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Dr. Fauci Profiteered From The Pandemic OpEd – Eurasia Review

While Dr. Fauci has been a government bureaucrat for more than 55 years, his household net worth skyrocketed during the pandemic, OpenTheBooks CEO Adam Andrzejewskitold Fox News. Faucis soaring net worth was based on career-end salary spiking, lucrative cash prizes awarded by non-profit organizations around the world and an ever-larger investment portfolio.

Dr. Fauci and his wifeChristine Grady, head of bioethics at the National Institutes of Health, saw their net worth expand from $7.5 million in 2019 to $12.6 million at the end of 2021. That marks an increase of $5 million, from investment gains, awards, compensation, and royalties. OpenTheBooks had to file four lawsuits to gain the information.

As they also learned, between 2020 and 2022,Dr. Faucis government compensation increased by more than $20,000. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) director remained the highest-paid federal employee at $456,028 in 2021. That is more than the salary of Joe Biden, who has joked that Dr. Fauci is thereal president. Christine Grady was paid $238,970 in 2021, and since 2015 has brought in $1.6 million from her NIH position.

Public health guidance during the pandemic has drastically impacted the lives of every citizen, and Dr. Fauci has been its most visible face,Andrzejewski explained. Its critical to know whether any decision-making is tied up in the financial interests of public leaders, whether theyve made any ethics disclosures to the government, and how they invested.

The previous week, Dr. Fauci admitted that his draconian lockdown policies would lead to collateral negative consequences for the economy and schoolchildren. As parents might recall, the scientists of the Great Barrington Declaration, argued thatschool shutdowns harmed children without affecting disease spread.Instead of debating the Great Barrington scientistsDrs. Jay Bhattacharya (Stanford University), Sunetra Gupta (Oxford University), and Martin Kulldorff (Harvard University), Dr. Fauci and NIH director Francis Collins sought toshut them down.

If we want scientists to speak freely in the future, Dr. Bhattacharya said, we should avoid having the same people in charge of public health policy and medical research funding.

Dr. Fauci, who wields that power, earned a medical degree in 1966 but took a job with the NIH in 1968. Dr. Faucis bio shows no advanced degrees in biochemistry or molecular biology but in 1984 NIH made him director of NIAID, a position he still holds, commanding a budget ofmore than $6 billion.

Dr. Fauci has announced plans to leave government in December. As OpenTheBooks confirms, the NIAID boss retires in fine style.

This article was published by The Beacon

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Dr. Fauci Profiteered From The Pandemic OpEd - Eurasia Review

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IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022: Check Post, Qualification and Other Details Here – StudyCafe

IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022: Check Post, Qualification and Other Details Here

IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022: Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR) is inviting eligible candidates to attend the Online Interview for Unreserved Temporary Posts of Six SRFs under the ongoing project funded by the National Agriculture Science Fund, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Interested candidates should review the job description and apply using the link provided in the official notification. The applicant should have a Masters degree in relevant subjects (Plant Biotechnology/ Plant Physiology/ Plant Biochemistry/Life sciences/ Microbiology) with 4 years/ 5 years of Bachelors degree will be given preference. The last date for receipt of the Biodata is 20th October 2022.

Candidates are requested to apply for the job post before the deadline. No application shall be entertained after the stipulated time/ date. Incomplete applications and applications received after the specified time/ date shall be REJECTED. All the details regarding this job post are given in this article such as IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022 official Notification, Age Limit, Eligibility Criteria, Pay Salary & much more.

1. The applicant should have a Masters degree in relevant subjects (Plant Biotechnology/ Plant Physiology/ Plant Biochemistry/Life sciences/ Microbiology) with 4 years/ 5 years of Bachelors degree will be given preference.

2. Desirable qualifications: Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of rice/soybean/mustard, genome editing of plants, molecular cloning, Molecular analysis of transgenic plants and other basic molecular techniques

Selected Candidates will be getting the salary amount of Rs.31000 + HRA per month for 1st and 2nd years and Rs.35000 + HRA per month for 3rd year.

