the protein DJ-1, which protects against mitochondrial stress.

PINK1: The protein made by PINK1 is a protein kinase that protects mitochondria (structures inside cells) from stress. PINK1 mutations occur in early-onset Parkinsons disease.

LRRK2: The protein made by LRRK2 is also a protein kinase. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been linked to late-onset Parkinsons disease.

Among inherited cases of Parkinsons, the inheritance patterns differ depending on the genes involved. If the LRRK2 or SNCA genes are involved, Parkinsons is likely inherited from just one parent. Thats called an autosomal dominant pattern, which is when you only need one copy of a gene to be altered for the disorder to happen.

If the PARK2, PARK7 or PINK1 gene is involved, its typically in an autosomal recessive pattern, which is when you need two copies of the gene altered for the disorder to happen. That means that two copies of the gene in each cell have been altered. Both parents passed on the altered gene but may not have had any signs of Parkinsons disease themselves.

Our major effort now is understanding how mutations in these genes cause Parkinsons disease, says Dawson. SNCA, the gene responsible for making the protein that clumps in the brain and triggers symptoms, is particularly interesting.

Our research is trying to understand how alpha-synuclein works, how it travels through the brain, says Dawson. The latest theory is that it transfers from cell to cell, and our work supports that idea. Weve identified a protein that lets clumps of alpha-synuclein into cells, and we hope a therapy can be developed that interferes with that process.

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The Genetic Link to Parkinson's Disease - Hopkins Medicine

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TCR Therapeutics to Present at the Jefferies Cell & Genetic Medicine Summit – TCR2 Therapeutics (NASDAQ: – Benzinga

CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Sept. 26, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- TCR2 Therapeutics Inc. TCRR, a clinical-stage cell therapy company with a pipeline of novel T cell therapies for patients suffering from solid tumors, today announced that management will participate in a fireside chat at the Jefferies Cell & Genetic Medicine Summit on Thursday, September 29 at 2:00PM E.T.

A live webcast of the presentation will be available on the Investors page of the Company's website at http://www.investors.tcr2.com. An archived replay will be available for at least 30 days following the presentation.

About TCR2 Therapeutics

TCR2Therapeutics Inc.is a clinical-stage cell therapy company developing a pipeline of novel Tcell therapies for patients suffering from solid tumors.The company is focused on the discovery and development of product candidates against novel and complex targets utilizing itsproprietary T cell receptor (TCR) Fusion Construct Tcells (TRuC-T cells). The TRuC platform is designed to specifically recognize and kill cancer cells by harnessing signaling from the entire TCR, independent ofhuman leukocyte antigens (HLA). For more information about TCR2, please visitwww.tcr2.com.

Investor and Media Contact:Carl MauchSenior Director, Investor Relations and Corporate Communications(617) 949-5667carl.mauch@tcr2.com

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TCR Therapeutics to Present at the Jefferies Cell & Genetic Medicine Summit - TCR2 Therapeutics (NASDAQ: - Benzinga

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Who will get the call from Stockholm? It’s time for STAT’s 2022 Nobel Prize predictions – STAT

We live in a time where the rate of medical and superlative scientific advances is accelerating by more than 1,300% since 1985, according to one recent estimate. With so many unprecedented, transformative breakthroughs happening, forecasting which one will be awarded top research honors isnt getting any easier. But with the naming of this years Nobels fast approaching the medicine award will be announced on Oct. 3, physics on Oct. 4, chemistry on Oct. 5 prize prognosticating for the World Series of Science is once again in full swing.

Public polls, tallies of other elite awards, and journal citations have helped betting-minded people collect the names of whos most likely in the running. The shortlist includes researchers who elucidated how cells make energy, those who discovered the chemical chatter of bacteria, many of the brilliant minds who shepherded us into the era of the genome, and most prominently, the pioneers behind the mRNA Covid vaccines.

How Nobels are decided is a matter of grave secrecy records of who nominated and voted for whom are sealed for 50 years making forecasting new winners even more of a challenge. Still, some experts have developed systems that do a decent job.

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David Pendlebury of Clarivate looks at how often a scientists key papers are cited by peers and awarded so-called predictive prizes like the Lasker or Gairdner awards. Each year he comes up with a group of Citation Laureates, and since 2002, 64 of his picks have gone on to receive a Nobel Prize.

