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LOS ANGELES, United States: QY Research has recently published a research report titled, Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Report 2020. This report has been prepared by experienced and knowledgeable market analysts and researchers. It is a phenomenal compilation of important studies that explore the competitive landscape, segmentation, geographical expansion, and revenue, production, and consumption growth of the global Agricultural Animal Vaccine market. Players can use the accurate market facts and figures and statistical studies provided in the report to understand the current and future growth of the global Agricultural Animal Vaccine market.

The report includes CAGR, market shares, sales, gross margin, value, volume, and other vital market figures that give an exact picture of the growth of the global Agricultural Animal Vaccine market.

Competitive Landscape

Competitor analysis is one of the best sections of the report that compares the progress of leading players based on crucial parameters, including market share, new developments, global reach, local competition, price, and production. From the nature of competition to future changes in the vendor landscape, the report provides in-depth analysis of the competition in the global Agricultural Animal Vaccine market.

Key questions answered in the report:

TOC

1 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Overview1.1 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Product Scope1.2 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Segment by Type1.2.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales by Type (2020-2026)1.2.2 Live Attenuated Vaccines1.2.3 Inactivated Vaccines1.2.4 Others1.3 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Segment by Application1.3.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Comparison by Application (2020-2026)1.3.2 Cow1.3.3 Sheep1.3.4 Swine1.3.5 Chicken1.3.6 Others1.4 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Growth Rate (2015-2026)1.4.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2026)1.4.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Price Trends (2015-2026) 2 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimate and Forecast by Region2.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Size by Region: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Retrospective Market Scenario by Region (2015-2020)2.2.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Region (2015-2020)2.2.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Market Share by Region (2015-2020)2.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2021-2026)2.3.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Estimates and Forecasts by Region (2021-2026)2.3.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Forecast by Region (2021-2026)2.4 Geographic Market Analysis: Market Facts & Figures2.4.1 United States Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026)2.4.2 Europe Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026)2.4.3 China Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026)2.4.4 Japan Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026)2.4.5 Southeast Asia Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026)2.4.6 India Agricultural Animal Vaccine Estimates and Projections (2015-2026) 3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Competition Landscape by Players3.1 Global Top Agricultural Animal Vaccine Players by Sales (2015-2020)3.2 Global Top Agricultural Animal Vaccine Players by Revenue (2015-2020)3.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Agricultural Animal Vaccine as of 2019)3.4 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Average Price by Company (2015-2020)3.5 Manufacturers Agricultural Animal Vaccine Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type3.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans3.7 Primary Interviews with Key Agricultural Animal Vaccine Players (Opinion Leaders) 4 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Size by Type4.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Historic Market Review by Type (2015-2020)4.1.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.1.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)4.1.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Price by Type (2015-2020)4.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Estimates and Forecasts by Type (2021-2026)4.2.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Forecast by Type (2021-2026)4.2.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)4.2.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026) 5 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Size by Application5.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Historic Market Review by Application (2015-2020)5.1.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.1.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Market Share by Application (2015-2020)5.1.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Price by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Estimates and Forecasts by Application (2021-2026)5.2.1 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Forecast by Application (2021-2026)5.2.2 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026)5.2.3 Global Agricultural Animal Vaccine Price Forecast by Application (2021-2026) 6 United States Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures6.1 United States Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (2015-2020)6.2 United States Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)6.3 United States Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 7 Europe Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures7.1 Europe Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (2015-2020)7.2 Europe Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)7.3 Europe Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 8 China Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures8.1 China Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (2015-2020)8.2 China Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)8.3 China Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 9 Japan Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures9.1 Japan Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (3015-3030)9.2 Japan Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)9.3 Japan Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 10 Southeast Asia Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures10.1 