Maximum 35 years for men for SRF positions. For women/SC/ST/OBC, age relaxation of 5 years will be given as per Govt. of India/ICAR rules.

Step 1: Go to the IARI-ICAR official website.

Step 2: Search for the IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022 Notification here.

Step 3: Read all of the information in the notification.

Step 4: Apply and submit the application form in accordance with the mode of application specified in the official notification.

NOTE: Candidates may send their biodata with self-attested scanned copies of degree certificates, and mark sheets of 10, 12, UG and PG to [emailprotected] The last date for receipt of the Biodata is 20th October 2022.

To Read Official Notification Click Here

Disclaimer: The Recruitment Information provided above is for informational purposes only. The above Recruitment Information has been taken from the official site of the Organisation. We do not provide any Recruitment guarantee. Recruitment is to be done as per the official recruitment process of the company or organization posted the recruitment Vacancy. We dont charge any fee for providing this Job Information. Neither the Author nor Studycafe and its Affiliates accepts any liabilities for any loss or damage of any kind arising out of any information in this article nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon.

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IARI-ICAR Recruitment 2022: Check Post, Qualification and Other Details Here - StudyCafe

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Purdue Veterinary Conference Successfully Returns to in-person Format to Delight of Attendees – Purdue University

Friday, September 30, 2022

The value of being able to visit with classmates and colleagues in-person and face-to-face was a recurring theme expressed by attendees at the 2022 Purdue Veterinary Conference. Held at the Purdue Memorial Union and Lynn Hall September 20-24, the event was conducted as an in-person continuing education conference for the first time since the pandemic.

This years Purdue Veterinary Conference featured a full slate of over 100 courses offering Continuing Education credits. In addition, attendees had many opportunities to visit the Exhibit Hall, which featured more than 25 exhibitors. They also were able to join in special events, including the Alumni and Friends Celebration Thursday, September 22, when top alumni and teaching awards were presented and alumni in classes celebrating milestone reunions were recognized.

The conference attracted nearly 750 attendees, including more than 170 veterinarians and 110 veterinary nurses as well as College of Veterinary Medicine faculty, staff and students. The week kicked off with the annual Elanco Human Animal Bond Lecture featuring a talk entitled The Other End of the Leash: Why Animals Are Important for Human Development, featuring Dr. Gail Melson, Professor Emerita with the Purdue University Department of Human Development & Family Studies, who has played a long-standing role in research related to the human animal bond.

Other conference features included two keynote sessions. Makenzie Peterson, DSW, MSc, gave the Wellness Keynote at noon Wednesday, September 21, in the Purdue Memorial Union North Ballroom. Her talk was entitled, Culture Change & Wellbeing in Veterinary Medicine. The Diversity Keynote on Thursday, September 22, featured Dr. Lisa M. Greenhill, who gave a presentation entitled, Developing your Sense of Agency to Promote Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion in the Workplace.

The conference also featured various continuing education tracks including Veterinary Nursing, Small Animal, Ruminant, Swine, Equine, and Practice Management and Communication, as well as industry presentations, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) modules, and a Diagnostic Medicine track that included sessions led by Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory section heads and Dr. Kenitra Hendrix, ADDL director; Dr. Craig Bowen, ADDL assistant director; and Dr. Grant Burcham, veterinary diagnostician with the Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in Southern Indiana.

The conference concluded with a beloved tradition, the Dr. Skip Jackson Dog Jog, which started and ended in front of Lynn Hall, adjacent to the Continuum Sculpture. The successful event was extra meaningful this year, because it occurred just days after the passing of its namesake, Dr. Horace Skip Jackson, professor emeritus of biochemistry and veterinary physiology. As a tribute to Dr. Jackson, a moment of silence was held at the beginning of the race. Then Dean Willie Reed led a countdown to the official start of the race, and participants, including dozens of canine companions, were off and running or walking on a course that wound past picturesque areas of the southern portion of the Purdue campus.

