Category Archives: Chemistry

Next-generation sequencing can be used to continually assess and monitor risks in patients with leukaemia, a new proof-of-principle study has shown.

The new application for the technique is part of a revolution in cancer treatment that has come about as a result of the precipitous drop in the cost of sequencing. This method could become even more widely used in tracking progression of cancers and other diseases in the future, paving the way for more targeted, personalised and non-invasive treatments.

The study used next-generation sequencing to assess the presence of mutations thought to commonly exist in leukaemia patients and to identify harmful microorganisms. The team collected 156 blood and bone marrow samples from 20 children going through induction chemotherapy for six weeks, during which the body is immunosuppressed and therefore prone to infection. The team also captured DNA of interest and sequenced it, shifting the focus to only clinically relevant DNA instead of carrying out whole genome sequencing.

Tracking leukaemia-related mutations allows clinicians to monitor how the disease is spreading in the patient. If we see a persistence of those mutations throughout treatment, we know theres still some leukaemia there, says study co-author Charles Gawad, a pediatric oncologist at Stanford University in California.

Some microorganisms multiply during induction therapy while the patient is immunosuppressed, while others either decrease or remain constant, Gawad says.Strikingly, the study found that viruses from the herpes and polyoma families were reactivated during induction therapy. Those are the kind of things we dont typically monitor, Gawad notes. We really dont know what role theyre playing in the clinical course of the patients.

Gawad says that you dont normally find these viruses in healthy individuals but immunosuppression may mean they are not kept in check and can flourish. The question is, which of those microbes are important and which may be causing fevers? he asks. Could they be altering chemotherapy effectiveness? Could they be making us change our treatment for some reason?

With current technology, however, the whole process to sequence the genes in question can still take three to four days, Gawad says. For an acute illness, thats not fast enough.

Keith Robison, a computational biologist at the synthetic biology firm Ginkgo Bioworks, notes that the study only considered DNA viruses, not RNA ones. But Robison says targeting rare cancer-related mutations and specific pathogens when treating cancer patients is the future. It has the opportunity to give very rich datasets.

Robison says that the study sample of 20 patients is modest and much bigger randomised control trials would be needed to demonstrate real clinical benefit. But he notes that a study of this kind would have been unheard of a decade ago. It would just have been astronomically expensive.

With current practices, many leukaemia patients end up with fevers and its not clear why, Gawad says. Still, he notes, clinicians typically tend to continue the treatment without knowing if they are putting the patients at higher risk.

Ultimately, Gawad adds, the goal is to give patients the minimal amount of treatment with the least toxicity thats possible to cure their disease.

See more here:
Cancer progression and harmful bacteria tracked with next-generation sequencing - Chemistry World

3-chloropropene-market

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Market split by Type, can be divided into: Above 99.9% 99.8%~99.9% 99.5%~99.8%Market split by Application, can be divided into: Home Appliance Coating Others

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3-Chloropropene Market- increasing demand with Industry Professionals: Dow Chemical, Solvay, NAMA Chemicals, Hanwha Chemical, Formosa Plastics, etc ...

This story was excerpted from Daniel Kramers Mariners Beat newsletter. To read the full newsletter, click here. Andsubscribeto get it regularly in your inbox.

If it looks like theres already chemistry between J.P. Crawford and Adam Frazier, its because this isnt their first rodeo manning a middle infield together.

The scene was the 2015 Arizona Fall League, where Crawford, then just 20 years old in the Phillies organization, and Frazier, age 23 in the Pirates system, teamed up for the Glendale Desert Dogs. Both played shortstop, the position they were brought up playing and where Crawford has remained. Frazier, who also came up in left field, didnt shift primarily to second base until 2018, well after hed reached the Majors.

That powwow nearly seven years ago -- when they were still far from the big leagues -- was short-lived but long-lasting for the admiration it built between the two. So when Crawford learned that the Mariners had traded for Frazier in November, he was stoked to reunite with his former teammate.

I just thought it would be cool to play with him up the middle in the big leagues one day, and here we are, Crawford said. So it's kind of a small world. I was hyped. The guy is a competitor. Hes a gamer.