Southeast Asia Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (2015-2020)10.2 Southeast Asia Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)10.3 Southeast Asia Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 11 India Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Facts & Figures11.1 India Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Company (2015-2020)11.2 India Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Type (2015-2020)11.3 India Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales Market Share by Application (2015-2020) 12 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Agricultural Animal Vaccine Business12.1 Merck12.1.1 Merck Corporation Information12.1.2 Merck Business Overview12.1.3 Merck Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.1.4 Merck Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.1.5 Merck Recent Development12.2 Zoetis12.2.1 Zoetis Corporation Information12.2.2 Zoetis Business Overview12.2.3 Zoetis Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.2.4 Zoetis Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.2.5 Zoetis Recent Development12.3 Boehringer Ingelheim12.3.1 Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation Information12.3.2 Boehringer Ingelheim Business Overview12.3.3 Boehringer Ingelheim Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.3.4 Boehringer Ingelheim Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.3.5 Boehringer Ingelheim Recent Development12.4 Ceva Corporate12.4.1 Ceva Corporate Corporation Information12.4.2 Ceva Corporate Business Overview12.4.3 Ceva Corporate Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.4.4 Ceva Corporate Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.4.5 Ceva Corporate Recent Development12.5 HVRI12.5.1 HVRI Corporation Information12.5.2 HVRI Business Overview12.5.3 HVRI Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.5.4 HVRI Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.5.5 HVRI Recent Development12.6 Ringpu Biology12.6.1 Ringpu Biology Corporation Information12.6.2 Ringpu Biology Business Overview12.6.3 Ringpu Biology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.6.4 Ringpu Biology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.6.5 Ringpu Biology Recent Development12.7 Yebio Bioengineering12.7.1 Yebio Bioengineering Corporation Information12.7.2 Yebio Bioengineering Business Overview12.7.3 Yebio Bioengineering Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.7.4 Yebio Bioengineering Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.7.5 Yebio Bioengineering Recent Development12.8 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology12.8.1 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology Corporation Information12.8.2 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology Business Overview12.8.3 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.8.4 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.8.5 Guangdong Wenshi Dahuanong Biotechnology Recent Development12.9 Virbac12.9.1 Virbac Corporation Information12.9.2 Virbac Business Overview12.9.3 Virbac Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.9.4 Virbac Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.9.5 Virbac Recent Development12.10 Jinyu Bio-Technology12.10.1 Jinyu Bio-Technology Corporation Information12.10.2 Jinyu Bio-Technology Business Overview12.10.3 Jinyu Bio-Technology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.10.4 Jinyu Bio-Technology Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.10.5 Jinyu Bio-Technology Recent Development12.11 ChengDu Tecbond12.11.1 ChengDu Tecbond Corporation Information12.11.2 ChengDu Tecbond Business Overview12.11.3 ChengDu Tecbond Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.11.4 ChengDu Tecbond Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.11.5 ChengDu Tecbond Recent Development12.12 CHOONGANG VACCINE12.12.1 CHOONGANG VACCINE Corporation Information12.12.2 CHOONGANG VACCINE Business Overview12.12.3 CHOONGANG VACCINE Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.12.4 CHOONGANG VACCINE Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.12.5 CHOONGANG VACCINE Recent Development12.13 FATRO12.13.1 FATRO Corporation Information12.13.2 FATRO Business Overview12.13.3 FATRO Agricultural Animal Vaccine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2015-2020)12.13.4 FATRO Agricultural Animal Vaccine Products Offered12.13.5 FATRO Recent Development 13 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Manufacturing Cost Analysis13.1 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Key Raw Materials Analysis13.1.1 Key Raw Materials13.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend13.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials13.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure13.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Agricultural Animal Vaccine13.4 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Industrial Chain Analysis 14 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers14.1 Marketing Channel14.2 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Distributors List14.3 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Customers 15 Market Dynamics15.1 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Trends15.2 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Opportunities and Drivers15.3 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Challenges15.4 Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market Restraints15.5 Porters Five Forces Analysis 16 Research Findings and Conclusion 17 Appendix17.1 Research Methodology17.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach17.1.2 Data Source17.2 Author List17.3 Disclaimer

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Comprehensive Report on Agricultural Animal Vaccine Market 2021 | Trends, Growth Demand, Opportunities & Forecast To 2027 - LionLowdown

Jason Zhang, a 26-year-old bioengineering PhD graduate who joined a clinical trial of Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine, met with VICE World News in Seoul. Photo: Junhyup Kwon

To demonstrate their confidence in COVID-19 vaccination program, top American health officials including Dr. Anthony Fauci last month rolled up their sleeves and got their first dose of the Moderna vaccine on live television. Millions more in the United States and abroad are expected to do the same in the coming weeks to acquire protection against the virus that has killed more than 1.8 million people globally and wrecked economies.