The dates already are set for next years Purdue Veterinary Conference. The conference will be held September 19-23, 2023.

Writer(s): Kevin Doerr | pvmnews@purdue.edu

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Purdue Veterinary Conference Successfully Returns to in-person Format to Delight of Attendees - Purdue University

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Shining lights on the cell – ASBMB Today

The cellular machinery is a remarkable system that is able to regulate myriad life processes with exquisite specificity by responding to a variety of environmental cues. This essential regulation is achieved through a network of highly dynamic signaling molecules that are regulated both spatially and temporally.

Inspired by natures fluorescent proteins and photosensors, biochemists have made tremendous advances toward developing new classes of genetically encoded protein tools to detect and control signaling activities with high spatiotemporal precision. With these new tools, new kinds of biochemistry, biology and cell biology are being discovered on a regular basis.

For the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology annual meeting, Discover BMB, in Seattle in March, we have assembled symposia featuring some of the top experts in these diverse fields who will discuss new tools for manipulating and visualizing the activity of enzymes and other classes of protein activity in living cells across a range of settings. As an example of the impact of these tools, we will highlight the emerging field of liquidliquid phase separation as an organizing principle of cell signaling uniquely identified by advances in our ability to probe and control biomolecules in vitro and in cells.

Keywords: Optogenetics, fluorescent biosensors, protein engineering, phase separation.

Who should attend: Biochemists, cell biologists and protein engineers interested in novel protein-based tools to observe and control cellular behavior as well as new concepts in cellular organization that have emerged from use of these reagents.

Theme song: Blinding Lights by The Weeknd.

This session is powered by high-quality photons from the UV to the infrared.

Toolkit for native biochemistry: Sensors, actuators and computational toolsKevin H. Gardner (chair),City University of New York Advanced Science Research CenterKlaus Hahn,University of North Carolina at Chapel HillSabrina Spencer,University of Colorado BoulderDavid van Valen,California Institute of Technology

Spatiotemporal control of cellular signalingJin Zhang (chair),University of California, San DiegoMark von Zastrow,University of California, San FranciscoLukasz Bugaj,University of PennsylvaniaAnton Bennett,Yale University

Liquidliquid phase separation as a signaling paradigmChristine Mayr (chair),Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterZhijian "James" Chen,University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterSarah Veatch,University of MichiganShana ElbaumGarfinkle,City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center

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Scope of Biochemistry in Pakistan | Jobs, Salary, And Career – The Academia Mag

Choosing a career is a tough task, especially when it comes to deciding which degree one wants to choose. It can be a tough decision, as we dont know what the future holds, or which career would be in high demand in the coming days. However, the field of biochemistry is always on the rise, and it opens a gateway to multiple job opportunities once you graduate with a degree in biochemistry. Students often wonder if the scope of biochemistry is good in Pakistan or if they will have a bright future with the qualification of biochemistry. Well, if you are interested and very much passionate about biochemistry but confused if this qualification has any scope in our country, then you have landed on the right page. Because in this article we will discuss everything related to biochemistry as to what is the scope of this qualification, the jobs, the salary, and what career opportunities it holds.

Read on!

Biochemistry is the chemistry of biological processes. This subject deals with all kinds of biological processes which involves chemical reactions like reproduction, metabolism, growth, etc. Biochemistry also includes the sciences of biophysical chemistry, neurochemistry, bioorganic, etc. Biochemistry helps individuals understand biology at a molecular level, it also offers a wide variety of techniques that are critical for conducting research in biomedical or agricultural fields. It has also made quite significant contributions towards understanding as well as finding the DNA structures.