Using that strategy, Pendlebury thinks the medicine Nobel could go to the researchers who discovered that different kinds of malformed protein aggregates, in different cell types, underlie a number of neurological diseases including Parkinsons, ALS, and frontotemporal dementia. Virginia Man-Yee Lee of the University of Pennsylvania published a seminal Science paper in 2006, which has now been cited more than 4,000 times. When Pendlebury dug into those citations, he noticed that researchers almost always mentioned that paper in tandem with a very similar but much lower-profile study published a few months later by Masato Hasegawa of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science.

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This phenomenon of simultaneous independent discovery is very common in science, more than I think people understand, Pendlebury told STAT. So the citations tend to go to the first mover, but they are really a pair. And since their papers, the field has blossomed in many directions, because it was a big step forward for trying to find therapies for these kinds of diseases.

For similar reasons, Pendlebury also has his eyes on two scientists who made groundbreaking discoveries about the genetic basis of disease: Mary-Claire King of the University of Washington for uncovering the role of mutations in the BRCA genes in breast and ovarian cancers, which revolutionized cancer screening, and Stuart Orkin of Harvard Medical School for identifying the genetic changes behind the various types of thalassemia leading to promising new gene-based therapies for inherited blood disorders.

Another thing that Pendlebury takes into account in his predictions is periodicity. The committees tend to take turns rewarding different disciplines; neuroscience, cancer, or infectious-disease discoveries win every decade or so. For the medicine prize, periodicity also shows up between discoveries of basic molecular biology and ones that lead to people actually being treated or cured of the things that ail them.

In the past decade, the medicine prize has more times than not gone back to basics. In 2013, it went to intra-cell transportation, in 2016 to the process of cellular self-destruction, in 2017 to the genetic clocks that control circadian rhythms, in 2019 to how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability, and last year to how cells sense temperature and touch. Prizes with a more clinical focus have been awarded in 2015, (roundworm and malaria therapy), 2018 (immuno-oncolgy), and 2020 (hepatitis C).

Thats just one reason why cancer biologist Jason Sheltzer of the Yale School of Medicine is so bullish on this years medicine prize going to Katalin Karik of BioNTech and Drew Weissman of Penn Medicine for taking messenger RNA, or mRNA, on a 40-year journey from an obscure corner of cell biology to a pandemic-halting vaccine technology. Its such a radical change in vaccine technology, at this point billions of doses have been given, and it has incontrovertibly saved millions of people from dying of Covid, Sheltzer said. To me, its just a slam dunk.Sheltzer has been making Nobel predictions on Twitter since 2016 and correctly chose immuno-oncology pioneer James Allison for the 2018 medicine prize. His methodology is a bit more straightforward; he tracks winners of seven major science prizes the Horwitz, Wolf, Albany, Shaw, and Breakthrough Prize, in addition to the Lasker and Gairdner because the data show that theres only so long the Nobel Committee can ignore people whove won at least two. Karik and Weissman have won five of the six. Its not a question of if it will happen, its just a question of when, he said.

Hes less certain about the chemistry prize. Might David Allis of Rockefeller and Michael Grunstein of UCLA finally get the call to Stockholm? They discovered one way genes are activated through proteins called histones for which they shared a 2018 Lasker and a 2016 Gruber Prize in genetics. The control of gene expression, otherwise known as epigenetics, is a fundamental process in cell biology that researchers and industry are just beginning to harness to treat human disease. But the last time epigenetics got the Nobel nod was in 2006, with Roger Kornbergs win in chemistry for his work unlocking the molecular mystery of how RNA transcripts are assembled.

Its been nearly 20 years since that field has been recognized with a prize, so you could make the case that its very much due this year, said Sheltzer.

Thats even more true for DNA sequencing, which was last awarded a Nobel in 1980 to Wally Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their work developing the first (eponymously named) method for determining the order of base pairs in nucleic acids. But so much has happened in the field since then, that the slate of worthy sequencing successors is practically overflowing.