The rollout is possible in part because of tens of thousands of people who volunteered to take part in fast-tracked trials to verify the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines.

VICE World News spoke with Jason Zhang, a 26-year-old Chinese-American bioengineering PhD graduate who participated in Modernas clinical trial during the summer, to find out what it was like. Zhang, who is in South Korea on vacation and to learn Korean, also shared the moment during the trial when he went, Oh my god, do I need to go to the hospital?

VICE World News: How did you know about the clinical trial?Jason Zhang: I remember I was browsing through Facebook in June or July and saw the ads looking for participants in the Modernas COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. And I was like: What is the harm in signing up and just putting in my basic information? After I signed up, around the end of July, I got a phone call from them asking me my availability for participating in the clinical trial. Back then, I was really excited to participate.

What were the reactions of your parents?Ive never been in a clinical trial before. My parents were very worried as Asian parents, or any parents in the world, do. I do remember that before participating in the trial, I talked to my family about the trial. My parents said: Why do you want to do the vaccine? Your life is very precious. Its okay if other people take the vaccine. We really want you to stay safe.

Why did you take part in the trial?One of the big things that motivated me to take part in the trial is how much the virus has affected everyones life and how disruptive it has been. I think its helping us move on.

One of the big things that motivated me to take part in the trial is how much the virus has affected everyones life. I think its helping us move on.

I did a lot of research into understanding what the vaccines are and what the side effects are. Researchers did publish a paper after conducting a first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial in the New England Journal of Medicine. Because Im in the biology field, I decided to read up on the paper and they listed their side effects and what people experienced. So I thought that It wasnt anything super harmful and also was reading about how the vaccine works.

There are two major mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines, one developed by Pfizer and the other by Moderna. (To trigger an immune response, many vaccines put a weakened or inactivated germ into our bodies. Not mRNA vaccines. Instead, they teach our cells how to make a proteinor even just a piece of a proteinthat triggers an immune response inside our bodies.)

I thought that it was both an exciting time to help make this new technology prove that its effective for infectious disease. And understanding how this technology has a lot of benefits in terms of cost, versatility, and safety.

I thought benefits outweigh the risks and thats why I decided to participate in the trial.

Were you not afraid of getting infected?In terms of getting infected, there were some vaccines in the past used as a dead virus. I believe the polio vaccine in the 1950s that used an inactivated form of the virus. And there were some manufacturing problems in the 1950s where some people actually got the polio virus instead of getting only the dead virus. And thats allowed for problems.

But this mRNA technology you are only getting genetic information and a genetic blueprint for one of the most important proteins of the coronavirus. So since youre only getting like one small portion out of maybe eleven proteins. I think on coronavirus that therefore youre not getting the whole thing. Theres a low possibility that youre going to get the live virus accidentally.

Understanding that technology made me more confident that Im not going to experience anything too bad, reading the paper in identifying the side effects, and also because Im relatively young that I didnt have to worry too much that Im going to have the severe symptoms from COVID-19.

Can you take us through the process?For both Moderna and Pfizer, you have to take two shots. For the Moderna one, I took the first shot in August and the second shot in September. And for both those appointments, they drew your basic vitals, blood pressures, height, and weight. They gave me a COVID-19 test, drew my blood, and then gave me an experimental vaccine. Note that there are two groups: there are some who get the control of the placebo and who actually get the vaccine.

So we dont know who gets the actual vaccine. But Im pretty sure that I got the actual vaccine because I got some COVID-like symptoms for a night after my second shot. I got the test vaccine and then after that I was in the waiting room for 30 minutes and for the week after getting the vaccine every day I had to put in my health information on a mobile app and also took my temperature. So that happened for both the first and second visit.