Many students often ask this question while choosing a higher education degree because everyone wants a secure future with a great job. Well, one thing is for sure, there is a huge demand and scope in the field of biochemistry in Pakistan so the students wanting to pursue this degree can choose it in an instant. A graduate in biochemistry can easily find a good job whether in a private or a public sector. There are multiple fields in which a biochemist can easily get employment. In fact, biochemistry is a field where an individual can very quickly make a rewarding secure career.

The employment of biophysicists and biochemists is expected to grow by a whopping 15% in the coming years. After obtaining a degree in biochemistry, the graduates can easily get great work opportunities in a wide range of fields which includes hospitals, education sectors, agriculture, research organizations, food institutes, and much more. The demand for biochemistry has always been on the rise in Pakistan and it will continue to do so. Hence, biochemistry is a good career in Pakistan.

Read more: Scope of Food Science and Technology in Pakistan

As biochemistry is known to be used in a vast variety of fields which includes agriculture, pharmaceutical companies, research organizations, education sectors, etc. People who hold a degree in biochemistry can work in numerous places and fields. This may include:

The salary of biochemists varies from industry to private sector or public sector. It also depends on the qualifications and skill sets one has. But an average salary of a biochemistry graduate would be from approximately 50,000- 65,000 per month. However, the salary may raise with the passage of time and may go up to 75,000- 150,000 per month.

Good Luck!

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Various Imaging and Biochemical Biomarkers | OPTH – Dove Medical Press

Introduction

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder affecting 463 million people globally and 77 million people in India. When ophthalmic manifestations are considered, DR is taking center stage today. DR is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide in working adult age groups.1

DR naturally progresses from non-proliferative abnormalities to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), characterized by neovascularization involving disc (NVD) or neovascularization elsewhere (NVE). The leading cause of vision loss in DR patients is Diabetic Macular Edema (DME). DME is characterized by retinal thickening and edema, which can develop in all stages of retinopathy.2

Many studies and clinical trials have confirmed significant risk factors for DME, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and nephropathy.2 There are many biomarkers to assess these risk factors for DR and DME. It can be clinical (general and ocular), imaging, biochemical, and molecular.3

One of the imaging modalities used to assess DR and DME is OCT. It is a non-invasive, non-contact method for assessment of macular edema and each feature observed in OCT acts as an imaging biomarker. The biochemical biomarkers considered are glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total triglycerides, serum creatinine, serum urea and microalbuminuria.4

The relationship between different biomarkers and stages of DR and DME will be necessary for optimal clinical management and new clinical strategies to prevent vision loss. However, no studies have established a strong association between these biomarkers in different stages of DR. In our study, we compared these biomarkers for DME in various stages of DR and their association with each stage of DR.

It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of AIIMS, Raipur, between 1 May 2020 and 31 October 2021. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Raipur, India, and the study was carried out as per the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (IEC Approval Number: 1026). Written informed consent was taken from all the patients to use the data for research purposes. All patients of type 2 DM with DME with ages ranging from 30 to 70 years with Central Subfield Thickness (CST) on CIRRUS 500 SD-OCT [Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany] >250m were included in the study. We included one eye for each patient. In cases of bilateral DME, we included the eye with higher CST on OCT. Patients with a history of having undergone scattered retinal photocoagulation (PRP)/focal laser, history of intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) or steroids, YAG capsulotomy within 3 months in the same eye, present or past evidence of uveitis, cataract surgery within 6 months, eye trauma and patients with media opacity like cataract causing hindrance for fundus/OCT examination were excluded from the study. Complete ophthalmic examination was done under slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscope, and patients were graded according to the International Clinical Disease Severity Scale for DR and DME.5 We divided the patients into two major study groups: Group A DME with NPDR and Group B DME with PDR. Group A was further subdivided into three categories based on different stages of NPDR: Group A (1) DME with mild NPDR, Group A (2) DME with moderate NPDR, and Group A (3) DME with severe NPDR. OCT was done to quantify DME, and a horizontal raster scan of 1212mm length was taken through the foveal centre. OCT morphological patterns were assessed by a single vitreoretinal specialist, including central subfield thickness (CST), cystoid macular edema (CME), diffuse retinal thickening (DRT), hyperreflective retinal foci, subretinal fluid (SRF), and epiretinal membrane (ERM). Blood and urine investigations were done on the same day. Those being HbA1c, serum LDL, serum HDL, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, serum creatinine, serum urea, and microalbuminuria. The primary outcome measure was to compare imaging and biochemical biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients with DME in different stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Statistical analysis was carried out using statistical packages for IBM SPSS vs 22 for Windows. Continuous and categorical variables were expressed as mean SD and percentages, respectively. Two-sided p values were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Chi-square test was applied for comparison of categorical variables and one-way ANOVA test for continuous variables.