Should it go to the scientists who gave us the first-ever draft of the human genome, and if so, which ones? Hundreds of researchers all over the world aided in the effort, which was a feat of engineering and mass production as much as scientific innovation. If the chemistry or medicine Nobel committees takes a cue from their physics counterpart, who in 2017 honored the organizers of the international project that discovered gravitational waves, then the top contenders would likely be the Human Genome Projects cat-herder-in-chief and recently departed director of the National Institutes of Health, Francis Collins, and Eric Lander, whose lab at the Broad Institute churned out much of the draft sequence. A third might be Craig Venter, whose competing private sequencing push at Celera raced the public effort to a hotly contested draw.

Perhaps a more deserving trio would be Marvin Caruthers of the University of Colorado, Leroy Hood of the Institute for Systems Biology, and Michael Hunkapiller, former CEO of DNA-sequencing behemoth Pacific Biosciences. They invented the technology behind the first automated sequencers, which powered the Human Genome Project (and were Pendleburys pick for the chemistry Nobel in 2019).

Or perhaps the call from Stockholm will go out to David Klenerman and Shankar Balasubramanian of the University of Cambridge, who developed the sequencing-by-synthesis technology that came after the Human Genome Project and is now the workhorse of the modern sequencing era (and for which they won the 2020 Millennium Technology Prize and this years Breakthrough Prize in life sciences). More recent inventions, like the nanopore sequencing technologies that have enabled the construction of the first actually complete human genomes in the last few years are also in the running, but probably a longer shot, despite their obvious contributions to both chemistry and medicine. Thats because the Nobel committees tend to tilt toward true trailblazers and away from those who extend an initial, foundation-laying discovery or insight.

The Human Genome Project, a perennial topic of conversation among Nobel-casters, has inspired even more intrigue than usual this year, following the surprise exit of Eric Lander from his position as White House science adviser in the wake of workplace bullying allegations.

Although the rare Nobel has been awarded to well-known jerks or kooks Kary Mullis, the eccentric inventor of PCR, and James Watson, the dubious co-discoverer of the double-helix structure of DNA (and frequent maker of racist, sexist remarks) come to mind the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which selects the physics and chemistry laureates, and the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute, which chooses the physiology/medicine winner, tend to steer clear of controversy.

Its hard to find many examples of a Nobel being awarded to someone whos been super controversial, said Sheltzer.

Among Pendleburys picks, the person who skirts closest is perhaps Stephen Quake of Stanford University and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, who provided advice to He Jiankui, the Chinese scientist who created the worlds first CRISPR babies. Stanford later cleared Quake of any misconduct. Quake has made important discoveries in microfluidics which led to rapid advances in noninvasive testing and single cell sequencing, and Pendlebury sees him as a favorite for a physics Nobel.

In chemistry, Pendlebury likes another Stanford University engineer, Zhenan Bao, for her paradigm-shifting work in the field of semiconducting polymers making stretchable electronic skin. Hes also got his eye on Daniel Nocera at Harvard University for foundational work illuminating the proton-coupled electron transfer process that powers cells, and the team of Bonnie Bassler from Princeton University and E. Peter Greenberg of the University of Washington for their discovery of quorum sensing a chemical communication system between bacteria.

Besides citations, prediction prizes, and periodicity, Pendlebury is also playing the long game. I pay special attention to papers that are 15, 20, 25, 30 years old, because it usually takes a decade or two for research to be selected by the Nobel Prize Committee, he said.

That might complicate things for one of the leading vote-getters in an online poll for the chemistry Nobel John Jumper of the Alphabet-owned company DeepMind and a 2023 Breakthrough Prize in life sciences winner. His work leading the AlphaFold artificial intelligence program stunned the world two years ago by essentially solving one of biologys most enduring challenges: quickly and accurately predicting the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence.

Thats why this first-time Nobel forecaster is betting on another top vote-getter for the chemistry prize, Carolyn Bertozzi of Stanford University, who has spent much of her illustrious career devising methods to understand an elusive but critical class of sugar-coated molecules called glycans found on the surface of almost all living cells. Shes been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2005 and won the Wolf prize earlier this year, in recognition of founding the field of bioorthogonal chemistry a term Bertozzi coined two decades ago that refers to reactions scientists can perform within living organisms without interfering with their normal functions.