On the first visit, I didnt really feel that much besides maybe pain at the injection site a little bit. But at this after the second visit, after getting the second shot, I developed some COVID-like symptoms. So I felt like I had a fever but when I took my temperature I didnt really have a fever. I felt fatigued. And also the most prominent thing was that I got chills like my teeth were clattering and my body was so shaking. It wasnt like seizure level shaking but I felt a shaking and that lasted for about five minutes. At some point, I thought: Oh my god, do I need to go to the hospital?. But it only lasted for five minutes and after that night, I didnt feel any more COVID-like symptoms. So I thought I got the actual vaccine.

The most prominent thing was that I got chills like my teeth were clattering and my body was so shaking.

How did the vaccine change your life? Are you still wearing a face mask?First of all, vaccines are not 100 percent effective. Theres no drug that is 100 percent effective. But its still actually that vaccines have one of the highest effectiveness. Although media reports on the news that the Moderna vaccine has 94 to 95 percent effective, its still the preliminary data and theres five percent who are not effective. So even after I took the vaccine, I still wear a mask because Im not sure that Im actually immune to COVID-19.

Secondly, even if youre immune to COVID-19, you could still spread the virus. You wouldnt get sick yourself but you do have a possibility that you could still spread the virus. The likelihood of your spread probably decreases, but the data is still to be seen for that.

So I dont think my life has changed too much after getting the vaccine. I still wear a mask, try to do social distancing, and wash my hands a lot. I think all of those are necessary in order for us to get over COVID-19. Maybe I feel a little bit more confident to go outside than other average people. I do feel I have immunity but I also understand that even if I have immunity I can still spread it so I should still be very conscious of other people.

What do you think about the anti-vaccine movement?Ive definitely heard about the controversial people. I think the huge portion of the anti vaccine movement talks about how vaccines can cause autism. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says theres no link between vaccines and autism.)

As a scientist, our responsibility is to communicate these new technologies. I feel responsible to communicate the science and to educate people about how vaccines are made and how vaccines are going to affect you and the pros and cons of vaccines.

If you have questions about how vaccines work, read up on Google and trust reliable sources. Dont trust those crazy websites, and use medical journals for the most part. If you care about your health, you should take the time to read up about it. I encourage people to listen to scientists, not politicians, in order to get educated about vaccines.

I encourage people to listen to scientists, not politicians, in order to get educated about vaccines.

Since you came to South Korea, what have you discovered?Theres a definitely huge cultural difference in terms of how different countries are dealing with COVID-19. I think East Asian countries are generally doing very well in terms of having people wear a face mask and doing social distancing. And everyone is very conscientious of each other about cleanness. I would say 99 percent of people in South Korea wear masks while in the United States maybe like 60 or 70 percent of people wear masks. I think California has a higher percentage than lots of different places in the United States. That was a big difference is how much people are more careful and have diligence in terms of COVID-19.

Would you recommend your family to get vaccinated?Yes of course.

Interviews have been edited for length and clarity.

Follow Junhyup Kwon onTwitter. Find Jason Zhang on Twitter and Instagram.

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What It Was Like to Participate in Modernas COVID-19 Vaccine Trial - VICE

Global Fumaric Acid Reports presents a pin-point breakdown of Fumaric Acid Industry based on type, applications, and research regions. The analytical study on production, demand & supply, the import-export scenario is studied in this report. Fumaric Acid Market consists of key players, manufacturing details, cost structures, sales margin, and market share. The forecast Fumaric Acid analysis presents revenue, market share and sales forecast from 2020 to 2027.