We included 100 eyes of 100 patients with type 2 DM with DR and DME in the study. The overall mean age of the study population was 54.849.87 years. The mean age of patients in Group A was 55.45 9.88 years, while the mean age of those in Group B was 53.34 9.88 years. The two groups did not show a significant difference in age distribution (P=0.336). Male preponderance was observed amongst the study population (76%). The mean duration of diabetes in Group A was 10.59 5.21 years, and that in Group B was 9.82 5.72 years, found to be very similar among the two study groups (p=0.52).

Out of 100 patients, 1 (1%) was diagnosed with DME with mild NPDR, 44 (44%) with DME with moderate NPDR, 29 (29%) with DME with severe NPDR, and 29 (29%) with DME with PDR. As Group A (1) had only one patient, we did not include it in the calculation. Mean CST was high in all groups, and the analysis of CST in the study groups was done by one-way ANOVA test, but we did not find any significant difference between the study groups (p= 0.494; p>0.05). The commonest OCT biomarker was CME amongst all patients of both groups, which was 69%, followed by SRF (64%), HRF (60%), DRT (50%), and less common was ERM (18%). We used the Chi-square test to compare these biomarkers between various groups. There was no significant difference found (p>0.05) for CME, HRF, and SRF, but the presence of DRT and ERM was more in Group B and found to be significant (p=0.04) (Table 1).

Table 1 Comparison of Various OCT Biomarkers

One-way ANOVA test was applied for analysis of all continuous variables. The mean fasting and post-prandial blood sugar levels were high in both groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (FBS, p=0.727; PPBS, p=0.444).

The mean HbA1c was more than 7% for all groups and slightly high for Group B, but the difference was insignificant (p=0.090). The mean serum LDL level, mean serum triglyceride level, mean microalbuminuria level, and mean serum creatinine level were compared between groups, but we did not find any significant association between these factors and DR. We found that only mean serum urea level was high in Group B and a significant difference was found amongst the groups (p=0.027; p<0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of Biochemical Biomarkers

DR can be defined as prolonged hyperglycemia leading to retinal microvascular damage. This internally leads to DME, a common cause of vision loss and visual disability worldwide.6

DME is a preventable cause of vision loss; elucidating and preventing the risk factors of DME can go a long way in reducing morbidity in diabetics. Many studies have been done to elicit the risk factors and biomarkers for DME. Still, no studies have compared these imaging and biochemical biomarkers with various stages of DR with DME and associated their relation with the severity of the disease. This study might add to the literature and bridge the gap, which will help in better management.

The mean age in both the groups of the present study signifies middle age group is usually affected by DR and DME, similar to other studies.7,8 Male preponderance was observed in our study (76%). The prolonged duration of diabetes is a known risk factor for DR and DME. We observed that both groups had an almost similar mean duration of diabetes (10 years or more), indicating that longer duration was a factor responsible for the development of DR and DME.9 Duration of disease is a significant risk factor for the development of DR but not a marker for severity of the disease.