The feeling was mutual. Frazier was an above-average defender for the Pirates, worth nine outs above average during his time there, but as a team, Pittsburghs infield ranked 22nd, at -29. His new double-play partner is a Gold Glove winner, plays every day when healthy and has zero tolerance for sloppy defense.

His attention to detail -- he stays on top of it and makes sure you are paying attention to detail so youre getting better every day instead of just going through the motions, Frazier said of Crawford. Thats his thing.

Through the weekend, theyve turned nine double plays and have looked smooth doing it.

The feeds that J.P. is giving [Frazier] at the back of the bag, they're up in the right spot, so it's easy to turn a double play, manager Scott Servais said. And Adam has got plenty of arm strength to complete those plays, but it's all in the feed.

You start putting that feed in different parts of his body, and all of a sudden, now he's off balance and it doesn't work. That's why you practice over and over and over again, and the casual fan just says, Its a double-play ball, it should be turned. But there's a lot that goes into it. Our guys do a really good job at it.

The Mariners havent had a true second baseman to pair with Crawford since Dee Strange-Gordon left after 2019, and Frazier is only under contract for '22. But the Mariners front office loves Fraziers offensive approach, hes been an on-base machine batting leadoff and he can play left field. Add those up and he might be a strong candidate for an extension much like Crawford, who on Opening Day signed a five-year deal.

Read more from the original source:
Crawford, Frazier have built-in chemistry - MLB.com

Berkeley Lab researchers are developing a gamut of technologies for direct air capture

The need for negative emissions technologies to address our climate crisis has become increasingly clear. At the rate that our planet is emitting carbon dioxide adding about 50 gigatons every year we will have to remove carbon dioxide at the gigaton scale by 2050 in order to achieve net zero emissions.

Bryan McCloskey, Chemical Faculty Engineer, Energy Technologies Area, LBNL, and Associate Professor ofChemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, is photographed on the UC Berkeley campus, Berkeley, California, 03/11/2022. McCloskey was awarded a Lab LDRD for a project under the Carbon Negative Initiative, which includes research and technologies to achieve negative emissions. This project hopes to find a new way to do direct air capture of carbon dioxide.

The U.S. Department of Energy has recognized the urgency of carbon dioxide removal with itsCarbon Negative Shot, part of its Energy Earthshots Initiative, aiming to accelerate clean energy breakthroughs. And Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) is recognizing it with its ownCarbon Negative Initiative. Using seed money through a program known as LDRD, or the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program, Berkeley Lab is funding an array of emerging technologies to remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Funded projects include achemistry approach to direct air captureand conductingtechno-economic analysisto make these projects more impactful and practicable. Berkeley Lab scientist Bryan McCloskey, who is also a professor in UC Berkeleys College of Chemistry, decided to use an electrochemistry approach to capture carbon dioxide. His technology, he says, could be less energy-intensive than systems currently in use.

Q. What is electrochemistry, and how can it be used to capture carbon dioxide?

A very simplified way of putting it is that electrochemistry involves reactions that produce or consume electrons. The most common electrochemical devices include batteries, fuel cells, and sensors. In fact, my main research focus is on batteries.

When it comes to using electrochemical methods to extract CO2out of air, this is a developing field, compared to the more established methods of sequestering carbon dioxide, such as reforestation, weathering, and BECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage). The electrochemistry community is playing catch-up. But I think that there are great opportunities there.

There are people who have been looking at how you can take CO2out of air by engineering molecules that can reversibly react with CO2, meaning that they can absorb CO2at a certain applied voltage and then form CO2at a different voltage. Using electrochemical approaches for CO2capture can allow the entire process to run on renewable electricity, rather than thermal approaches that rely on burning fuel to regenerate CO2adsorbent molecules.

Our project leverages the spontaneous reaction between CO2and hydroxide ions to capture CO2, then uses electrochemical methods to regenerate hydroxide ions from the bicarbonate solution that forms.

Q. Could you explain how that would work?

First you would bubble air through an absorber in our case, a solution of sodium hydroxide. The CO2will react to form sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate. Then we feed that bicarbonate solution into our electrochemical cell for regeneration of the sodium hydroxide.