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Changmao Biochemical EngineeringNIPPON SHOKUBAIChangzhou Yabang ChemicalBartek IngredientsSealong BiotechnologyXST BiologicalIsegenYantai Hengyuan BioengineeringSuzhou Youhe Science and TechnologyPolyntThirumalai ChemicalJiangsu Jiecheng BioengineeringFuso Chemicals

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Food gradeTechnical grade

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Unsaturated PolyesterFood and beverage industryOthers

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Global Fumaric Acid Market Technology, Industry Growth, Product Type, Application, Distribution channel and Forecast to 2027 - Farming Sector

Newswise New York, NY, December 7, 2020 The New York Academy of Sciences is hosting two programs on Space Exploration this week, with topics including legal agreements for off planet governance, bioengineering to make space travel safer for astronauts, and questions of bio-ethics related to interplanetary travel. Our Lunar Future, will be held on Wednesday evening, December 9, and a day-long technical symposium, Bioengineering for Space, will be held on Thursday, December 10.

Our Lunar Future Wednesday, December 9, 2020, 7 PM 8:30 PM EST

This program will discuss NASAs Artemis mission to orbit and then land on the lunar surface. Participants will explore scientific goals, and how establishing a more permanent human presence at the moon may serve as a stepping-stone to Mars. Speakers will also discuss how we establish international legal agreements off-planet.

The panelists will be:

This program will be moderated by Kari Fischer, PhD, New York Academy of Sciences.

For more information, please see: https://www.nyas.org/events/2020/webinar-our-lunar-future/.

Bioengineering for Space Thursday, December 10, 2020; 11:15 AM 4:40 PM EST.

This symposium will present research on gene editing and synthetic biology that may be used to overcome human limitations during long term spaceflight. The keynote speaker will be Anousheh Ansari of the XPRIZE Foundation.

Leading scientists will be speaking on topics that include:

The symposium will also feature panel discussions on questions of bio-ethics raised by space research and space travel. Will it be ethical to change the human genome to increase resistance to radiation and other hazards in space? Who gets to make decisions about space travel, acceptable risk, and the privatization of space? What responsibilities do scientists and astronauts have to avoid altering the genetic environment of lands we may seek to inhabit?

Speakers will also include: Martine Rothblatt, PhD, JD, MBA, United Therapeutics; Mark Weyland, MS, NASA; R. Alta Charo, JD, University of Wisconsin Law School; Eliza Strickland, IEEE Spectrum; and John Rummel, PhD, Friday Harbor Partners, LLC.

This program will be moderated by Kari Fischer, PhD, New York Academy of Sciences.

For more information, please see: https://www.nyas.org/events/2020/webinar-bioengineering-for-space/

ABOUT THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The New York of Academy of Sciences is an independent, not-for-profit organization that since 1817 has been committed to advancing science for the benefit of society. With more than 20,000 Members in 100 countries, the Academy advances scientific and technical knowledge, addresses global challenges with science-based solutions, and sponsors a wide variety of educational initiatives at all levels for STEM and STEM related fields. The Academy hosts programs and publishes content in the life and physical sciences, the social sciences, nutrition, artificial intelligence, computer science, and sustainability. The Academy also provides professional and educational resources for researchers across all phases of their careers. Please visit us online atwww.nyas.org.

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The New York Academy of Sciences to host programs on the science and law of Lunar Exploration (Wednesday, December 9) and Bioengineering for Space...

This article was written by Mo Ebrahimkhani, an associate professor of pathology and bioengineering at Pitt,for The Conversation. Faculty members and researchers who want to learn more about publishing in The Conversation canread about the process here.

Imagine if researchers could program stem cells, which have the potential to grow into all cell types in the body, so that they could generate an entire human organ. This would allow scientists to manufacture tissues for testing drugs and reduce the demand for transplant organs by having new ones grown directly from a patients cells.

Im a researcher working in this new fieldcalled synthetic biologyfocused on creating new biological parts and redesigning existing biological systems. In a new paper, my colleagues and I showed progress in one of the key challenges with lab-grown organsfiguring out the genes necessary to produce the variety of mature cells needed to construct a functioning liver.

Induced pluripotent stem cells, a subgroup of stem cells, are capable of producing cells that can build entire organs in the human body. But they can do this job only if they receive the right quantity of growth signals at the right time from their environment. If this happens, they eventually give rise to different cell types that can assemble and mature in the form of human organs and tissues.