The advent of OCT has been an essential tool in assessing the CST and also monitoring the patients with DME for progression of the disease.10

In the present study, the mean CST was high in Group A (3) (436.23140.58 m) and low in the Group B (397.4895.41 m), but there was no remarkable difference among the study groups (p=0.494). In contrast, a study done by Yassin et al concluded that CST had a positive correlation with the severity of the disease when different stages of DR were taken into consideration, with high-risk PDR (P=0.050) and severe NPDR (P=0.021) being statistically significant.11 In the present study, cystoid pattern was the most common morphological pattern, and CME was almost equally present in all the study groups, similar to Acan et al.12 DRT is the most common pattern according to many studies.11

Yassin et al also concluded that DRT is associated with significantly good visual acuity.11 However, in contrast, DRT was increasingly present (69%) in the severe stage of DR (DME with PDR) in the present study. Ghosh et al concluded that there is a correlation between serum creatinine and albuminuria with that of DME, primarily serous type strongly associated with albuminuria.13 In our study, SRF was present in more than 50% of the patients in each study group but not significantly different in each study group (p=0.329).

An infrequent OCT finding in the present study was ERM. Still, we observed it in a more significant number of patients belonging to Group B (31.0%). Knyazer et al found a significant association between ERM to age, cataract surgery, and diabetic retinopathy.14 Knyazer et al also reported a prevalence of ERM at 6.5% in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Mitchell et al reported a prevalence of 11% in patients with DR.

While Ng et al reported a high prevalence of ERM that is 33.3% in both types of DM, there is a paucity of information in the literature regarding the correlation between the presence of ERM and stages of DR.15,16

In our study, the blood glucose levels were, in general, raised more than the normal range amongst all the study groups indicating that deranged blood glucose levels as one of the risk factors for the development of DME in DR patients.17 HbA1c levels best reflect the glycaemic control in DR patients. It is well-established now that tight blood glucose control early in the course of diabetes is beneficial in the protection against DR. This knowledge was provided by the randomized controlled intervention trial in type 1 diabetes patients by the Diabetes Control and complications Trial (DCCT) and in type 2 diabetes patients by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS).18,19 Asensio-Sanchez et al, in their study, reported that increased levels of HbA1c were significantly associated with CSME, with an increase of 2.4 with every 1% elevation in HbA1c.2 In the present study, HbA1c was deranged in all patients with various stages of DR with DME, although it was slightly high in Group B (mean HbA1c-8.872.19%); in comparison, we did not find it significant (p=0.090).20

Raman et al, in their study SN DREAM, and Benarous et al reported a significant correlation between high cholesterol levels and severity of DR and CSME.7,21 In the present study, the mean serum LDL level difference was not substantial, but serum LDL levels were observed to be more deranged in Group B patients (mean=350.931128.15 mg/dL). In our study, we found serum triglyceride levels and serum cholesterol levels were deranged amongst all the study groups suggesting higher levels of serum triglyceride and serum cholesterol may be involved in the development of DME, and levels were slightly elevated in Group B patients. Still, no significant association was found between these factors and DR (p<0.05). Not many studies have been done to elicit the correlation between serum urea and different stages of diabetic retinopathy in DME patients. The comparison of mean serum urea levels was made, and a significant difference was found amongst the groups (p=0.027); on further evaluation, we found high serum urea levels present amongst the patients in Group B (mean=64.2765.52 mg/dL), indicating its relation to the severity of disease but needs more studies to establish more decisive conclusion with larger sample size. Similarly, the mean microalbuminuria level in Group B patients was found it be high (mean=337.83412.87 g/min), but when a comparison was made by one-way ANOVA test, it was not significant (p>0.05).

Zander et al reported microalbuminuria as one of the risk factors associated with DME and DR.22 In this study, the mean microalbuminuria was found to be at an increasing level in Group B patients stipulating that microalbuminuria can be one of the risk factors in the development of DME and severity of disease but cannot be concluded in our study due to poor sample size.