Sticking with dark-horse picks (because, why not), Im going with Yuk Ming Dennis Lo of the Chinese University of Hong Kong for the medicine prize. In 1997, he reported that a growing fetus sheds cell-free DNA into the mothers blood. Ten years later, he found a way to use that DNA to detect the signature abnormalities associated with Down syndrome. Together, these discoveries revolutionized clinical practice of screening for fetal genetic abnormalities, leading to the development of non-invasive prenatal testing now used by millions of people every year. Lo has only just begun to be recognized for that work, winning last years Breakthrough Prize for life sciences and this years Lasker Award for clinical medical research, which was announced on Wednesday. He also founded companies based on this same principle for the early detection of multiple cancers, one of which was acquired by pioneering liquid biopsy giant Grail.

Other crowdsourced efforts to predict Nobel winners arent making a return appearance, including the March Madness-style brackets run for many years by the scientific research honors society Sigma Xi. (Last year saw Bertozzi lose in the finals to Omar Yaghi and Makoto Fujita, pioneers of metal-organic self-assembling structures.) Sigma Xi couldnt be reached for comment, but the change comes amid increasingly loud criticism of the Nobel Prizes, for the way they distort the collaborative nature of the scientific enterprise and overlook many of its important contributors (including many women and people of color).

Even Nobel obsessives like Sheltzer admit those arguments are becoming more compelling. But he likes how, at least for a few days every October, he can count on scientific discoveries splashing across the front page of the New York Times and leading the hour on the nightly news. There are amazing things happening in the scientific world right now, like CRISPR gene editing and immunotherapy for cancer, that I think should really be front-page news much more frequently than they are, said Sheltzer. But Im glad that the Nobel Prize shines a spotlight on them and elevates them into the national consciousness, even if just for a brief period of time.

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Who will get the call from Stockholm? It's time for STAT's 2022 Nobel Prize predictions - STAT

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Creation of reference genomes will set up baseline on larger scale of genetic research – BSA bureau

Indonesia has established its first national integrated biomedical programme, the Biomedical and Genome Science Initiative (BGSi) in Jakarta designed to foster precision medicine in the country by integrating the potential of genomics into healthcare services. The government of Indonesia is committed to developing population genetic databases as part of its biomedical innovation and public health initiatives. Supporting the initiative, a leading bioscience technology provider in Shenzhen (China), the MGI Tech Co. Ltd. (MGI), is on its mission to leverage cutting edge sequencing techniques to assist Indonesias extensive venture to combat health concerns via developing more effective therapeutics in the country. The BGSi genome and biomedical research initiative will have a profound impact on Indonesia for the next five years. In an interaction with BioSpectrum Asia, Dr Roy Tan, General Manager of MGI Asia Pacific elaborated on the cutting-edge automation and sequencing technology shaping Indonesia's National Genome Project. Edited excerpts;

Which are the project initiatives that MGI will support as technology providers for Indonesia's National Genome Project?

Budi Gunadi Sadikin, Minister of Health, (Kemenkes), government of Indonesia officially launched the BGSi on August 14, 2022. BGSi is the first national initiative programme created by the Ministry of Health to develop more appropriate treatment for the community. The method used relies on the technology of collecting genetic information (genome) from humans and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria or commonly referred to as whole genome sequencing (WGS).

Regarded as a scientific breakthrough and the first of its kind in Indonesia, the project targets to collect biological samples and curate the unique genome data of 10,000 Indonesians in the next two years to develop insights into and map variants from the local population with pre-determined priority diseases. The results will contribute to the research and development of treatment in six main disease categories: cancer, infectious diseases, brain and neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, genetic disorders, and aging.

In conjunction with BGSi, what are the implications of this national initiative? How will MGI contribute to creating a credible and accountable population database?

MGI is honoured to have this opportunity to support Indonesias National Genome Project by providing our cutting-edge automation and sequencing technology to improve human health.