The tissues researchers generate from pluripotent stem cells can provide a unique source for personalized medicine from transplantation to novel drug discovery.

But unfortunately, synthetic tissues from stem cells are not always suitable for transplant or drug testing because they contain unwanted cells from other tissues, or lack the tissue maturity and a complete network of blood vessels necessary for bringing oxygen and nutrients needed to nurture an organ. That is why having a framework to assess whether these lab-grown cells and tissues are doing their job, and how to make them more like human organs, is critical.

Inspired by this challenge, I was determined to establish a synthetic biology method to read and write, or program, tissue development. I am trying to do this using the genetic language of stem cells, similar to what is used by nature to form human organs.

I am a researcher specializing in synthetic biology and biological engineering at the Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, where the goals are to use engineering approaches to analyze and build novel biological systems and solve human health problems. My lab combines synthetic biology and regenerative medicine in a new field that strives to replace, regrow or repair diseased organs or tissues.

I chose to focus on growing new human livers because this organ is vital for controlling most levels of chemicalslike proteins or sugarin the blood. The liver also breaks down harmful chemicals and metabolizes many drugs in our body. But the liver tissue is also vulnerable and can be damaged and destroyed by many diseases, such as hepatitis or fatty liver disease. There is a shortage of donor organs, which limits liver transplantation.

To make synthetic organs and tissues, scientists need to be able to control stem cells so that they can form into different types of cells, such as liver cells and blood vessel cells. The goal is to mature these stem cells into miniorgans, or organoids, containing blood vessels and the correct adult cell types that would be found in a natural organ.

One way to orchestrate maturation of synthetic tissues is to determine the list of genes needed to induce a group of stem cells to grow, mature and evolve into a complete and functioning organ. To derive this list I worked with Patrick Cahan and Samira Kiani to first use computational analysis to identify genes involved in transforming a group of stem cells into a mature functioning liver. Then our team led by two of my studentsJeremy Velazquez and Ryan LeGrawused genetic engineering to alter specific genes we had identified and used them to help build and mature human liver tissues from stem cells.

The tissue is grown from a layer of genetically engineered stem cells in a petri dish. The function of genetic programs together with nutrients is to orchestrate formation of liver organoids over the course of 15 to 17 days.

I and my colleagues first compared the active genes in fetal liver organoids we had grown in the lab with those in adult human livers using a computational analysis to get a list of genes needed for driving fetal liver organoids to mature into adult organs.

We then used genetic engineering to tweak genesand the resulting proteinsthat the stem cells needed to mature further toward an adult liver. In the course of about 17 days we generated tinyseveral millimeters in widthbut more mature liver tissues with a range of cells typically found in livers in the third trimester of human pregnancies.

Like a mature human liver, these synthetic livers were able to store, synthesize and metabolize nutrients. Though our lab-grown livers were small, we are hopeful that we can scale them up in the future. While they share many similar features with adult livers, they arent perfect and our team still has work to do. For example, we still need to improve the capacity of the liver tissue to metabolize a variety of drugs. We also need to make it safer and more efficacious for eventual application in humans.

Our study demonstrates the ability of these lab livers to mature and develop a functional network of blood vessels in just two and a half weeks. We believe this approach can pave the path for the manufacture of other organs with vasculature via genetic programming.

The liver organoids provide several key features of an adult human liver such as production of key blood proteins and regulation of bilea chemical important for digestion of food.

When we implanted the lab-grown liver tissues into mice suffering from liver disease, it increased the life span. We named our organoids designer organoids, as they are generated via a genetic design.

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Genetic Engineering Transformed Stem Cells Into Working Mini-Livers That Extended the Life of Mice With Liver Disease - UPJ Athletics

News Release

Monday, December 7, 2020

Online calculator computes costs of testing and offers strategies for preventing infections in schools and businesses.