Koo et al reported that SRF in OCT was significantly associated with an increase in levels of microalbuminuria as compared to other OCT patterns.23 Acan et al reported that microalbuminuria was considerably higher in patients with DRT patterns in OCT (61.9%) compared to SRF (50.0%) and CME patterns (25.0%).12 In our study, we could not elicit any association between microalbuminuria and specific pattern of OCT, especially SRF.

Imaging biomarkers such as patterns of OCT findings, those being DRT and ERM have the potential to be the indicators for assessing the severity of the disease, but significant conclusions could not be drawn due to the lack of sufficient sample. Likewise, biochemical biomarkers such as serum urea and microalbuminuria were found to be deranged in severe stages of the disease, which needs further evaluation to be concluded as indicators of disease severity.

The authors report no financial interest or conflicts of interest in this work.

1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2019.

2. Asensio-Snchez VM, Gmez-Ramrez V, Morales-Gmez I, et al. Clinically significant diabetic macular edema: systemic risk factors. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2008;83(3):173176.

3. Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, et al. Retinopathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S84S87. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007.s84

4. Jenkins AJ, Joglekar MV, Hardikar AA, et al. Biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud. 2015;12(12):159195. doi:10.1900/RDS.2015.12.159

5. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(9):16771682. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5

6. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103(12):17961806.

7. Raman R, Rani PK, Kulothungan V, Rachepalle SR, Kumaramanickavel G, Sharma T. Influence of serum lipids on clinically significant versus nonclinically significant macular edema: SN-DREAMS Report number 13. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(4):766772. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.09.005

8. Mukhtar A, Khan MS, Junejo M, Ishaq M, Akbar B. Effect of pan retinal photocoagulation on central macular thickness and visual acuity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(1):221224. doi:10.12669/pjms.321.8758

9. Ferris FL 3rd. A complication of diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol. 1984;28 Suppl:452461. doi:10.1016/0039-6257(84)90227-3

10. Peng YJ, Tsai MJ. Impact of metabolic control on macular thickness in diabetic macular oedema. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2018;15(2):165168. doi:10.1177/1479164117746023

11. Yassin SA, ALjohani SM, Alromaih AZ, Alrushood AA. Optical coherence tomography patterns of diabetic macular edema in a Saudi population. Clin Ophthalmol. 2019;13:707714. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S199713

12. Acan D, Karahan E, Kocak N, Kaynak S. Evaluation of systemic risk factors in different optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(7):12041209. doi:10.18240/ijo.2018.07.21

13. Ghosh S, Bansal P, Shejao H, Hegde R, Roy D, Biswas S. Correlation of morphological pattern of optical coherence tomography in diabetic macular edema with systemic risk factors in middle aged males. Int Ophthalmol. 2015;35(1):310. doi:10.1007/s10792-014-9922-z

14. Knyazer B, Schachter O, Plakht Y, et al. Epiretinal membrane in diabetes mellitus patients screened by nonmydriatic fundus camera. Can J Ophthalmol. 2016;51(1):4146. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.09.01

15. Mitchell P, Smith W, Chey T, Wang JJ, Chang A. Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes. The Blue Mountains Eye Study, Australia. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(6):10331040. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30190-0

16. Ng CH, Cheung N, Wang JJ, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for epiretinal membranes in a multi-ethnic United States population. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):694699. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.08.009

17. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(12):18751891. doi:10.2337/diacare.15.12.1875

18. Nathan DM. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):916. doi:10.2337/dc13-2112

19. King P, Peacock I, Donnelly R. The UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS): clinical and therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48(5):643648. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00092

20. Vitale S, Maguire MG, Murphy RP, et al. Clinically significant macular edema in type I diabetes. Incidence and risk factors. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(8):11701176. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30894-9

21. Benarous R, Sasongko MB, Qureshi S, et al. Differential association of serum lipids with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(10):74647469. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7598

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Various Imaging and Biochemical Biomarkers | OPTH - Dove Medical Press

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