In an electrochemical cell you need two different reactions to occur at each of the cells electrodes. At one electrode, we oxidize bicarbonate to form a pressurized stream of CO2, which can then either be sequestered or used as a feedstock for other conversion processes. At the other electrode, we evolve hydrogen gas, which consumes protons to regenerate the alkaline solution. The hydrogen production is certainly a bonus of our alkaline regeneration scheme, because it is a high-value product that can be used as a carbon-neutral fuel.

Our electrochemical cell will operate as a closed loop with the absorber, although a water feed is also needed to replenish water that participates in the electrode reactions. So, were essentially taking CO2from the air and concentrating it into a pure CO2stream and a hydrogen stream.

Q. What is the advantage of this kind of system?

We believe it can improve energy efficiency and cost of CO2capture from air over other competing processes. Commercial methods of direct air capture use thermal methods to regenerate the absorbent. It requires very high heat, around 800 degrees Celsius. That is one of the reasons that current systems cost as much as $600 per ton of CO2captured (although some companies have published claims that their technology costs under $200 per ton).

Using a rough, back-of-the-envelope calculation, weve estimated that if all goes well, our system can cost in the range of $100 per ton of CO2captured. Of course, thats assuming we find ideal, cost-effective cell materials.

Q. So what are the challenges in getting this to work, and how confident are you that it will work?

There are three innovations were after. The first is the design of the electrochemical cell. The stability of the cell has to be great. In any electrochemical system, slow decay of the operational performance occurs, and so you want to try to design a system that is robust, that leads to high energy efficiency, and that allows you to get to as low cost as you possibly can.

Second is the membrane. The membrane is what isolates the two electrodes of the cell from each other. Otherwise, you would get mixing of the hydrogen and CO2, and theyre much more valuable as pure streams. The prototypical membrane in such situations is called Nafion its used in fuel cells and many other applications. Nafion has great performance, but its very expensive, so its not practical to use at a large scale. We need to design a more cost-effective membrane.

Third, we need an appropriate catalyst for the bicarbonate to CO2reaction. A great catalyst means you have a really high reaction rate if you apply a small voltage to the electrode surface.

Im very confident that we will be able to make our proposed alkaline regeneration scheme work. The issue will always be, how does it work compared to other technologies that are being developed? Its just a matter of, do we get to that $100 per ton CO2, or is it somewhere closer to $1,000 per ton, which would not make it competitive? So, those are the questions that we need to keep in the back of our minds.

Doing this project at Berkeley Lab gives us many advantages. We have experts in all these different areas, such as membrane technology, molecular simulation and modeling, and electrocatalysis.LiSA(the Liquid Sunlight Alliance) has a lot of knowledge that theyve accumulated over time. TheAdvanced Light Source is a capability that allows us to understand molecular interactions in detail thats a huge advantage that we have here at Berkeley Lab compared to anywhere else. So, I think that were uniquely positioned because of our broad expertise in a variety of different areas to make a device like this.

By Julie Chao, Article courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

For more information, please visitenergy.gov/science.

Related: Volumetric Energy Density Of Lithium-Ion Batteries Increased By 8+ Times Between 2008 & 2020

See more here:
Capturing Carbon With Inspiration From Battery Chemistry - CleanTechnica

When Assistant Professor of Chemistry Ralph Kleiner set out to tell the story of landmark discoveries in chemical biology, he kept one goal foremost in mind: make it compelling.

This month, he and his research group met that goal with a series of videos for high school students. Backed by the able narration of graduate student Emilia Argello, the videos use primary literature to highlight some of chemistrys historic achievements in nucleic acid science.

Ralph Kleiner (left) and his research team are creating a series of short videos for high school students. The videos, which feature graduate student Emilia Argello (right), use primary literature to highlight historic achievements in DNA and RNA science.

Photo by

C. Todd Reichart, Department of Chemistry

The videos are available through the Department of Chemistrys Vimeo channel and the Kleiner Lab website. The first two in the series are The Transforming Principle and Discovering the Structure of DNA.

Engaging and conversational as they are informative, these two videos also fulfill part of the terms of Kleiners 2019 CAREER Award. The National Science Foundation, which stewards the award, requires a strong commitment to outreach and education.