It can be an enormous challenge for schools and businesses to determine how to establish an effective COVID-19 testing program, particularly with the multiple testing options now on the market. An innovative online tool funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), part of the National Institutes of Health, helps organizations choose a COVID-19 testing strategy that will work best for their specific needs. The COVID-19 Testing Impact Calculator is a free resource that shows how different approaches to testing and other mitigation measures, such as mask use, can curb the spread of the virus in any organization. It is the first online tool in the nation to provide schools and businesses with clear guidance on risk-reducing behaviors and testing to help them stay open safely.

A team led by the Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovation and Technology (CIMIT) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, developed the tool to model the costs and benefits of COVID-19 testing strategies for individual organizations. The team developed their mathematical model and calculator as part of NIHs Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) Tech program. The calculator is simple--a user enters a few specifics about their site and the tool produces customized scenarios for surveillance testing. The tool models four different COVID-19 testing methods, including onsite and lab-based, and calculates the number of people to test each day. It shows the estimated cost of each testing option and outlines the tradeoffs in the speed and accuracy of each kind of test.

The NIH RADx initiative has enabled innovation and growth in the creation of new, rapid COVID-19 testing technologies, said Bruce J. Tromberg, Ph.D., director of NIBIB and lead for the RADx Tech program.Using this tool, school administrators and business owners can quickly evaluate the cost and performance of different tests to help find the best match for their unique organization.

The COVID-19 Testing Impact Calculator also shows how other Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended countermeasures, such as masks, contact tracing and social distancing, can work in concert with testing to keep people safe. Users enter which of these measures are in place in their organization and the tool integrates this information to produce testing recommendations. By adjusting these entries, users get a startling demonstration of how implementing simple countermeasures can drastically reduce their testing costs. For example, for a site that allows mask-less activities such as meetings or dining, reducing the group size on the calculator from 12 to six cuts the cost of the recommended testing strategy by more than half. Thus, the tool can inform leaders about how implementing these practices in addition to testing can keep their school or business open safely and with less expense.

Co-developer of the tool, Anette (Peko) Hosoi, Ph.D., is associate dean of engineering and the Neil and Jane Pappalardo Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. She also is an affiliate of the universitys Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS), where students and researchers combine cutting-edge data analysis with social science methodology to tackle pressing societal challenges like the coronavirus pandemic.

A false dichotomy is often perpetuated that we must either stop COVID or reopen the economy, said Hosoi. But we know a lot now about how this disease spreads and the answer is not an either/or proposition. We know what kinds of measures are necessary to keep things running and mitigate the spread while operating maybe not under normal conditions, but certainly under functional conditions.

Co-developer Paul Tessier, Ph.D., is product development director at CIMIT, the RADx Tech coordinating center. The calculator is a major enabler for test-technologies being developed, commercialized and deployed with help from the RADx Tech program, Tessier said. He explained that implementing a testing program carries weighty considerations, including cost and number of testing instruments, arranging for test takers, and determining the optimal frequency for testing. We are excited to join forces with MITs IDSS to advance a decision-making tool for operating safely.

The COVID-19 Testing Impact Calculator is at http://www.whentotest.org.

This project was fundedbythe National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, throughthe NIH RADxInitiative via grant #U54EB015408 and contracts #75N92020P00132 and #75N92020P00171.

About the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADxSM) initiative:The RADx initiative was launched on April 29, 2020, to speed innovation in the development, commercialization, and implementation of technologies for COVID-19 testing. The initiative has four programs: RADx Tech, RADx Advanced Technology Platforms, RADx Underserved Populations and RADx Radical. It leverages the existing NIH Point-of-Care Technology Research Network. The RADx initiative partners with federal agencies, including the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Health, Department of Defense, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Learn more about the RADx initiative and its programs:https://www.nih.gov/radx.

About the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB):NIBIBs mission is to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences to advance basic research and medical care. NIBIB supports emerging technology research and development within its internal laboratories and through grants, collaborations, and training. More information is available at the NIBIB website:https://www.nibib.nih.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit http://www.nih.gov.

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funded tool helps organizations plan COVID-19 testing - National Institutes of Health