Based on its proprietary technology and the market trend of genetic sequencers, MGI has developed a full range of genetic sequencers from small to medium-throughput benchtop genetic sequencers, to high-and-ultra-high-throughput genetic sequencers in order to accommodate different sequencing needs. MGI's DNBSEQ-T7RS can produce up to 1~6 TB of high-quality data per day and is well suited for national genome projects as well as whole genome sequencing, deep exome sequencing, epigenome sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and tumour panel. It supports multi-sequencing modes with increased accuracy, reduced duplicates, and reduced index hopping, making it a competitive platform for scientific research, clinical research, and disease prevention.

MGIs automation systems, MGISP-NE384 high-throughput automated nucleic acid extractor and MGISP-960 high-throughput automated sample preparation system will greatly automate labour-intensive and time-consuming procedures such as DNA/RNA extraction and library prep for high throughput sequencing, thus contributing to improving the overall efficiency and productivity in NGS laboratories.

MGI will provide its ultra-high-throughput genetic sequencer, automation systems and data processing platform to help this programme creating a total workflow and solution and making a more effective lab, with the help of its strategic local partner PT Bakti Energi Abadi.

Are there any collaborative efforts involved in the project?

MGI, with the help of its strategic local partner PT Bakti Energi Abadi, will create a total workflow based on ultra-high-throughput genetic sequencer DNBSEQ-T7RS, the MGISP-960RS and MGISP-NE384RS automation systems, and ZTRON data platform to support the BGSi initiative.

Budi Gunadi Sadikin, Minister of Health, Indonesia, explained that the Ministry of Health will expand the sequencing capacity which will be supported by the Global Fund. Until December 2022 there will be 56 genome sequencing machines spread across 43 laboratories in Indonesia.

How is MGI planning to strengthen Indonesia's biomedical sector and its global competitiveness in life science innovation?

With the implementation of precision medicine through the use of genetic technology, MGI, with the help of its strategic local partner PT Bakti Energi Abadi, will help this programme create a total workflow based on its ultra-high-throughput genetic sequencer, automation systems, and data processing platform. With the large-scale of genomic data collected during the 10,000 whole genome sequencing, bioinformatics talents are needed to analyse these data. The creation of the reference genomes for Indonesia will set up a baseline on the larger scale of genetic research. Comprehensive training from MGI will help to cultivate talents needed for Genomics science and biomedical research. The collaborations among the local researchers and aboard experts, education, and training programmes help Indonesian researchers to improve their genomic science and research programmes that will strengthen their biotech capabilities. Like China or other countries, as the local genomics talents developed, not imported, a new industry with many startups combined with vast local biodiversity will come and spur.

How does MGI build therapeutics and disease prevention strategies in Asia Pacific while optimising the efficiency of NGS laboratories?

With a strong focus on the upstream of the sequencing industry, MGI is mission-oriented to develop more advanced life science tools to empower downstream customers in reproductive health, precision cancer diagnosis and treatment, infectious diseases, food security, agriculture, forestry, fishing, consumer genomics, etc. MGIs automation systems improve sample extraction, processing and sequencing procedures to dissect the genetic disparities for understanding the disease genesis and profilaxis.

The introduction of MGI sequencing and automation systems aligns with Indonesias national strategy - Biomedical and Genomics Science Initiatives for Precision Medicine. It is the key to understand the genetic information such as mutation and diversity to have an earlier screening or monitoring programme based on ctDNA/RNA circulating tumor genetic materials in ones blood, to detect or diagnose earlier and treat earlier for cancer prevention, to stratify the different diseases and design the individualised treatment for personalised medicine. All diseases related to cancer are due to changes of genetics in our aging process. Understanding the genetic variations will aid in better control over precision medicine and technology.

In addition to collaborating with Nalagenetics, MGI has, lately, partnered with MiRXES, a Singapore-headquartered biotechnology company, to accelerate spatio-temporal transcriptomics and multi-omics research in human development and diseases. Based on MGI's leading DNBSEQ-T104RS sequencing system, MiRXES aims to build an ultra-high-throughput, high-resolution spatial genomics pipeline in Singapore to give local researchers access to cutting-edge capabilities to generate novel biological insights into complex diseases such as cancer and allow for discovery of new biomarkers and pathways for targeted drug development.

Hithaishi C Bhaskar

hithaishi.cb@mmactiv.com

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Creation of reference genomes will set up baseline on larger scale of genetic research - BSA bureau

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