When I wrote the outreach portion of the CAREER proposal, my goal was to introduce students to the scientific method through exposure to the primary literature, said Kleiner. Reading original scientific manuscripts is not only an essential part of research, but it can bring the material to life by infusing it with the personality, history and circumstances of the scientists who made the discoveries.

The lab plans to produce up to 10 videos in the series.

Argello, whose research focuses on investigating the interactions of proteins with modified RNA, was tasked with selecting, organizing and translating the information for the first two videos.

Im very adamant about being conversational in my talks, even if its an official talk, said Argello. I have to feel that Im engaging with the audience. Some people say, Im never going to understand chemistry; its too arcane. But no we can unpack these concepts and have a conversation that inspires people.

Read the full story on the Department of Chemistry website.

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'A conversation that inspires': Princeton brings landmark discoveries in chemistry to high school students - Princeton University

Explosion animation artists concept.

Researchers from Skoltech, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Howard University, the University of Chicago, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Solid State Physics have synthesized K2N6, an exotic compound containing N6 groups and packing explosive amounts of energy. While the team had to create synthesis pressures several times higher than it would take to make the material useful outside the lab as an explosive or rocket propellant, the experiment to be published today (April 21, 2022) in Nature Chemistry takes us one step closer to what would be technologically applicable.

Nitrogen is at the heart of most chemical explosives, from TNT to gunpowder. The reason for this is that a nitrogen atom has three unpaired electrons itching to form chemical bonds, and combining two such atoms in an N2 molecule in which the atoms share three electron pairs is by far the most energy-efficient way of scratching that itch. This means that compounds with a lot of nitrogen atoms engaged in other, less energetically advantageous bonds are always on the verge of an explosive reaction that produces N2 gas.

Microphotographs of laser-heated potassium azide samples at pressures of 500,000 atmospheres (left) and 300,000 atmospheres (right). The white to light-blue areas on the outside are K1N3. Toward the center, the material has transformed into K2N6 in the left photo and a mysterious and poorly understood compound with the formula K3(N2)4 on the right. Credit: Yu Wang et al./Nature Chemistry

Professor Artem R. Oganov of Skoltech, who was responsible for the calculations in the study reported in this story, comments: An idea has existed for a long time that pure nitrogen could be the ultimate chemical explosive if synthesized in a form containing no N2 molecules. And indeed, prior research has shown that at pressures of over 1 million atmospheres, nitrogen does form structures where any two adjacent atoms only share one electron pair, not three.

While such exotic nitrogen crystals certainly could explode, reverting to the familiar triple-bonded N2 gas, their synthesis requires pressures that are too high for any practical applications. This leads researchers to experiment with other nitrogen-rich compounds, such as the one obtained for the first time in the study published today, led by Carnegies Alexander F. Goncharov.

The compound we synthesized is called potassium azide and has the formula K2N6. Its a crystal created at a pressure of 450,000 atmospheres. Once formed, it can persist at about half that pressure, says Alexander Goncharov, a staff scientist at Carnegie Institution of Washington, where the experiment was run. In that crystal, the nitrogen atoms assemble into hexagons, where the bond between each two adjacent nitrogens is intermediate between a single and a double bond. The structure of our compound consists of these hexagons alternating with individual potassium atoms that stabilize the nitrogen rings, which are the really interesting part.

The scientists admit that the new material falls short of practical applications, because the synthesis pressure required is still too high 100,000 atmospheres would be more realistic but it certainly constitutes a step in the right direction and offers exciting fundamental chemistry insights.

This new high energy density material is another example of the peculiar chemistry of high pressures, Oganov says, adding that his recently published study (read more), which revamped the fundamental notion of electronegativity making it applicable under pressure, is a useful framework for making sense of the unusual nitrogen-rich materials, along with other exotic compounds spanning the entire periodic table of elements.

Reference: Stabilization of hexazine rings in potassium polynitride at high pressure by Yu Wang, Maxim Bykov, Ilya Chepkasov, Artem Samtsevich, Elena Bykova, Xiao Zhang, Shu-qing Jiang, Eran Greenberg, Stella Chariton, Vitali B. Prakapenka, Artem R. Oganov and Alexander F. Goncharov, 21 April 2022, Nature Chemistry.DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00925-0

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New Explosive Compound Synthesized From Strange World of High-Pressure Chemistry - SciTechDaily